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Peng H, Liang M, Zhang J, Liu W, Yang Y, Sun Y, Ke F, Wen Y, Liu S, Xu B, Gao X. Identification and characterization of a versatile keratinase, KerZJ, from Stenotrophomonas sp. LMY. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:30. [PMID: 38057391 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Keratinases have drawn increasing attention in recent decades owing to their catalytic versatility and broad applications from agriculture to medicine. In the present study, we isolated a highly keratinolytic and fibrinolytic bacterium from the campus soil and named it Stenotrophomonas sp. LMY based on genetic information. To identify the potential keratinase genes, the genome sequence of the strain was obtained and analyzed. Sequence alignment and comparison revealed that the protein 1_737 (KerZJ) had the highest sequence homology to a reported keratinase KerBL. We recombinantly expressed KerZJ in Escherichia coli Origami™ (DE) pLysS and purified it to homogeneity. KerZJ showed the highest activity at 40 °C and pH 9.0, and metal ions exhibited no significant effects on its activity. Although reducing agents would break the disulfide bonds in KerZJ and reduce its activity, KerZJ still exhibited the ability to hydrolyze feather keratin in the presence of β-ME. KerZJ could efficiently digest human prion proteins. In addition, KerZJ showed fibrinolytic activity on fibrin plates and effectively eliminated blood clots in a thrombosis mouse model without side effects. Our results suggest that KerZJ is a versatile keratinase with significant potential for keratin treatment, decontamination of prions, and fibrinolytic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Peng
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Manyu Liang
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanhong Yang
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Famin Ke
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yijiao Wen
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Bilin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Key Laboratories of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Comprehensive Resources Utilization of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaowei Gao
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Yu Q, Luo B, Luo Z, Zhong X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhu G, Guo B, Tang L, Li Y, Fan L. Synthesis of Novel 3-Butylphthalide Derivatives Containing Isopentenylphenol Moiety as Potential Antiplatelet Agents for the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201002. [PMID: 36424354 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to find novel antiplatelet drugs for the treatment of ischemic stroke, a series of 3-butylphthalide derivatives containing isopentenylphenol moiety were designed, synthesized and characterized with spectroscopic analyses. The in vitro antiplatelet activity results indicated that compound 3 better inhibited the arachidonic acid (AA) induced platelet aggregation than aspirin (ASP) and 3-butylphthalide (NBP). Additionally, compared with precursor NBP, compound 3 possessed outstanding antithrombotic activity in the animal experiment model, which could effectively alleviate the formation of tail thrombus and carotid artery thrombus in mice. More importantly, intraperitoneal administration of compound 3 can well protected the rats against ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury. Further pharmacokinetic (PK) assay indicated that compound 3 had good absorption characteristics and metabolic stability in vivo. Overall, the present research provides a new candidate compound for the treatment of ischemic stroke caused by platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyang Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, P. R. China
| | - Bilan Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, P. R. China
| | - Zhongfu Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhong
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, P. R. China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, P. R. China
| | - Gaofeng Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, P. R. China
| | - Bing Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, P. R. China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, P. R. China
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Yang HR, Hwang DH, Prakash RLM, Kim JH, Hong IH, Kim S, Kim E, Kang C. Exploring the Fibrin(ogen)olytic, Anticoagulant, and Antithrombotic Activities of Natural Cysteine Protease (Ficin) with the κ-Carrageenan-Induced Rat Tail Thrombosis Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173552. [PMID: 36079810 PMCID: PMC9460133 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fibrinolytic enzymes and thrombolytic agents help in cardiovascular disease treatment, those currently available have several side effects. This warrants the search for safer alternatives. Several natural cysteine protease preparations are used in traditional medicine to improve platelet aggregation and thrombosis-related diseases. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of ficin, a natural cysteine protease, on fibrin(ogen) and blood coagulation. The optimal pH (pH 7) and temperature (37 °C) for proteolytic activity were determined using the azocasein method. Fibrinogen action and fibrinolytic activity were measured both electrophoretically and by the fibrin plate assay. The effect of ficin on blood coagulation was studied by conventional coagulation tests: prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), blood clot lysis assay, and the κ-carrageenan thrombosis model. The Aα, Bβ, and γ bands of fibrinogen are readily cleaved by ficin, and we also observed a significant increase in PT and aPTT. Further, the mean length of the infarcted regions in the tails of Sprague–Dawley rats was shorter in rats administered 10 U/mL of ficin than in control rats. These findings suggest that natural cysteine protease, ficin contains novel fibrin and fibrinogenolytic enzymes and can be used for preventing and/or treating thrombosis-associated cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryeon Yang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Du Hyeon Hwang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Ramachandran Loganathan Mohan Prakash
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Il-Hwa Hong
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Euikyung Kim
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Changkeun Kang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-2364; Fax: +82-55-772-2349
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Purification and Characterization of a Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Marine Bacillus velezensis Z01 and Assessment of Its Therapeutic Efficacy In Vivo. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050843. [PMID: 35630289 PMCID: PMC9145925 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinolytic enzymes are the most effective agents for the treatment of thrombotic diseases. In the present study, we purified and characterized an extracellular fibrinolytic serine metalloprotease (named Velefibrinase) that is produced by marine Bacillus velezensis Z01 and assessed its thrombolysis in vivo. SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses showed that the molecular mass of Velefibrinase was 32.3 KDa and belonged to the peptidase S8 family. The optimal fibrinolytic activity conditions of Velefibrinase were 40 °C and pH 7.0. Moreover, Velefibrinase exhibited high substrate specificity to fibrin, and a higher ratio of fibrinolytic/caseinolytic (1.48) values, which indicated that Velefibrinase had excellent fibrinolytic properties. Based on the degradation pattern of fibrin and fibrinogen, Velefibrinase could be classified as α/β-fibrinogenase. In vitro, Velefibrinase demonstrated efficient thrombolytic ability, anti-platelet aggregation, and amelioration of blood coagulation (APTT, PT, TT, and FIB), which were superior to those of commercial anticoagulant urokinase. Velefibrinase showed no hemolysis for erythrocyte in vitro and no hemorrhagic activity in vivo. Finally, Velefibrinase effectively prevented mouse tail thrombosis in a dose-dependent (0.22–0.88 mg/kg) manner. These findings suggested that Velefibrinase has the potential to becoming a new thrombolytic agent.
