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Lin Y, Kouznetsova TB, Foret AG, Craig SL. Solvent Polarity Effects on the Mechanochemistry of Spiropyran Ring Opening. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3920-3925. [PMID: 38308653 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The spiropyran mechanophore (SP) is employed as a reporter of molecular tension in a wide range of polymer matrices, but the influence of surrounding environment on the force-coupled kinetics of its ring opening has not been quantified. Here, we report single-molecule force spectroscopy studies of SP ring opening in five solvents that span normalized Reichardt solvent polarity factors (ETN) of 0.1-0.59. Individual multimechanophore polymers were activated under increasing tension at constant 300 nm s-1 displacement in an atomic force microscope. The extension results in a plateau in the force-extension curve, whose midpoint occurs at a transition force f* that corresponds to the force required to increase the rate constant of SP activation to approximately 30 s-1. More polar solvents lead to mechanochemical reactions that are easier to trigger; f* decreases across the series of solvents, from a high of 415 ± 13 pN in toluene to a low of 234 ± 9 pN in n-butanol. The trend in mechanochemical reactivity is consistent with the developing zwitterionic character on going from SP to the ring-opened merocyanine product. The force dependence of the rate constant (Δx‡) was calculated for all solvent cases and found to increase with ETN, which is interpreted to reflect a shift in the transition state to a later and more productlike position. The inferred shift in the transition state position is consistent with a double-well (two-step) reaction potential energy surface, in which the second step is rate determining, and the intermediate is more polar than the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Alex G Foret
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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2
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Kozlenko AS, Ozhogin IV, Pugachev AD, Lukyanova MB, El-Sewify IM, Lukyanov BS. A Modern Look at Spiropyrans: From Single Molecules to Smart Materials. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:8. [PMID: 36624333 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic compounds of the spiropyran family have two main isomers capable of inter-switching with UV or visible light. In the current review, we discuss recent advances in the synthesis, investigation of properties, and applications of spiropyran derivatives. Spiropyrans of the indoline series are in focus as the most promising representatives of multi-sensitive spirocyclic compounds, which can be switched by a number of external stimuli, including light, temperature, pH, presence of metal ions, and mechanical stress. Particular attention is paid to the structural features of molecules, their influence on photochromic properties, and the reactions taking place during isomerization, as the understanding of the structure-property relationships will rationalize the synthesis of compounds with predetermined characteristics. The main prospects for applications of spiropyrans in such fields as smart material production, molecular electronics and nanomachinery, sensing of environmental and biological molecules, and photopharmacology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Kozlenko
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia.
| | - Ilya V Ozhogin
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Artem D Pugachev
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Maria B Lukyanova
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Islam M El-Sewify
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Boris S Lukyanov
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Prosp., 194/2, Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
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3
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Liu M, Creemer CN, Reardon TJ, Parquette JR. Light-driven dissipative self-assembly of a peptide hydrogel. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13776-13779. [PMID: 34860221 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04971b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Light energy provides an attractive fuel source for energy dissipating systems because of the lack of waste production, wavelength tunability and the potential for spatial and temporal resolution. In this work, we describe a peptide-spiropyran conjugate that assembled into a transient nanofiber hydrogel in the presence of visible light, and dissociated when the light source was removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 W, 18th Ave. Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Cassidy N Creemer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 W, 18th Ave. Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Thomas J Reardon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 W, 18th Ave. Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Jon R Parquette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 W, 18th Ave. Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Pugachev AD, Mukhanov EL, Ozhogin IV, Kozlenko AS, Metelitsa AV, Lukyanov BS. Isomerization and changes of the properties of spiropyrans by mechanical stress: advances and outlook. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Musa MM. Enzymatic racemization of alcohols and amines: An approach for bi‐enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution. Chirality 2019; 32:147-157. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Musa M. Musa
- Chemistry DepartmentKing Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran Saudi Arabia
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6
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Ishikawa H, Uemura N, Saito R, Yoshida Y, Mino T, Kasashima Y, Sakamoto M. Chiral Symmetry Breaking of Spiropyrans and Spirooxazines by Dynamic Enantioselective Crystallization. Chemistry 2019; 25:9758-9763. [PMID: 31063242 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic enantioselective crystallization enabled the chiral symmetry breaking of two spiropyrans and one spirooxazine. The three spiro compounds afforded racemic conglomerate crystals, and easily racemized in alcoholic solution without irradiation. Optically pure enantiomorphic crystals were obtained by vapor-diffusion crystallization or attrition-enhanced deracemization (Viedma ripening). Their absolute configurations were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis and each enantiomorphic crystal was correlated with its solid-state circular dichroism (CD) spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Naohiro Uemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Rei Saito
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Mino
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kasashima
- Education Center, Faculty of Creative Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Shibazono, Narashino, Chiba, 275-0023, Japan
| | - Masami Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
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7
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Ponikvar-Svet M, Zeiger DN, Liebman JF. Interplay of thermochemistry and structural chemistry, the journal (volume 25, 2014, issues 1–2) and the discipline. Struct Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-015-0572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Kundu PK, Lerner A, Kučanda K, Leitus G, Klajn R. Cyclic Kinetics during Thermal Equilibration of an Axially Chiral Bis-Spiropyran. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11276-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja505948q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Avishai Lerner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Kristina Kučanda
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
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