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Development of Efficient and Selective Processes for the Synthesis of Commercially Important Chlorinated Phenols. ORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/org2030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
para-Selective processes for the chlorination of phenols using sulphuryl chloride in the presence of various sulphur-containing catalysts have been successfully developed. Several chlorinated phenols, especially those derived by para-chlorination of phenol, ortho-cresol, meta-cresol, and meta-xylenol, are of significant commercial importance, but chlorination reactions of such phenols are not always as regioselective as would be desirable. We, therefore, undertook the challenge of developing suitable catalysts that might promote greater regioselectivity under conditions that might still be applicable for the commercial manufacture of products on a large scale. In this review, we chart our progress in this endeavour from early studies involving inorganic solids as potential catalysts, through the use of simple dialkyl sulphides, which were effective but unsuitable for commercial application, and through a variety of other types of sulphur compounds, to the eventual identification of particular poly(alkylene sulphide)s as very useful catalysts. When used in conjunction with a Lewis acid such as aluminium or ferric chloride as an activator, and with sulphuryl chloride as the reagent, quantitative yields of chlorophenols can be obtained with very high regioselectivity in the presence of tiny amounts of the polymeric sulphides, usually in solvent-free conditions (unless the phenol starting material is solid at temperatures even above about 50 °C). Notably, poly(alkylene sulphide)s containing longer spacer groups are particularly para-selective in the chlorination of m-cresol and m-xylenol, while, ones with shorter spacers are particularly para-selective in the chlorination of phenol, 2-chlorophenol, and o-cresol. Such chlorination processes result in some of the highest para/ortho ratios reported for the chlorination of phenols.
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Saphier M, Levitsky I, Masarwa A, Saphier O. Complexes of copper(I) with aromatic compounds facilitate selective electrophilic aromatic substitution. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1490415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magal Saphier
- Chemistry Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Inna Levitsky
- Chemical Engineering Department, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering of the Negev, Israel
| | | | - Oshra Saphier
- Chemical Engineering Department, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering of the Negev, Israel
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Dalal DS, Patil DR, Tayade YA. β‐Cyclodextrin: A Green and Efficient Supramolecular Catalyst for Organic Transformations. CHEM REC 2018; 18:1560-1582. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipak S. Dalal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical SciencesNorth Maharashtra University Jalgaon – 425 001 (M. S.) India
| | - Dipak R. Patil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical SciencesNorth Maharashtra University Jalgaon – 425 001 (M. S.) India
| | - Yogesh A. Tayade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical SciencesNorth Maharashtra University Jalgaon – 425 001 (M. S.) India
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Deshmukh MB, Wagh ND, Sikder AK, Borse AU, Dalal DS. Cyclodextrin Nitrate Ester/H2SO4 as a Novel Nitrating System for Efficient Synthesis of Insensitive High Explosive 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502555a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh B. Deshmukh
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425 001, India
| | - Nilesh D. Wagh
- School
of Environment and Earth Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425 001, India
| | - Arun K. Sikder
- High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL), Pune 411 021, India
| | - Amulrao U. Borse
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425 001, India
| | - Dipak S. Dalal
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425 001, India
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Smith K, Al-Zuhairi AJ, El-Hiti GA, Alshammari MB. Comparison of cyclic and polymeric disulfides as catalysts for the regioselective chlorination of phenols. J Sulphur Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2014.965170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Smith
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Ali J. Al-Zuhairi
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed B. Alshammari
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences and Humanities, Salman bin Abdulaziz University, PO Box 83, Al-Kharij 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Ganjala VSP, Neeli CKP, Pramod CV, Khagga M, Rao KSR, Burri DR. Eco-friendly nitration of benzenes over zeolite-β-SBA-15 composite catalyst. CATAL COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Abdel-Megeed MF, El-Hiti GA, Badr BE, Azaam MM. Synthesis of a Series of Diphenyl (Arylamino)(Pyridin-3-yl)Methylphosphonates as Potential Antimicrobial Agents. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2012.717141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt
- b School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Badr E. Badr
- c Department of Botany, Faculty of Science , Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Azaam
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Tanta University , Tanta , Egypt
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Smith K, Alotaibi MH, El-Hiti GA. Highly regioselective dinitration of toluene over reusable zeolite Hβ. J Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Smith K, Balakit AA, El-Hiti GA. Poly(propylene sulfide)–borane: convenient and versatile reagent for organic synthesis. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Regioselective Nitration of Deactivated Mono-Substituted Benzenes Using Acyl Nitrates Over Reusable Acidic Zeolite Catalysts. Catal Letters 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-009-0258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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