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Yang Y, Li B. Novel Peptide Motifs Containing Asp-Glu-Gly Target P 2Y 12 and Thromboxane A2 Receptors to Inhibit Platelet Aggregation and Thrombus Formation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:785-793. [PMID: 35016500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that collagen peptides have multiple biological activities. Our previous study has separated and identified antiplatelet aggregation peptides Asp-Glu-Gly-Pro (DEGP) from Salmo salar skin. This study is to investigate the cellular target of DEGP on platelets and its underlying mechanism. DEGP inhibited platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner induced by 2MeS-ADP and U46619 and significantly attenuated tail thrombosis formation by 30% in mice at the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. Mechanically, DEGP displayed apparent antagonism effects on TP and P2Y12 receptors by the drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) technique to regulate the phosphorylation of RhoAS188, PLCβ3S537, as well as VASPS157. The molecular docking results revealed a stronger binding energy with the target protein of modified peptides DEGI and DDEGL. Practically, DEGI exhibited the highest inhibition activity against 2MeS-ADP- and U46619-induced platelet aggregation in vitro with IC50 values of 0.88 ± 0.10 and 0.85 ± 0.10 mM, respectively, and comparable antithrombosis activity with aspirin at the dose of 25 mg/kg body weight in vivo. These results indicated the possibility that the peptide motifs containing Asp-Glu-Gly could potentially be developed as a novel therapeutic agent in the prevention and treatment of thrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
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Tang Y, Yang Y, Lu X, Liu Q, Li Q, Song X, Wang M, Hu H, Zhou L, Wang Y. Oral therapy of recombinant Subtilisin QK-2 potentiates thrombolytic effect in a carrageenan-induced thrombosis animal model. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Sharma C, Osmolovskiy A, Singh R. Microbial Fibrinolytic Enzymes as Anti-Thrombotics: Production, Characterisation and Prodigious Biopharmaceutical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1880. [PMID: 34834294 PMCID: PMC8625737 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disorders such as acute myocardial infarction, embolism and stroke are primarily attributed to excessive fibrin accumulation in the blood vessels, usually consequential in thrombosis. Numerous methodologies including the use of anti-coagulants, anti-platelet drugs, surgical operations and fibrinolytic enzymes are employed for the dissolution of fibrin clots and hence ameliorate thrombosis. Microbial fibrinolytic enzymes have attracted much more attention in the management of cardiovascular disorders than typical anti-thrombotic strategies because of the undesirable after-effects and high expense of the latter. Fibrinolytic enzymes such as plasminogen activators and plasmin-like proteins hydrolyse thrombi with high efficacy with no significant after-effects and can be cost effectively produced on a large scale with a short generation time. However, the hunt for novel fibrinolytic enzymes necessitates complex purification stages, physiochemical and structural-functional attributes, which provide an insight into their mechanism of action. Besides, strain improvement and molecular technologies such as cloning, overexpression and the construction of genetically modified strains for the enhanced production of fibrinolytic enzymes significantly improve their thrombolytic potential. In addition, the unconventional applicability of some fibrinolytic enzymes paves their way for protein hydrolysis in addition to fibrin/thrombi, blood pressure regulation, anti-microbials, detergent additives for blood stain removal, preventing dental caries, anti-inflammatory and mucolytic expectorant agents. Therefore, this review article encompasses the production, biochemical/structure-function properties, thrombolytic potential and other surplus applications of microbial fibrinolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India;
| | - Alexander Osmolovskiy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rajni Singh
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India;
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Nyansah WB, Koffuor GA, Ben IO, Gyanfosu L, Ehigiator BE. Antithrombotic property of an aqueous extract from Pseudocedrela kotschyi and Adenia cissampeloides. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:436-446. [PMID: 34447451 PMCID: PMC8356714 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.319581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: An aqueous extract from the root bark of Pseudocedrela kotschyi and aerial parts of Adenia cissampeloides has been proven in previous research to elicit significant anticoagulant property in vitro. This, therefore, indicates the potential usefulness of this extract in managing thromboembolic disease, a major global health risk. The aim of the present work was to establish the antithrombotic effect of a product made from extracts of the root bark of P. kotschyi and the aerial parts of A. cissampeloides (PAE). Experimental approach: The effect of PAE at 500-2000 mg/kg in inhibiting tail infarction and inflammation, as well as its effect on the microthrombi count, hematological, and coagulation profiles in a carrageenan-induced thrombosis model in Sprague-Dawley rats, was studied. Findings/Results: PAE significantly (P ≤ 0.01-0.001) reduced length of tail infarction and inflammation (redness, swelling, pain, and temperature). Histopathological studies revealed a significant reduction (P ≤ 0.0001) in microthrombi count in the liver and the lungs with PAE treatment. PAE treatment caused a marginal (P ≤ 0.01) increase in prothrombin time but resulted in a significant (P ≤ 0.01-0.0001) dose-dependent increase in activated partial thromboplastin time, with the hematological profile being normal. Conclusion and implications: PAE showed anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects in vivo, indicative of its potential benefit as a natural product, and cost-effective therapeutic option, and hence could be helpful in thromboembolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Bright Nyansah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - George Asumeng Koffuor
