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Hu Q, Dong X, Zhang K, Song H, Li C, Zhang T, Feng J, Ke X, Li H, Chen Y, Nie R, Chen X, Liu Y. Fluid Shear Stress Ameliorates Prehypertension-Associated Decline in Endothelium-Reparative Potential of Early Endothelial Progenitor Cells. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 15:1049-1063. [PMID: 35391709 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of prehypertension and shear stress on the reendothelialization potential of human early EPCs and explored its potential mechanisms. Early EPCs from the prehypertensive patients showed reduced migration and adhesion in vitro and demonstrated a significantly impaired in vivo reendothelialization capacity. Shear stress pretreatment markedly promoted the in vivo reendothelialization capacity of EPCs. Although basal CXCR4 expression in early EPCs from prehypertensive donors was similar to that from healthy control, SDF-1-induced phosphorylation of CXCR4 was lower in prehypertensive EPCs. Shear stress up-regulated CXCR4 expression and increased CXCR4 phosphorylation, and restored the SDF-1/CXCR4-dependent JAK-2 phosphorylation in prehypertensive EPCs. CXCR4 knockdown or JAK-2 inhibitor treatment prevents against shear stress-induced increase in the migration, adhesion and reendothelialization capacity of the prehypertensive EPCs. Collectively, CXCR4 receptor profoundly modulates the reendothelialization potential of early EPCs. The abnormal CXCR4-mediated JAK-2 signaling may contribute to impaired functions of EPCs from patients with prehypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Hu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, NO.603, Huangpu Big Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, 510630, China
| | - Xiaobian Dong
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, NO.603, Huangpu Big Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, 510630, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Huangfeng Song
- Department of Cardiology, The Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, NO.8 Huaying road, Baiyun district, Guangzhou city, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuizhi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, NO.8 Huaying road, Baiyun district, Guangzhou city, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, NO.603, Huangpu Big Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, 510630, China
| | - Jianyi Feng
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, NO.603, Huangpu Big Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, 510630, China
| | - Xiao Ke
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Sun Yat-sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Hairui Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, NO.603, Huangpu Big Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, 510630, China
| | - Yangxin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Ruqiong Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, NO.603, Huangpu Big Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, 510630, China.
| | - Youbin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, NO.8 Huaying road, Baiyun district, Guangzhou city, 510000, Guangdong, China.
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Zeng L, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Liu G, Zhang B, Tu C, Yang Z. Hypofunction of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Aggravated Severity in Elderly Male Patients With Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Its Association With Systemic Inflammation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:687590. [PMID: 34222381 PMCID: PMC8247906 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.687590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aging patients easily suffer from non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Our previous studies revealed declined function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in the elderly. However, the impact of aging on EPC function and severity in male NSTEMI patients and its possible mechanism is unclear until now. Methods: We measured the circulating EPC function including migration, proliferation, and adhesion in aging or young male patients with NSTEMI. The GRACE and TIMI risk score were evaluated. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) were also detected in all patients. Results: Compared with the young group, the old male patients with NSTEMI had higher GRACE score and TIMI score and decreased function of circulating EPCs. EPC function was negatively correlated with GRACE score and TIMI score. IL-6 and IL-17 level were higher in the old group than those in the young group. There was a significant negative correlation between EPC function and IL-6 or IL-17. Moreover, IL-6 and IL-17 positively correlated with GRACE and TIMI score. Age was positively related with GRACE or TIMI score and plasma level of IL-6 or IL-17, but inversely correlated with EPC function. Conclusions: The current study firstly illustrates that the age-related decrement in EPC function is related to the severity of NSTEMI in male patients, which may be connected with systemic inflammation. These findings provide novel insights into the pathogenetic mechanism and intervention target of aging NSTEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Zeng
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanting Zhu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gexiu Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Public Health Medicine, Institute for Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, China.,Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Chang Tu
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, The Third People's Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Aliskiren Improved the Endothelial Repair Capacity of Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Patients with Hypertension via the Tie2/PI3k/Akt/eNOS Signalling Pathway. Cardiol Res Pract 2020; 2020:6534512. [PMID: 32566272 PMCID: PMC7275222 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6534512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies show that aliskiren exerts favourable effects not only on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) but also on endothelial function. However, the mechanism of the favourable effect of aliskiren on EPCs from patients with hypertension is unclear and remains to be further studied. Methods The object of this study was to investigate and assess the in vitro function of EPCs pretreated with aliskiren. After treated with aliskiren, the human EPCs were transplanted into a nude mouse model of carotid artery injury, and the in vivo reendothelialization of injured artery was estimated by staining denuded areas with Evans blue dye via tail vein injection. Results We found that aliskiren increased the in vitro migration, proliferation, and adhesion of EPCs from patients with hypertension in a dose-dependent manner and improved the reendothelialization capability of these EPCs. Furthermore, aliskiren increased the phosphorylation of Tie2, Akt, and eNOS. After the blockade of the Tie2 signalling pathway, the favourable effects of aliskiren on the in vitro function and in vivo reendothelialization capability of EPCs were suppressed. Conclusions This study demonstrates that aliskiren can improve the in vitro function and in vivo reendothelialization capability of EPCs from patients with hypertension via the activation of the Tie2/PI3k/Akt/eNOS signalling pathway. These findings further indicate that aliskiren is an effective pharmacological treatment for cell-based repair in hypertension-related vascular injury.
