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Dependence of the Atomic Structure of Solid Solutions in the Pd-Cu System Ordered According to the B2 Type on the Composition. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to exceptionally high selectivity, membranes based on palladium alloys are widely used for obtaining high-purity hydrogen. An important issue for providing high hydrogen permeability of the membranes is to form the required phase composition. The structural organization of the solid solutions consisting of Cu–36.4 at .% Pd and Cu–50 at .% Pd were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron diffraction (ED), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). It was found that the former composition can be ordered in the temperature range of 300–400 °C and in the heating (up to 800 °C)–cooling cycle. In the presence of excess Cu atoms (27.2%), this structure can be represented by CsCl type structural units (β-phase) and distributed body center cubic (BCC) copper structural units in the corresponding concentration dose. The formation of a single crystal ordered phase within the mosaic blocks of the disordered phase was established. Experimental evidence was obtained for the separation of the α-phase solid solution in the elemental composition; the very low rate of ordering inherent in this system was attributed to this effect. The hydrogen permeability of a foil of the equiatomic composition was described.
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Applicability of membrane reactor technology in industrial hydrogen producing reactions: Current effort and future directions. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Pd-based membrane reactors are strongly recognized as an effective way to boost H2 yield and natural gas (NG) conversion at low temperatures, compared to conventional steam reforming plants for hydrogen production, thereby representing a potential solution to reduce the energy penalty of such a process, while keeping the lower CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the exploitation of solar energy coupled with a membrane steam reformer can further reduce the environmental impact of these systems. On this basis, the paper deals with the design activities and experimentation carried out at a pilot level in an integrated prototype where structured catalysts and Pd-based membranes are arranged together and thermally supported by solar-heated molten salts for steam reforming reaction
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Application of Pd-Based Membrane Reactors: An Industrial Perspective. MEMBRANES 2018; 8:membranes8040101. [PMID: 30388816 PMCID: PMC6315609 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The development of a chemical industry characterized by resource efficiency, in particular with reference to energy use, is becoming a major issue and driver for the achievement of a sustainable chemical production. From an industrial point of view, several application areas, where energy saving and CO2 emissions still represent a major concern, can take benefit from the application of membrane reactors. On this basis, different markets for membrane reactors are analyzed in this paper, and their technical feasibility is verified by proper experimentation at pilot level relevant to the following processes: (i) pure hydrogen production; (ii) synthetic fuels production; (iii) chemicals production. The main outcomes of operations in the selected research lines are reported and discussed, together with the key obstacles to overcome.
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Progress in Methanol Steam Reforming Modelling via Membrane Reactors Technology. MEMBRANES 2018; 8:membranes8030065. [PMID: 30126137 PMCID: PMC6161194 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen has attracted growing attention for various uses, and, particularly, for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) supply. However, PEMFCs need high grade hydrogen, which is difficult in storing and transportation. To solve these issues, hydrogen generation from alcohols and hydrocarbons steam reforming reaction has gained great consideration. Among the various renewable fuels, methanol is an interesting hydrogen source because at room temperature it is liquid, and then, easy to handle and to store. Furthermore, it shows a relatively high H/C ratio and low reforming temperature, ranging from 200 to 300 °C. In the field of hydrogen generation from methanol steam reforming reaction, a consistent literature is noticeable. Despite various reviews that are more devoted to describe from an experimental point of view the state of the art about methanol steam reforming reaction carried in conventional and membrane reactors, this work describes the progress in the last two decades about the modelling studies on the same reaction in membrane reactors.