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Inemesit Okon Ben
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Science, Ho, Ghana
| | - Linda Gyanfosu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ben Enoluomen Ehigiator
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Madonna University, River State, Nigeria
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Xiao S, Hu D, Gao Y, Ai Y, Luo S, Chen S, Wang B, Zhou L, Dong Y, Wang Y. Safety assessment of subtilisin QK in rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 22:38. [PMID: 34172094 PMCID: PMC8235616 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subtilisin QK is a serine protease in the subtilisin family, and is fermented by Bacillus subtilis QK02. The fibrinolytic activity of subtilisin QK was measured by detecting low molecular weight degradation products using a spectrophotometric method developed by Japan Bio Science Laboratory Co., Ltd. Subtilisin QK powder can maintain its fibrinolytic activity for more than 24 months when it is stored at room temperature and protected from light. Our previous results showed that subtlisin QK directly degraded cross-linked fibrins in the fibrin plate assay and effectively inhibited thrombosis in the mouse thrombus model. The aim of this study was to determine the acute toxicity, potential subchronic toxicity, and safety pharmacology of subtilisin QK in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. METHODS In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of 100,000 FU/kg was administered to 10 female and 10 male SD rats. In the 28-day subchronic toxicity, 60 female and 60 male SD rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (daily oral dose of 0, 2500, 7500 and 25,000 FU/kg). In the safety pharmacology study, 20 female and 20 male SD rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (single oral dose of 0, 500, 1500 and 5000 FU/kg). RESULTS No death occurred and no adverse effects were observed in the acute toxicity study at a dose of 100,000 FU/kg. In the 28-day subchronic toxicity study, several hematological and blood biochemical parameters showed increases or decreases; however, due to the lack of a dose-response relationship, these differences were considered unrelated to treatment. In the safety pharmacology study, no adverse effects were observed on the central nervous of SD rats post-administration up to a dose of 5000 FU/kg subtilisin QK. CONCLUSION The results showed that oral consumption of subtilisin QK is of low toxicological concern. No adverse effects were observed at doses of 2500, 7500, and 25,000 FU/kg in the 28-day subchronic toxicity, and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of subtilisin QK was 25,000 FU/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Dingbang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Wuhan Zhenfu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yang Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Sang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ben Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yanshan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Wuhan Zhenfu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Yefu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Xiao S, Dong Y, Hu K, Hu D, Zhou L, Wang Y. Acute and Subchronic Toxicities and Safety Pharmacology Studies of a Bacillus Subtilisin in Dogs. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:211-218. [PMID: 33281147 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Subtilisin NAT, a Bacillus subtilisin, is widely applied as a functional food and considered to be one of the most exploitable potential oral thrombolytic agents. Subtilisin QK, another Bacillus subtilisin, is a serine protease fermented by Bacillus subtilis 02 and has a better thrombolytic effect. Therefore, subtilisin QK is typically used for evaluating the safety of Bacillus subtilisins. Here, we conduct several good laboratory practice (GLP)-compliant studies in non-rodent animal, i.e., in Beagle dogs, including acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity, and safety pharmacology studies. No adverse effects were evident in the acute and 28-d subchronic toxicity studies at doses up to 40000 FU/kg and 16000 FU/kg/d, respectively. In evaluating the pharmacological safety of up to 2000FU/kg subtilisin QK, we found no significant differences between the electrocardiograms, blood pressures, and respiration of beagle dogs. These findings suggest the safety of Bacillus subtilisin, providing reliable pharmacological and toxicological data for its development and popularization as a functional food and drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences
| | - Yanshan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences.,Wuhan Zhenfu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Kunkun Hu
- Wuhan Zhenfu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Dingbang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences.,Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Wuhan University School of Medicine
| | - Yefu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Life Sciences