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Shear Stress Triggers Angiogenesis of Late Endothelial Progenitor Cells via the PTEN/Akt/GTPCH/BH4 Pathway. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:5939530. [PMID: 32399044 PMCID: PMC7210539 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5939530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Shear stress is an effective modulator of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and has been suggested to play an important role in angiogenesis. The phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/Akt and guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase (GTPCH)/tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) pathways regulate the function of early EPCs. However, the role of these pathways in the shear stress-induced angiogenesis of late EPCs remains poorly understood. Therefore, we aim to investigate whether shear stress could upregulate the angiogenesis capacity of late EPCs and to further explore the possible underlying mechanisms. Methods Late EPCs were subjected to laminar shear stress (LSS), and their in vitro migration, proliferation, and tube formation capacity were determined. In addition, the in vivo angiogenesis capacity was explored, along with the expression of molecules involved in the PTEN/Akt and GTPCH/BH4 pathways. Results LSS elevated the in vitro activities of late EPCs, which were accompanied by downregulated PTEN expression, accelerated Akt phosphorylation, and GTPCH/BH4 pathway activation (all P < 0.05). Following Akt inhibition, LSS-induced upregulated GTPCH expression, BH4, and NO level of EPCs were suppressed. LSS significantly improved the migration, proliferation, and tube formation ability (15 dyn/cm2 LSS vs. stationary: 72.2 ± 5.5 vs. 47.3 ± 7.3, 0.517 ± 0.05 vs. 0.367 ± 0.038, and 1.664 ± 0.315 vs. 1 ± 0, respectively; all P < 0.05) along with the in vivo angiogenesis capacity of late EPCs, contributing to the recovery of limb ischemia. These effects were also blocked by Akt inhibition or GTPCH knockdown (P < 0.05, respectively). Conclusions This study provides the first evidence that shear stress triggers angiogenesis in late EPCs via the PTEN/Akt/GTPCH/BH4 pathway, providing a potential nonpharmacologic therapeutic strategy for promoting angiogenesis in ischemia-related diseases.
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β2AR-dependent signaling contributes to in-vivo reendothelialization capacity of endothelial progenitor cells by shear stress. J Hypertens 2020; 38:82-94. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shear stress: An essential driver of endothelial progenitor cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 118:46-69. [PMID: 29549046 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood flow through vessels produces a tangential, or shear, stress sensed by their innermost layer (i.e., endothelium) and representing a major hemodynamic force. In humans, endothelial repair and blood vessel formation are mainly performed by circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) characterized by a considerable expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), CD34, and CD133, pronounced tube formation activity in vitro, and strong reendothelialization or neovascularization capacity in vivo. EPCs have been proposed as a promising agent to induce reendothelialization of injured arteries, neovascularization of ischemic tissues, and endothelialization or vascularization of bioartificial constructs. A number of preconditioning approaches have been suggested to improve the regenerative potential of EPCs, including the use of biophysical stimuli such as shear stress. However, in spite of well-defined influence of shear stress on mature endothelial cells (ECs), articles summarizing how it affects EPCs are lacking. Here we discuss the impact of shear stress on homing, paracrine effects, and differentiation of EPCs. Unidirectional laminar shear stress significantly promotes homing of circulating EPCs to endothelial injury sites, induces anti-thrombotic and anti-atherosclerotic phenotype of EPCs, increases their capability to form capillary-like tubes in vitro, and enhances differentiation of EPCs into mature ECs in a dose-dependent manner. These effects are mediated by VEGFR2, Tie2, Notch, and β1/3 integrin signaling and can be abrogated by means of complementary siRNA/shRNA or selective pharmacological inhibitors of the respective proteins. Although the testing of sheared EPCs for vascular tissue engineering or regenerative medicine applications is still an unaccomplished task, favorable effects of unidirectional laminar shear stress on EPCs suggest its usefulness for their preconditioning.