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Taghizadeh M, Aghili F. Recent advances in membrane reactors for hydrogen production by steam reforming of ethanol as a renewable resource. REV CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2017-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
During the last decade, hydrogen has attracted lots of interest due to its potential as an energy carrier. Ethanol is one of the renewable resources that can be considered as a sustainable candidate for hydrogen generation. In this regard, producing hydrogen from ethanol steam reforming (ESR) would be an environmentally friendly process. Commonly, ESR is performed in packed bed reactors; however, this process needs several stages for hydrogen separation with desired purity. Recently, the concept of a membrane reactor, an attractive device integrating catalytic reactions and separation processes in a single unit, has allowed obtaining a smaller reactor volume, higher conversion degrees, and higher hydrogen yield in comparison to conventional reactors. This paper deals with recent advances in ESR in terms of catalyst utilization and the fundamental of membranes. The main part of this paper discusses the performance of different membrane reactor configurations, mainly packed bed membrane reactors, fluidized bed membrane reactors, and micro-membrane reactors. In addition, a short overview is given about the impact of ESR via different catalysts such as noble metal, non-noble metal, and bi-metallic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Taghizadeh
- Chemical Engineering Department , Babol Noshirvani University of Technology , P. O. Box 484 , Babol 4714871167 , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aghili
- Chemical Engineering Department , Babol Noshirvani University of Technology , P. O. Box 484 , Babol 4714871167 , Iran
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Catalytic activity of LiZr2(PO4)3 nasicon-type phosphates in ethanol conversion process in conventional and membrane reactors. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Canduela-Rodriguez G, Sabbe MK, Reyniers MF, Joly JF, Marin GB. Thermodynamic study of benzene and hydrogen coadsorption on Pd(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:23754-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02991g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Neira D'Angelo MF, Ordomsky V, Schouten JC, van der Schaaf J, Nijhuis TA. Carbon-coated ceramic membrane reactor for the production of hydrogen by aqueous-phase reforming of sorbitol. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:2007-2015. [PMID: 24989121 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201301324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen was produced by aqueous-phase reforming (APR) of sorbitol in a carbon-on-alumina tubular membrane reactor (4 nm pore size, 7 cm long, 3 mm internal diameter) that allows the hydrogen gas to permeate to the shell side, whereas the liquid remains in the tube side. The hydrophobic nature of the membrane serves to avoid water loss and to minimize the interaction between the ceramic support and water, thus reducing the risks of membrane degradation upon operation. The permeation of hydrogen is dominated by the diffusivity of the hydrogen in water. Thus, higher operation temperatures result in an increase of the flux of hydrogen. The differential pressure has a negative effect on the flux of hydrogen due to the presence of liquid in the larger pores. The membrane was suitable for use in APR, and yielded 2.5 times more hydrogen than a reference reactor (with no membrane). Removal of hydrogen through the membrane assists in the reaction by preventing its consumption in undesired reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Neira D'Angelo
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands)
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Hydrogen permeability and sulfur tolerance of a novel dual membrane of PdAg/PdCu layers deposited on porous stainless steel. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Basov NL, Ermilova MM, Orekhova NV, Yaroslavtsev AB. Membrane catalysis in the dehydrogenation and hydrogen production processes. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2013v082n04abeh004324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Silva FA, Hori CE, da Silva AM, Mattos LV, Múnera J, Cornaglia L, Noronha FB, Lombardo E. Hydrogen production through CO2 reforming of CH4 over Pt/CeZrO2/Al2O3 catalysts using a Pd–Ag membrane reactor. Catal Today 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Domínguez M, Taboada E, Molins E, Llorca J. Ethanol steam reforming at very low temperature over cobalt talc in a membrane reactor. Catal Today 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Skorpa R, Voldsund M, Takla M, Schnell SK, Bedeaux D, Kjelstrup S. Assessing the coupled heat and mass transport of hydrogen through a palladium membrane. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Byron Smith R, Muruganandam L, Murthy Shekhar S. CFD analysis of water gas shift membrane reactor. Chem Eng Res Des 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2011.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mendes D, Sá S, Tosti S, Sousa JM, Madeira LM, Mendes A. Experimental and modeling studies on the low-temperature water-gas shift reaction in a dense Pd–Ag packed-bed membrane reactor. Chem Eng Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2011.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bosko ML, Miller JB, Lombardo EA, Gellman AJ, Cornaglia LM. Surface characterization of Pd–Ag composite membranes after annealing at various temperatures. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Iulianelli A, Basile A. Hydrogen production from ethanol via inorganic membrane reactors technology: a review. Catal Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cy00012d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mundschau MV, Gribble DA, Henton LM, Jentzsch NR, Plassmeyer PN. Reforming diesel-fuel distillates with membrane reactors. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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