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Song X, Yang Y, Liang N, Yang F, Chen S, Zhou L, Zhou K, Wang Y. Quantitative pharmacokinetic evaluation of Subtilisin QK-2 after a bolus IV injection in a rat model using a novel sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113264. [PMID: 32276207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular thrombosis is a main cause of multiple cardiovascular diseases. A high thrombolytic activity of the microbial fibrinolytic enzyme Subtilisin QK-2, which is highly homologous to Nattokinase, shows great exploitable potential in thrombolytic therapy. However, the lack of a sensitive detection method limits the further analysis of Subtilisin QK-2 in vivo. We prepared a polyclonal antibody and four monoclonal antibodies (IgG1, titers of 1:500,000) to establish a sensitive sandwich ELISA for Subtilisin QK-2 detection. The limit of detection (LOD) of this ELISA was 1.160 ng/mL. The linear range of the standard curve was 1.96-250 ng/mL (R2 = 0.9912). The cut-off value was 0.236. Subsequently, a pharmacokinetic dose (IV bolus) was administered and analyzed with the established ELISA. The concentration-time profiles were best fitted to a two-compartment model. T1/2α values for doses of 2 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg were 29.90 ± 10.02 min, 27.17 ± 1.96 min, and 21.83 ± 9.95 min, and T1/2β values were 144.43 ± 49.73 min, 173.46 ± 52.58 min, and 159.49 ± 48.75 min, respectively. Subtilisin QK-2 was eliminated through a mechanism with first-order kinetics. In conclusion, this study provides useful data for further research and clinical applications of Subtilisin QK-2 in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Song
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ning Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Kangping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yefu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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12
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Methods available to assess therapeutic potential of fibrinolytic enzymes of microbial origin: a review. J Anal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-018-0143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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14
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Ma N, Liu XW, Yang YJ, Shen DS, Zhao XL, Mohamed I, Kong XJ, Li JY. Evaluation on antithrombotic effect of aspirin eugenol ester from the view of platelet aggregation, hemorheology, TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α and blood biochemistry in rat model. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:108. [PMID: 27296110 PMCID: PMC4907079 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Based on the prodrug principle, aspirin and eugenol, as starting precursors, were esterified to synthesize aspirin eugenol ester (AEE). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antithrombotic effect of AEE in an animal disease model. In order to compare the therapeutic effects of AEE and its precursors, aspirin, eugenol and a combination of aspirin and eugenol were designed at the same molar quantities as the AEE medium dose in the control group. Methods After oral administration of AEE (dosed at 18, 36 and 72 mg/kg) for seven days, rats were treated with k-carrageenan to induce tail thrombosis. Following the same method, aspirin (20 mg/kg), eugenol (18 mg/kg) and 0.5 % CMC-Na (30 mg/kg) were administered as control drug. Different drug effects on platelet aggregation, hemorheology, TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio and blood biochemistry were studied. Results AEE significantly inhibited ADP and AA-induced platelet aggregation in vivo. AEE also significantly reduced blood and plasma viscosity. Moreover, AEE down-regulated TXB2 and up-regulated 6-keto-PGF1α, normalizing the TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α ratio and blood biochemical profile. In comparison with aspirin and eugenol, AEE produced more positive therapeutic effects than its precursors under the same molar quantity. Conclusion It may be concluded that AEE was a good candidate for new antithrombotic and antiplatelet medicine. Additionally, this study may help to understand how AEE works on antithrombosis in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Wang Liu
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Shuai Shen
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Le Zhao
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Isam Mohamed
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Kong
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China. .,Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China. .,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China. .,No.335, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
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15
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Mao R, Zhou K, Han Z, Wang Y. Subtilisin QK-2: secretory expression in Lactococcus lactis and surface display onto gram-positive enhancer matrix (GEM) particles. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:80. [PMID: 27176475 PMCID: PMC4866291 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Purified from the supernatant of Bacillus subtilis QK02 culture broth, Subtilisin QK-2 is a type of effective thrombolytic reagent that has great exploitable potential. However, the unbearable flavor that occurs with fermentation and the complicated methods that are required to obtain pure products limit the application of this enzyme. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-based delivery vehicles are promising as cheap and safe options for medicinal compounds. The secretory expression and surface display using LAB may popularize Subtilisin QK-2 more easily and conveniently with minimal adverse effects. Results Subtilisin QK-2 was expressed successfully in two forms using lactic acid bacteria. For the secretory expression in Lactococcus lactis, Subtilisin QK-2 was efficiently secreted into the culture using the promoter PnisA and signal peptide SPUsp. The expression levels were not different in L. lactis NZ9000 and NZ3900 without the effect of different selection markers. However, leaky expression was only detected in L. lactis NZ3900. The biological activity of this secreted Subtilisin QK-2 was enhanced by modulating the pH of medium to slightly alkaline during induction and by codon optimization of either the entire gene sequence (qk′) or only the propeptide gene sequence (qkpro′). For surface display onto gram-positive enhancer matrix (GEM) particles, n LysM repeats from the C-terminal region of the major autolysin AcmA of L. lactis were fused to either the C-terminus (n = 1, 3, 5) or the N-terminus (n = 1) of the Subtilisin QK-2. These fusion proteins were secreted into the culture medium, and the QK-3LysM was able to bind to the surface of various LAB GEM particles without a loss of fibrinolytic activity. Furthermore, the binding capacity significantly increased with a higher concentration of QK-3LysM. Compared to the free-form Subtilisin QK-2, the QK-3LysM displayed on the surface of GEM particles was more stable in the simulated gastric juice. Conclusions Combined with the safety and popularity of LAB, Subtilisin QK-2 may be easily applied worldwide to prevent and control thrombosis diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0478-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yefu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Ma N, Liu XW, Yang YJ, Li JY, Mohamed I, Liu GR, Zhang JY. Preventive Effect of Aspirin Eugenol Ester on Thrombosis in κ-Carrageenan-Induced Rat Tail Thrombosis Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133125. [PMID: 26193677 PMCID: PMC4507943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the prodrug principle, aspirin eugenol ester (AEE) was synthesized, which can reduce the side effects of aspirin and eugenol. As a good candidate for new antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory medicine, it is essential to evaluate its preventive effect on thrombosis. Preventive effect of AEE was investigated in κ-carrageenan-induced rat tail thrombosis model. AEE suspension liquids were prepared in 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na). AEE was administrated at the dosage of 18, 36 and 72 mg/kg. Aspirin (20 mg/kg), eugenol (18 mg/kg) and 0.5% CMC-Na (30 mg/kg) were used as control drug. In order to compare the effects between AEE and its precursor, integration of aspirin and eugenol group (molar ratio 1:1) was also designed in the experiment. After drugs were administrated intragastrically for seven days, each rat was injected intraperitoneally with 20 mg/kg BW κ-carrageen dissolved in physiological saline to induce thrombosis. The length of tail-thrombosis was measured at 24 and 48 hours. The blank group just was given physiological saline for seven days without κ-carrageenan administrated. The results indicated that AEE significantly not only reduced the average length of thrombus, PT values and FIB concentration, but also reduced the red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT) and platelet (PLT). The effects of AEE on platelet aggregation and anticoagulant in vitro showed that AEE could inhibit adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation as dose-dependence but no notable effect on blood clotting. From these results, it was concluded that AEE possessed positive effect on thrombosis prevention in vivo through the reduction of FIB, PLT, inhibition of platelet aggregation and the change of TT and PT values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Wang Liu
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Isam Mohamed
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Rong Liu
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Yu Zhang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of CAAS, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
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Majumdar S, Dutta S, Das T, Chattopadhyay P, Mukherjee AK. Antiplatelet and antithrombotic activity of a fibrin(ogen)olytic protease from Bacillus cereus strain FF01. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:477-89. [PMID: 25964180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibrin(ogen)olytic enzymes offer great promise for the treatment of thrombosis associated disorders. The present study describes the characterization of an extracellular fibrin(ogen)olytic serine protease (named Bacethrombase) purified from the Bacillus cereus strain FF01. The molecular mass of the Bacethrombase was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectroscopy analyses at 39.5 kDa and 38,450.51 Da, respectively. The peptide mass fingerprinting and analyses of the composition of the amino acids revealed the similarity of the Bacethrombase to the bacterial serine proteases. The secondary structure of the Bacethrombase was composed of 14% helix, 6.6% beta-sheet, and 79.4% random coil. Bacethrombase was found to contain 48% sialic acid and it preferentially degraded the Aα-chain of fibrinogen, as well as fibrin. The anticoagulant potency of the Bacethrombase was comparable with that of warfarin and heparin, and was corroborated by its fibrinogenolytic activity rather than the inhibition of thrombin, prothrombin or FXa. Bacethrombase demonstrated antiplatelet activity, and dose-dependently inhibited the ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Bacethrombase (10 mg/kg) did not show toxicity after i.v. administration in Wistar rats; however, it revealed an in vivo anticoagulant effect and significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced in vivo thrombus formation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Majumdar
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Sumita Dutta
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Tanusree Das
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defense Research Laboratory, Tezpur 784001, Assam, India
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India.