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Whole-Transcriptome Sequencing: a Powerful Tool for Vascular Tissue Engineering and Endothelial Mechanobiology. High Throughput 2018; 7:ht7010005. [PMID: 29485616 PMCID: PMC5876531 DOI: 10.3390/ht7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among applicable high-throughput techniques in cardiovascular biology, whole-transcriptome sequencing is of particular use. By utilizing RNA that is isolated from virtually all cells and tissues, the entire transcriptome can be evaluated. In comparison with other high-throughput approaches, RNA sequencing is characterized by a relatively low-cost and large data output, which permits a comprehensive analysis of spatiotemporal variation in the gene expression profile. Both shear stress and cyclic strain exert hemodynamic force upon the arterial endothelium and are considered to be crucial determinants of endothelial physiology. Laminar blood flow results in a high shear stress that promotes atheroresistant endothelial phenotype, while a turbulent, oscillatory flow yields a pathologically low shear stress that disturbs endothelial homeostasis, making respective arterial segments prone to atherosclerosis. Severe atherosclerosis significantly impairs blood supply to the organs and frequently requires bypass surgery or an arterial replacement surgery that requires tissue-engineered vascular grafts. To provide insight into patterns of gene expression in endothelial cells in native or bioartificial arteries under different biomechanical conditions, this article discusses applications of whole-transcriptome sequencing in endothelial mechanobiology and vascular tissue engineering.
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Bai YP, Xiao S, Tang YB, Tan Z, Tang H, Ren Z, Zeng H, Yang Z. Shear stress-mediated upregulation of GTP cyclohydrolase/tetrahydrobiopterin pathway ameliorates hypertension-related decline in reendothelialization capacity of endothelial progenitor cells. J Hypertens 2017; 35:784-797. [PMID: 28033126 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase/tetrahydrobiopterin (GTPCH)/(BH4) pathway has been proved to regulate the function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive mice, indicating that GTPCH/BH4 pathway may be an important repair target for hypertension-related endothelial injury. Shear stress is an important nonpharmacologic strategy to modulate the function of EPCs. Here, we investigated the effects of laminar shear stress on the GTPCH/BH4 pathway and endothelial repair capacity of circulating EPCs in hypertension. METHOD Laminar shear stress was loaded on the human EPCs from hypertensive patients and normotensive patients. The in-vitro function, in-vivo reendothelialization capacity and GTPCH/BH4 pathway of human EPCs were evaluated. RESULTS Both in-vitro function and reendothelialization capacity of EPCs were lower in hypertensive patients than that in normotensive patients. The GTPCH/BH4 pathway of EPCs was downregulated in hypertensive patients. Shear stress increased in-vitro function and reendothelialization capacity of EPCs from hypertensive patients and normotensive patients. Furthermore, shear stress upregulated the expression of GTPCH I and levels of BH4, nitric oxide, and cGMP of EPCs, and reduced thrombospondin-1 expression. With treatment of GTPCH knockdown or nitroarginine methyl ester inhibition, shear stress-induced increased levels of BH4, nitric oxide and cGMP of EPCs was suppressed. When GTPCH/BH4 pathway of EPCs was blocked, the effects of shear stress on in-vitro function and reendothelialization capacity of EPCs were inhibited. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates for the first time that shear stress-induced upregulation of the GTPCH/BH4 pathway ameliorates hypertension-related decline in endothelial repair capacity of EPCs. These findings provide novel nonpharmacologic therapeutic approach for hypertension-related endothelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ping Bai
- aDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan bDepartment of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital cDepartment of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine dDepartment of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University eSun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine fCenter for Reproductive Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital gDepartment of Hypertension & Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Foresta C, De Toni L, Ferlin A, Di Mambro A. Clinical implication of endothelial progenitor cells. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:89-105. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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de Jonge N, Muylaert DEP, Fioretta ES, Baaijens FPT, Fledderus JO, Verhaar MC, Bouten CVC. Matrix production and organization by endothelial colony forming cells in mechanically strained engineered tissue constructs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73161. [PMID: 24023827 PMCID: PMC3759389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Tissue engineering is an innovative method to restore cardiovascular tissue function by implanting either an in vitro cultured tissue or a degradable, mechanically functional scaffold that gradually transforms into a living neo-tissue by recruiting tissue forming cells at the site of implantation. Circulating endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) are capable of differentiating into endothelial cells as well as a mesenchymal ECM-producing phenotype, undergoing Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal-transition (EndoMT). We investigated the potential of ECFCs to produce and organize ECM under the influence of static and cyclic mechanical strain, as well as stimulation with transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). Methods and Results A fibrin-based 3D tissue model was used to simulate neo-tissue formation. Extracellular matrix organization was monitored using confocal laser-scanning microscopy. ECFCs produced collagen and also elastin, but did not form an organized matrix, except when cultured with TGFβ1 under static strain. Here, collagen was aligned more parallel to the strain direction, similar to Human Vena Saphena Cell-seeded controls. Priming ECFC with TGFβ1 before exposing them to strain led to more homogenous matrix production. Conclusions Biochemical and mechanical cues can induce extracellular matrix formation by ECFCs in tissue models that mimic early tissue formation. Our findings suggest that priming with bioactives may be required to optimize neo-tissue development with ECFCs and has important consequences for the timing of stimuli applied to scaffold designs for both in vitro and in situ cardiovascular tissue engineering. The results obtained with ECFCs differ from those obtained with other cell sources, such as vena saphena-derived myofibroblasts, underlining the need for experimental models like ours to test novel cell sources for cardiovascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky de Jonge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitri E. P. Muylaert
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuela S. Fioretta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frank P. T. Baaijens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joost O. Fledderus
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V. C. Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Ankeny RF, Hinds MT, Nerem RM. Dynamic shear stress regulation of inflammatory and thrombotic pathways in baboon endothelial outgrowth cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1573-82. [PMID: 23406430 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs) have garnered much attention as a potential autologous endothelial source for vascular implants or in tissue engineering applications due to their ease of isolation and proliferative ability; however, how these cells respond to different hemodynamic cues is ill-defined. This study investigates the inflammatory and thrombotic response of baboon EOCs (BaEOCs) to four hemodynamic conditions using the cone and plate shear apparatus: steady, laminar shear stress (SS); pulsatile, nonreversing laminar shear stress (PS); oscillatory, laminar shear stress (OS); and net positive, pulsatile, reversing laminar shear stress (RS). In summary, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA was significantly upregulated by SS compared to OS. No differences were found in the mRNA levels of the inflammatory markers intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) between the shear conditions; however, OS significantly increased the number of monocytes bound when compared to SS. Next, SS increased the anti-thrombogenic mRNA levels of CD39, thrombomodulin, and endothelial protein-C receptor (EPCR) compared to OS. SS also significantly increased CD39 and EPCR mRNA levels compared to RS. Finally, no significant differences were detected when comparing pro-thrombotic tissue factor mRNA or its activity levels. These results indicate that shear stress can have beneficial (SS) or adverse (OS, RS) effects on the inflammatory or thrombotic potential of EOCs. Further, these results suggest SS hemodynamic preconditioning may be optimal in increasing the efficacy of a vascular implant or in tissue-engineered applications that have incorporated EOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall F Ankeny
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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Obi S, Masuda H, Shizuno T, Sato A, Yamamoto K, Ando J, Abe Y, Asahara T. Fluid shear stress induces differentiation of circulating phenotype endothelial progenitor cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C595-606. [PMID: 22744008 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00133.