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Kumar R, Dohi T, Zhdankin VV. Organohypervalent heterocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4786-4827. [PMID: 38545658 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This review summarizes the structural and synthetic aspects of heterocyclic molecules incorporating an atom of a hypervalent main-group element. The term "hypervalent" has been suggested for derivatives of main-group elements with more than eight valence electrons, and the concept of hypervalency is commonly used despite some criticism from theoretical chemists. The significantly higher thermal stability of hypervalent heterocycles compared to their acyclic analogs adds special features to their chemistry, particularly for bromine and iodine. Heterocyclic compounds of elements with double bonds are not categorized as hypervalent molecules owing to the zwitterionic nature of these bonds, resulting in the conventional 8-electron species. This review is focused on hypervalent heterocyclic derivatives of nonmetal main-group elements, such as boron, silicon, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, chlorine, iodine(III) and iodine(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, J C Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, 121006, Haryana, India.
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1038 University Drive, 126 HCAMS University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
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Yamamoto Y, Shi Y, Masui T, Saito D, Inoue T, Sato H, Dohi C, Muneta E, Shang R, Nakamoto M. Synthesis and Characterization of Hypervalent Pentacoordinate Carbon Compounds Bearing a 7-6-7-Ring Skeleton. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203162. [PMID: 36372771 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To stabilize SN 2 transition state-like penta-coordinate carbon species, triaryl-substituted cationic carbon compounds bearing a moderately flexible 7-6-7-ring skeleton with sulfur donors were synthesized and characterized. Electronic effects of para substituents (R=Cl, F, H, CH3 , SMe, OMe) of the two equatorial aryl groups bound to the cationic central carbon were investigated systematically along with a planar bidentate thioxanthene derivative. X-ray analysis on their solid-state structures showed that the parent (R=H), chloro-, fluoro- and methyl-derivatives were tetracoordinate carbon (sulfonium) structures, while the p-MeO and thioxanthenyl system were pentacoordinate carbocation structures. The Hammett substituent constants for the para substituents (σp + ) correlates well with the bonding in these compounds. The methylthio-derivative with intermediate Hammett substituent constants (p-MeS; σp + =-0.60) showed a tetracooridnate solid-state structure, though solution UV-Vis properties suggested the presence of a penta-coordinate structure. These findings amount to the first unambiguous solution evidence of the hypervalent apical 3c-4e interactions in pentacoordinate carbon compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohsuke Yamamoto
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yuan Shi
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takashi Masui
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Daigo Saito
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Inoue
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hitomi Sato
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Chisato Dohi
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Emiko Muneta
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Rong Shang
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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Abstract
AbstractR. Stephen Berry (1931–2020) was a Harvard-educated American pioneer of molecular structure studies. He is most famous for the phenomenon of Berry pseudorotation and his studies of intramolecular motion and molecular fluxionality. This remembrance focuses on this discovery. He had broad interests in many other aspects of structural chemistry and physical chemistry and also in the economics of energy.
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Yan C, Takeshita M, Nakatsuji JY, Kurosaki A, Sato K, Shang R, Nakamoto M, Yamamoto Y, Adachi Y, Furukawa K, Kishi R, Nakano M. Synthesis and properties of hypervalent electron-rich pentacoordinate nitrogen compounds. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5082-5088. [PMID: 34122965 PMCID: PMC8159240 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00002g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation and structural characterization of hypervalent electron-rich pentacoordinate nitrogen species have not been achieved despite continuous attempts for over a century. Herein we report the first synthesis and isolation of air stable hypervalent electron-rich pentacoordinate nitrogen cationic radical (11-N-5) species from oxidation of their corresponding neutral (12-N-5) species. In the cationic radical species, the nitrogen centers adopt a trigonal bipyramidal geometry featuring a 3-center-5-electron hypervalent attractive interaction. The combination of single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and computational studies revealed weak N-O interactions between the central nitrogen cation and oxygen atoms. This successful design strategy and isolation of air-stable pentacoordinate hypervalent nitrogen species allow further investigations on reactivity and properties resulting from these unusually weakly coordinating interactions in nitrogen compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenting Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Masato Takeshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Jun-Ya Nakatsuji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Akihiro Kurosaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Kaoko Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Rong Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Yohsuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Yohei Adachi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Coordination Research Facilities, Institute for Research Promotion, Niigata University 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan.,Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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Castiñeira Reis M, López CS, Nieto Faza O, Tantillo DJ. Pushing the limits of concertedness. A waltz of wandering carbocations. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2159-2170. [PMID: 30881640 PMCID: PMC6385557 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03567a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the array of complex terpene-forming carbocation cyclization/rearrangement reactions, the so-called "triple shift" reactions are among the most unexpected. Such reactions involve the asynchronous combination of three 1,n-shifts into a concerted process, e.g., a 1,2-alkyl shift followed by a 1,3-hydride shift followed by a second 1,2-alkyl shift. This type of reaction so far has been proposed to occur during the biosynthesis of diterpenes and the sidechains of sterols. Here we describe efforts to push the limits of concertedness in this type of carbocation reaction by designing, and characterizing with quantum chemical computations, systems that could couple additional 1,n-shift events to a triple shift leading, in principle to quadruple, pentuple, etc. shifts. While our designs did not lead to clear-cut examples of quadruple, etc. shifts, they did lead to reactions with surprisingly flat energy surfaces where more than five chemical events connect reactants and plausible products. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the formal minima on these surfaces interchange on short timescales, both with each other and with additional unexpected structures, allowing us a glimpse into a very complex manifold that allows ready access to great structural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Castiñeira Reis
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Vigo , Lagoas-Marcosende , 36310 , Vigo , Spain
| | - Carlos Silva López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Vigo , Lagoas-Marcosende , 36310 , Vigo , Spain
| | - Olalla Nieto Faza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Vigo , As Lagoas , 32004 , Ourense , Spain .
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Ave , Davis , CA 95616 , USA .
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Ponikvar-Svet M, Zeiger DN, Liebman JF. Interplay of thermochemistry and Structural Chemistry, the journal (volume 28, 2017, issues 1–2) and the discipline. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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