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Majumdar S, Chattopadhyay P, Mukherjee AK. In Vivo Anticoagulant and Thrombolytic Activities of a Fibrinolytic Serine Protease (Brevithrombolase) With the k-Carrageenan-Induced Rat Tail Thrombosis Model. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2015; 22:594-8. [PMID: 25657326 DOI: 10.1177/1076029615569567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, in vivo thrombolysis efficiency of Brevithrombolase, a nontoxic fibrinolytic enzyme purified from Brevibacillus brevis strain FF02B, was affirmed by significant inhibition of thrombus formation in the k-carrageenan-induced rat tail, in a dose-dependent manner. Brevithrombolase at a dose of 600 µg/kg showed an efficacy that was comparable to streptokinase and plasmin, in dissolving in vivo thrombus of k-carrageenan-treated rats under identical conditions. The in vivo anticoagulant property of Brevithrombolase was demonstrated by its prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time in Wistar rats. However, the Brevithrombolase-treated rats demonstrated an insignificant decrease in fibrinogen (Fg) level of plasma compared with Fg level of control group of rats corroborating in vivo as well as in vitro anticoagulant activity of Brevithrombolase is due to its hydrolytic action on thrombin. These findings unequivocally suggest that Brevithrombolase may serve a promising alternative to the commercial thrombolytic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Majumdar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, School of Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | | | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, School of Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
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Arslan R, Bektas N, Bor Z, Sener E. Evaluation of the antithrombotic effects of Crataegus monogyna and Crataegus davisii in the carrageenan-induced tail thrombosis model. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:275-279. [PMID: 25243870 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.914957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Crataegus species are widely used as herbal medicines for preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, there are no studies on the effects of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (Rosaceae) and C. davisii Browicz on thrombosis, which is an important mechanism in CVDs. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the antithrombotic effects of ethanol extracts of Crataegus monogyna (CMEx) and C. davisii (CDEx) leaves by using the carrageenan-induced tail thrombosis model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hind paw of each mouse was injected with 1% Type I carrageenan to induce thrombosis. CMEx was tested at the doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg and CDEx at the dose of 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg in comparison with heparin. The lengths of tail thrombosis were measured at the 24, 48, and 72 h. RESULTS Does of 200 and 300 mg/kg CMEx showed significant effects (p < 0.01; p < 0.001) at 24 h when compared with the control group. The antithrombotic activity of 200 and 300 mg/kg CMEx showed a decrease at 48 and 72 h but the activity of 300 mg/kg dose of CMEx was still significant (p < 0.01). The activities of 50 and 100 mg/kg doses of CDEx were significant (p < 0.001; p < 0.01) between 24 and 72 h whereas 200 and 300 mg/kg CDEx did not show any significance. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS CMEx and CDEx significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced mouse tail thrombosis. Based on these results, it was concluded that CDEx and CMEx may potentially be used as therapeutic agents or complementary treatments against thrombosis.
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Kim DW, Choi JH, Park SE, Kim S, Sapkota K, Kim SJ. Purification and characterization of a fibrinolytic enzyme from Petasites japonicus. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:1159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Choi JH, Sapkota K, Kim S, Kim SJ. Starase: A bi-functional fibrinolytic protease from hepatic caeca of Asterina pectinifera displays antithrombotic potential. Biochimie 2014; 105:45-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Tian Y, Zhao Y, Zheng W, Zhang W, Jiang X. Antithrombotic functions of small molecule-capped gold nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:8543-8550. [PMID: 24965704 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01937g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the antithrombotic functions of pyrimidinethiol-capped gold nanoparticles (Au_DAPT NPs). They can prolong coagulation parameters when injected intravenously in normal mice. Applied in two typical thrombosis models, mice tail thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism, gold NPs can inhibit both thrombosis and improve the survival rates of mice tremendously, without increasing the bleeding risk. The anticoagulant mechanisms include inhibiting the platelet aggregation as well as interfering with thrombin and fibrin generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tian
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, 11 Beiyitiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing, 100190, China.