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are mobilized from bone marrow to peripheral blood, and contribute to angiogenesis in tissue. In the process, EPCs are exposed to shear stress generated by blood flow and tissue fluid flow. Our previous study showed that shear stress induces differentiation of mature EPCs in adhesive phenotype into mature endothelial cells and, moreover, arterial endothelial cells. In this study we investigated whether immature EPCs in a circulating phenotype differentiate into mature EPCs in response to shear stress. When floating-circulating phenotype EPCs derived from ex vivo expanded human cord blood were exposed to controlled levels of shear stress in a flow-loading device, the bioactivities of adhesion, migration, proliferation, antiapoptosis, tube formation, and differentiated type of EPC colony formation increased. The surface protein expression rate of the endothelial markers VEGF receptor 1 (VEGF-R1) and -2 (VEGF-R2), VE-cadherin, Tie2, VCAM1, integrin α(v)/β(3), and E-selectin increased in shear-stressed EPCs. The VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, VE-cadherin, and Tie2 protein increases were dependent on the magnitude of shear stress. The mRNA levels of VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, VE-cadherin, Tie2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, matrix metalloproteinase 9, and VEGF increased in shear-stressed EPCs. Inhibitor analysis showed that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal transduction pathway is a potent activator of adhesion, proliferation, tube formation, and differentiation in response to shear stress. Western blot analysis revealed that shear stress activated the VEGF-R2 phosphorylation in a ligand-independent manner. These results indicate that shear stress increases differentiation, adhesion, migration, proliferation, antiapoptosis, and vasculogenesis of circulating phenotype EPCs by activation of VEGF-R2 and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syotaro Obi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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Yang Z, Xia WH, Zhang YY, Xu SY, Liu X, Zhang XY, Yu BB, Qiu YX, Tao J. Shear stress-induced activation of Tie2-dependent signaling pathway enhances reendothelialization capacity of early endothelial progenitor cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 52:1155-63. [PMID: 22326430 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a pivotal role in the endothelial repair following arterial injury and shear stress has a beneficial effect on EPCs, however, the molecular mechanism underlying the influence of EPCs on the endothelial integrity and the regulation of shear stress on the EPC signaling remained to be studied. Here, we investigated the effects of laminar shear stress on the tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domain-2 (Tie2)-dependent signaling and its relation to in vivo reendothelialization capacity of human early EPCs. The human early EPCs were treated with shear stress. Shear stress in a dose-dependent manner increased angiopoietin-2 (Ang2)-induced migratory, adhesive and proliferatory activities of EPCs. Transplantation of EPCs treated by shear stress facilitated in vivo reendothelialization in nude mouse model of carotid artery injury. In parallel, the phosphorylation of Tie2 and Akt of EPCs in response to shear stress was significantly enhanced. With treatment of Tie2 knockdown or Akt inhibition, shear stress-induced phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) of EPCs was markedly suppressed. After Tie2/PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling was blocked, the effects of shear stress on in vitro function and in vivo reendothelialization capacity of EPCs were significantly inhibited. The present findings demonstrate for the first time that Tie2/PI3k/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway is, at least in part, involved in the EPCs-mediated reendothelialization after arterial injury. The upregulation of shear stress-induced Tie2-dependent signaling contributes to enhanced in vivo reendothelialization capacity of human EPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Fioretta ES, Fledderus JO, Burakowska-Meise EA, Baaijens FPT, Verhaar MC, Bouten CVC. Polymer-based Scaffold Designs For In Situ Vascular Tissue Engineering: Controlling Recruitment and Differentiation Behavior of Endothelial Colony Forming Cells. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:577-90. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Abstract
Stem cell research has opened new and exciting possibilities in the biological and biomedical sciences, and holds great promise of impacting many areas of medicine. However, despite the rapid advancements of the last decade, the precise and efficient differentiation of stem cells into distinct cell types and tissues still remains a major challenge for the field. In an effort to reproduce biologically relevant differentiation niches, or to direct stem cell differentiation into specific cellular fates, many investigators have explored the effect of biomechanical stimulation on pluripotent cells. This review focuses on a particular type of biomechanical force, namely fluid shear stress, and our current knowledge on its ability to direct differentiation and modulate function of embryonic and somatic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Adamo
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Shepherd RD, Kos SM, Rinker KD. Flow-dependent Smad2 phosphorylation and TGIF nuclear localization in human aortic endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H98-H107. [PMID: 21490324 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00668.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells respond to fluid flow stimulation through transient and sustained signal pathway activation. Smad2 is a signaling molecule and transcription factor in the Smad signaling pathway, traditionally associated with TGF-β. Although phosphorylation of Smad2 in the receptor-dependent COOH-terminal region is the most appreciated way Smad2 is activated to affect gene expression, phosphorylation may also occur in the MH1-MH2 linker region (L-psmad2). Here, we show that in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), Smad2 was both preferentially phosphorylated in the linker region and localized to the nucleus in a flow-dependent manner. The Smad corepressor transforming growth interacting factor (TGIF) was also found to have flow-dependent nuclear localization. Tissue studies confirmed this L-psmad2 generation trend in rat aorta, indicating likely importance in arterial tissue. HAEC-based inhibitor studies demonstrated that L-psmad2 levels were not related to MAPK phosphorylation, but instead followed the pattern of pAkt(473), both with and without the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor PI-103. Akt and Smad species were also shown to directly interact under flow relative to static controls. To further evaluate impacts of PI-103 treatment, expression profiles for two TGF-β and shear stress-dependent genes were determined and showed that mRNAs were lower from untreated 10 dyn/cm(2) than 2 dyn/cm(2) average shear stress cultures. However, upon exposure to PI-103, this trend was reversed, with a stronger response observed at 10 dyn/cm(2). Taken together, the results of this work suggest that fluid flow exposure may influence endothelial gene expression by a novel mechanism involving Akt, L-psmad2, and TGIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Shepherd
- Univ. of Calgary, 2500 Univ. Dr. N.W., Centre for Bioengineering Research and Education, CCIT 208, Calgary AB, Canada T2N 1N4
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17
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Thebaud NB, Bareille R, Remy M, Bourget C, Daculsi R, Bordenave L. Human progenitor-derived endothelial cells vs. venous endothelial cells for vascular tissue engineering: an in vitro study. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 4:473-84. [PMID: 20112278 DOI: 10.1002/term.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of endothelial progenitor cells from human peripheral blood generates a great hope in vascular tissue engineering because of particular benefit when compared with mature endothelial cells. We explored the capability of progenitor-derived endothelial cells (PDECs) to line fibrin and collagen scaffolds in comparison with human saphenous and umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HSVECs and HUVECs): (a) in a static situation, allowing definition of the optimal cell culture conditions with different media and cell-seeding densities to check cell behaviour; (b) under shear stress conditions (flow chambers or tubular vascular constructs), allowing investigation of cell response and mRNA expression on both substrates by oligonucleotide microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR. Well characterized PDECs: (a) could not be expanded adequately with the usual mature ECs culture media; (b) were able to colonize and grow on fibrin glue; (c) exhibited higher resistance to oxidative stress than HSVECs and HUVECs; (d) withstood physiological shear stress when lining both substrates in flow chambers, and their gene expression was regulated; (e) colonized a collagen-impregnated vascular prosthesis and were able to sense mechanical forces. Our results provide an improved qualification of PDECs for vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noélie B Thebaud
- INSERM, U577 Bordeaux, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, F-33076 France
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18
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Zhang P, Moudgill N, Hager E, Tarola N, Dimatteo C, McIlhenny S, Tulenko T, DiMuzio PJ. Endothelial differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells from elderly patients with cardiovascular disease. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:977-88. [PMID: 20879833 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) possess significant therapeutic potential for tissue engineering and regeneration. This study investigates the endothelial differentiation and functional capacity of ASCs isolated from elderly patients. Isolation of ASCs from 53 patients (50-89 years) revealed that advanced age or comorbidity did not negatively impact stem cell harvest; rather, higher numbers were observed in older donors (>70 years) than in younger. ASCs cultured in endothelial growth medium-2 for up to 3 weeks formed cords upon Matrigel and demonstrated acetylated-low-density lipoprotein and lectin uptake. Further stimulation with vascular endothelial growth factor and shear stress upregulated endothelial cell-specific markers (CD31, von Willebrand factor, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and VE-cadherin). Inhibition of the PI(3)K but not mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway blocked the observed endothelial differentiation. Shear stress promoted an anti-thrombogenic phenotype as demonstrated by production of tissue-plasminogen activator and nitric oxide, and inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Shear stress augmented integrin α(5)β(1) expression and subsequently increased attachment of differentiated ASCs to basement membrane components. Finally, ASCs seeded onto a decellularized vein graft resisted detachment despite application of shear force up to 9 dynes. These results suggest that (1) advanced age and comorbidity do not negatively impact isolation of ASCs, and (2) these stem cells retain significant capacity to acquire key endothelial cell traits throughout life. As such, adipose tissue is a practical source of autologous stem cells for vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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19