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Choi JH, Sapkota K, Kim MK, Kim S, Kim SJ. Undariase, a direct-acting fibrin(ogen)olytic enzyme from Undaria pinnatifida, inhibits thrombosis in vivo and exhibits in vitro thrombolytic properties. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:1985-2004. [PMID: 24938821 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A direct-acting fibrinolytic serine protease named undariase possessing anticoagulant and antiplatelet properties was purified from Undaria pinnatifida. Undariase showed a molecular weight of 50 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and mass spectrometry. It displayed a strong fibrin zymogram lysis band corresponding to the same molecular mass. The N-terminal sequence of undariase, LTATTCEELAAAPTD, does not match with any known fibrinolytic enzyme. The enzyme was stable and active at high temperatures (35-70 °C). The fibrinolytic activity of undariase was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and 4-(amidinophenyl) methanesulfonyl fluoride (APMSF). The K m and V max values for substrate S-2251 were determined as 6.15 mM and 90.91 mM/min/ml, respectively. Undariase resulted in clot lysis by directly cleaving α and β chains of fibrin. Similarly, it preferentially acted on the Aα chain of fibrinogen followed by cleavage of the Bβ chain. It significantly prolonged the PFA-100 closure times of citrated whole human blood. In addition, undariase delayed the coagulation time and increased activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT). Undariase exerted a significant protective effect against collagen plus epinephrine-induced pulmonary thromboembolism in mice. It prevented carrageenan-induced thrombus formation in the tail of mice. It also resulted in prolongation of APTT ex vivo. In conclusion, these results suggested a therapeutic potential of undariase for thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Choi
- Department of Life Science & BK21-Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Vijayaraghavan P, Prakash Vincent SG. Medium optimization for the production of fibrinolytic enzyme by Paenibacillus sp. IND8 using response surface methodology. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:276942. [PMID: 24523635 PMCID: PMC3913018 DOI: 10.1155/2014/276942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of fibrinolytic enzyme by a newly isolated Paenibacillus sp. IND8 was optimized using wheat bran in solid state fermentation. A 2(5) full factorial design (first-order model) was applied to elucidate the key factors as moisture, pH, sucrose, yeast extract, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate. Statistical analysis of the results has shown that moisture, sucrose, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate have the most significant effects on fibrinolytic enzymes production (P < 0.05). Central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the optimal concentrations of these three components and the experimental results were fitted with a second-order polynomial model at 95% level (P < 0.05). Overall, 4.5-fold increase in fibrinolytic enzyme production was achieved in the optimized medium as compared with the unoptimized medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnuswamy Vijayaraghavan
- International Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu 629 502, India
| | - Samuel Gnana Prakash Vincent
- International Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu 629 502, India
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Kumar A, Pulicherla KK, Mayuren C, Kotra S, Rao KRS. Evaluation of a multifunctional staphylokinase variant with thrombin inhibition and antiplatelet aggregation activities produced from salt-inducible E. coli GJ1158. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:839-47. [PMID: 24144055 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reocclusion is one of the major root causes for secondary complications that arise during thrombolytic therapy. A multifunctional staphylokinase variant SRH (staphylokinase (SAK) linked with tripeptide RGD and didecapeptide Hirulog) with antiplatelet and antithrombin activities in addition to clot specific thrombolytic function, was developed to address the reocclusion problem. We preferred to use Escherichia coli GJ1158 as the host in this study for economic production of SRH by osmotic (0.3 mol/L sodium chloride) induction, to overcome the problems associated with the yeast expression system. The therapeutic potential of SRH was evaluated in the murine model of vascular thrombosis. The SAK protein (1 mg/kg body mass) and SRH protein (1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg) were administered intravenously to the different treatment groups. The results have shown a dose-dependent antithrombotic effect in carrageenan-induced mouse tail thrombosis. The thrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and prothrombin time were significantly prolonged (p < 0.05) in the SRH-infused groups. Moreover, SRH inhibited platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05), while the bleeding time was significantly (p < 0.05) prolonged. All of these results inferred that the osmotically produced multifunctional fusion protein SRH (SAK-RGD-Hirulog) is a promising thrombolytic agent, and one which sustained its multifunctionality in the animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Kumar
- a Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur 522510, India
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Ghasemi Y, Dabbagh F, Ghasemian A. Cloning of a fibrinolytic enzyme (subtilisin) gene from Bacillus subtilis in Escherichia coli. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 52:1-7. [PMID: 22069026 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-011-9467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Several investigations are being pursued to enhance the efficacy and specificity of fibrinolytic therapy. In this regard, microbial fibrinolytic enzymes attracted much more medical interests during these decades. Subtilisin, a member of subtilases (the superfamily of subtilisin-like serine proteases) and also a fibrinolytic enzyme is quite common in Gram-positive bacteria, and Bacillus species stand out in particular, as many extracellular and even intracellular variants have been identified. In the present work, the subtilisin gene from Bacillus subtilis PTCC 1023 was cloned into the vector pET-15b and expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3). Total genomic DNA were isolated and used for PCR amplification of the subtilisin gene by means of the specific primers. SDS-PAGE and enzyme assay were done for characterizing the expressed protein. A ~1,100 bp of the structural subtilisin gene was amplified. The DNA and amino acid sequence alignments resulting from the BLAST search of subtilisin showed high sequence identity with the other strains of B. subtilis, whereas significantly lower identity was observed with other bacterial subtilisins. The recombinant enzyme had the same molecular weight as other reported subtilisins and the E. coli transformants showed high subtilisin activity. This study provides evidence that subtilisin can be actively expressed in E. coli. The commercial availability of subtilisin is of great importance for industrial applications and also pharmaceutical purposes as thrombolytic agent. Thus, the characterization of new recombinant subtilisin and the development of rapid, simple, and effective production methods are not only of academic interest, but also of practical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Yuan J, Yang J, Zhuang Z, Yang Y, Lin L, Wang S. Thrombolytic effects of Douchi fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus subtilis LD-8547 in vitro and in vivo. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:36. [PMID: 22748219 PMCID: PMC3434014 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Today, thrombosis is one of the most widely occurring diseases in modern life. Drugs with thrombolytic functions are the most effective methods in the treatment of thrombosis. Among them, Douchi fibrinolytic enzyme (DFE) is a promising agent. DFE was isolated from Douchi, a typical and popular soybean-fermented food in China, and it can dissolve fibrin directly and efficiently. A strain, Bacillus subtilis LD-8547 produced DFE with high fibrinolytic activity has been isolated in our lab previously. Results In the study, thrombolytic effect of DFE from Bacillus subtilis LD-8547 was studied in vitro and in vivo systematically. The results showed that DFE played a significant role in thrombolysis and anticoagulation in vitro. And the thrombolytic effects correlated with DFE in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, the acute toxicity assay showed that DFE had no obvious acute toxicity to mice. Test of carrageenan-induced thrombosis in mice indicated that the DFE significantly prevented tail thrombosis, and arterial thrombosis model test indicated that Douchi fibrinolytic enzyme DFE had thrombolytic effect on carotid thrombosis of rabbits in vivo. Other results in vivo indicated that DFE could increase bleeding and clotting time obviously. Conclusions The DFE isolated from Bacillus subtilis LD-8547 has obvious thrombolytic effects in vitro and in vivo. This function demonstrates that this enzyme can be a useful tool for preventing and treating clinical thrombus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Bektas N, Arslan R, Goger F, Kirimer N, Ozturk Y. Investigation for anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities of methanol extract of Capparis ovata buds and fruits. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 142:48-52. [PMID: 22579676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Capparis ovata Desf. has wide natural distribution in Turkey and it is consumed in pickled form. Flower buds, root bark, and fruits of the plant are used traditionally due to their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, anti-rheumatismal, tonic, and diuretic effects. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to investigate the possible anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects of methanol extracts prepared from flower buds (CBE) and fruits (CFE) of C. ovata. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-inflammatory effects of CBE and CFE were assessed using carrageenan-induced and prostaglandin E₂-induced mouse paw edema models. For the anti-thrombotic effect evaluation, carrageenan-induced tail thrombosis model was performed in mice. The extracts were administered intraperitonally (i.p.) at the doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory effect of Capparis extracts were tested in comparison to 10 mg/kg diclofenac and anti-thrombotic activity to 10 and 100 IU heparin. RESULTS CBE at the doses of 200, and 300 mg/kg and CFE at the doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg showed significant anti-inflammatory activity and CFE reached therapeutic concentration early than CBE in carrageenan inflammation model. In prostaglandin E₂ inflammation model, CBE and CFE exhibited significant inhibitory effects. The C. ovata extracts did not show remarkable anti-thrombotic effect. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that fruits of C. ovata have more potent anti-inflammatory effect than flower buds. It has been suggested that inhibition of cyclooxygenase pathway is one of the mechanisms of the activity. C. ovata may be potentially used as therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Bektas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
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Inhibition of platelet aggregation by curdione from Curcuma wenyujin essential Oil. Thromb Res 2012; 130:409-14. [PMID: 22560337 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Curdione, one of the major sesquiterpene compounds from Rhizoma Curcumae, has been shown to exhibit multiple bioactive properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-platelet aggregation and antithrombotic activities of curdione with different methods both in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of the study was to explore an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, which promised to be a preventive or therapeutic agent for various vascular diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Curdione was isolated from the essential oil of Curcuma wenyujin using the silica gel column chromatography method. The effects of curdione on human platelet aggregation induced by thrombin (0.3 U/ml), platelet-activating factor (PAF, 0.375 μg/ml), adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 10 μM) and arachidonic acid (AA, 0.1mg/ml) were tested in vitro, and the potential mechanisms underlying such activities were investigated. We also tested the antithrombotic effect of curdione in a tail thrombosis model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Curdione preferentially inhibited PAF- and thrombin- induced platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner (IC(50): 60-80 μM), whereas much higher concentrations of curdione were required to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by ADP and AA. Curdione also inhibited P-selectin expression in PAF-activated platelets. Moreover, curdione caused an increase in cAMP levels and attenuated intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in PAF-activated platelets. In vivo, we also found that curdione showed significant antithrombotic activity. Therefore, we conclude that the inhibitory mechanism of curdione on platelet aggregation may increase cAMP levels and subsequently inhibit intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. Furthermore, the effect observed in the tail thrombosis model might be explained completely by increased vasodilation. These results indicate that curdione may be one of the main bioactive constituents in Rhizoma Curcumae that removes blood stasis.
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Simkhada JR, Cho SS, Mander P, Choi YH, Yoo JC. Purification, biochemical properties and antithrombotic effect of a novel Streptomyces enzyme on carrageenan-induced mice tail thrombosis model. Thromb Res 2012; 129:176-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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