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Yang Z, Chen L, Su C, Xia WH, Wang Y, Wang JM, Chen F, Zhang YY, Wu F, Xu SY, Zhang XL, Tao J. Impaired endothelial progenitor cell activity is associated with reduced arterial elasticity in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2010; 32:444-52. [PMID: 20939752 DOI: 10.3109/10641961003686435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is related to reduced arterial elasticity in patients with essential hypertension. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), an important endogenous repair approach for endothelial injury, is altered in hypertensive patients. However, the association between alteration in circulating EPCs and hypertension-related reduced arterial elasticity has not been reported. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between alteration in circulating EPCs and hypertension-related reduced arterial elasticity. We measured the artery elasticity profiles including brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) and C1 large and C2 small artery elasticity indices in patients with essential hypertension (n = 20) and age-matched normotensive subjects (n = 21). The number and activity of circulating EPCs isolated from peripheral blood were determined. Compared to normotensive subjects, the patients with hypertension exhibited decreased C1 large and C2 small artery elasticity indices, as well as increased baPWV. The number of circulating EPCs did not differ between the two groups. The migratory and proliferative activities of circulating EPCs in hypertensive patients were lower than those in normotensive subjects. Both proliferatory and migratory activities of circulating EPCs closely correlated with arterial elasticity profiles, including baPWV and C1 large and C2 small artery elasticity indices. Multivariate analysis identified both proliferative and migratory activities of circulating EPCs as independent predictors of the artery elasticity profiles. The present study demonstrates for the first time that impaired activity of circulating EPCs is associated with reduced arterial elasticity in patients with hypertension. The fall in endogenous repair capacity of vascular endothelium may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension-related vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Department of Hypertension & Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Chen L, Wu F, Xia WH, Zhang YY, Xu SY, Cheng F, Liu X, Zhang XY, Wang SM, Tao J. CXCR4 gene transfer contributes to in vivo reendothelialization capacity of endothelial progenitor cells. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 88:462-70. [PMID: 20573729 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a pivotal role in endothelial repair after artery injury. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is a key modulator of the homing of EPCs to impaired artery and reendothelialization. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that CXCR4 gene transfer could enhance the reendothelialization capacity of EPCs. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro, human EPCs were expanded and transduced with adenovirus serotype 5 encoding the human CXCR4 gene (Ad5/CXCR4). In vitro, CXCR4 gene transfer augmented EPC migration and enhanced EPC adhesion to endothelial cell monolayers. Adhesion assays under flow conditions showed that CXCR4 gene transfer increased the ability of EPCs to arrest on fibronectin. To determine whether CXCR4 gene transfer facilitated therapeutic reendothelialization, the effect of EPCs on in vivo reendothelialization was examined in nude mice subjected to carotid artery injury. Compared with the vehicle, transplantation of EPCs with or without gene transfer significantly accelerated in vivo reendothelialization; however, transplantation of EPCs transduced with Ad5/CXCR4 had a further enhanced effect compared with control EPCs containing EPCs transduced with an adenovirus encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein gene or non-transduced EPCs. We also found that phosphorylation of Janus kinase-2 (JAK-2), a CXCR4 downstream signalling target, was increased in EPCs transduced with Ad5/CXCR4. The enhanced in vitro function and in vivo reendothelialization capacity of EPCs by CXCR4 gene transfer were abolished by neutralizing antibodies against CXCR4 or/and JAK-2 inhibitor AG490. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that CXCR4 gene transfer contributes to the enhanced in vivo reendothelialization capacity of EPCs. Up-regulation of CXCR4 in human EPCs may become a novel therapeutic target for endothelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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21
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Yamamoto K, Ando J. Differentiation of stem/progenitor cells into vascular cells in response to fluid mechanical forces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12573-010-0017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Zhang P, Baxter J, Vinod K, Tulenko TN, Di Muzio PJ. Endothelial differentiation of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells: synergism of biochemical and shear force stimuli. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 18:1299-308. [PMID: 19508152 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic fluid-derived stem (AFS) cells possess several advantages over embryonic and adult stem cells, as evidenced by expression of both types of stem cell markers and ability to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers. Herein, we examine endothelial differentiation of AFS cells in response to growth factors, shear force, and hypoxia. We isolated human AFS cells from amniotic fluid samples (1-4 cc/specimen) obtained from patients undergoing amniocentesis at 15-18 weeks of gestation (n = 10). Isolates maintained in nondifferentiating medium expressed the stem cell markers CD13, CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105, OCT-4, and SSEA-4 through passage 8. After 3 weeks of culture in endothelial growth media-2 (EGM-2), the stem cells exhibited an endothelial-like morphology, formed cord-like structures when plated on Matrigel, and uptook acetylated LDL/lectin. Additionally, mRNA and protein levels of CD31 and von Willebrand factor (vWF) significantly increased in response to culture in EGM-2, with further up-regulation when stimulated by physiological levels (12 dyne/cm(2)) of shear force. Culture in hypoxic conditions (5% O(2)) resulted in significant expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PGF) mRNA. This study suggests that AFS cells, isolated from minute amounts of amniotic fluid, acquire endothelial cell characteristics when stimulated by growth factors and shear force, and produce angiogenic factors (VEGF, PGF, and hepatocyte growth factor [HGF]) in response to hypoxia. Thus, amniotic fluid represents a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells potentially suitable for use in cardiovascular regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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23
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Abstract
Mechanical forces are important signals in the development and function of the heart and lung, growth of skin and muscle, and maintenance of cartilage and bone. The specific mechanical force "shear stress" has been implicated as playing a critical role in the physiological responses of blood vessels through endothelial cell signaling. More recently, studies have shown that shear stress can induce differentiation of stem cells toward both endothelial and bone-producing cell phenotypes. This review will highlight current data supporting the role of shear stress in stem cell fate and will propose potential mechanisms and signaling cascades for transducing shear stress into a biological signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stolberg
- Graduate Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
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24
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Smadja DM, Basire A, Amelot A, Conte A, Bièche I, Le Bonniec BF, Aiach M, Gaussem P. Thrombin bound to a fibrin clot confers angiogenic and haemostatic properties on endothelial progenitor cells. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:975-86. [PMID: 18494938 PMCID: PMC4401136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are involved in recanalizing venous thrombi. We examined the impact of a fibrin network, and particularly of adsorbed thrombin, on EPCs derived from cord blood CD34(+) cells. Fibrin networks generated in microplates by adding CaCl(2) to platelet-depleted plasma retained adsorbed thrombin at the average concentration of 4.2 nM per well. EPCs expressed high levels of endothelial cell protein C receptor and thrombomodulin, allowing the generation of activated protein C on the fibrin matrix in the presence of exogenous human protein C. The fibrin matrix induced significant EPC proliferation and, when placed in the lower chamber of a Boyden device, strongly enhanced EPC migration. These effects were partly inhibited by hirudin by 41% and 66%, respectively), which suggests that fibrin-adsorbed thrombin interacts with EPCs via the thrombin receptor PAR-1. Finally, spontaneous lysis of the fibrin network, studied by measuring D-dimer release into the supernatant, was inhibited by EPCs but not by control mononuclear cells. Such an effect was associated with a 10-fold increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) secretion by EPCs cultivated in fibrin matrix. Overall, our data show that EPCs, in addition to their angiogenic potential, have both anticoagulant and antifibrinolytic properties. Thrombin may modulate these properties and contribute to thrombus recanalization by EPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Smadja
- AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Hématologie Biologique A, Paris, France
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