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Mahdi HI, Ramlee NN, da Silva Duarte JL, Cheng YS, Selvasembian R, Amir F, de Oliveira LH, Wan Azelee NI, Meili L, Rangasamy G. A comprehensive review on nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts for biodiesel production in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil and USA. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 319:138003. [PMID: 36731678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is an alternative to fossil-derived diesel with similar properties and several environmental benefits. Biodiesel production using conventional catalysts such as homogeneous, heterogeneous, or enzymatic catalysts faces a problem regarding catalysts deactivation after repeated reaction cycles. Heterogeneous nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts (enzymes) have shown better advantages due to higher activity, recyclability, larger surface area, and improved active sites. Despite a large number of studies on this subject, there are still challenges regarding its stability, recyclability, and scale-up processes for biodiesel production. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review current modifications and role of nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts and also to observe effect of various parameters on biodiesel production. Nanocatalysts and nanobiocatalysts demonstrate long-term stability due to strong Brønsted-Lewis acidity, larger active spots and better accessibility leading to enhancethe biodiesel production. Incorporation of metal supporting positively contributes to shorten the reaction time and enhance the longer reusability. Furthermore, proper operating parameters play a vital role to optimize the biodiesel productivity in the commercial scale process due to higher conversion, yield and selectivity with the lower process cost. This article also analyses the relationship between different types of feedstocks towards the quality and quantity of biodiesel production. Crude palm oil is convinced as the most prospective and promising feedstock due to massive production, low cost, and easily available. It also evaluates key factors and technologies for biodiesel production in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil, and the USA as the biggest biodiesel production supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilman Ibnu Mahdi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan.
| | - Nurfadhila Nasya Ramlee
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - José Leandro da Silva Duarte
- Laboratory of Applied Electrochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Yu-Shen Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan; College of Future, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan
| | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, India.
| | - Faisal Amir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana (UMB), Jl. Raya, RT.4/RW.1, Meruya Sel., Kec. Kembangan, Jakarta, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, 11650, Indonesia
| | - Leonardo Hadlich de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Ion Exchange (LATI), Chemical Engineering Department (DEQ), State University of Maringá, Maringá (UEM), 5790 Colombo Avenue, Zone 7, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Nur Izyan Wan Azelee
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), UTM Skudai, 81310, Skudai Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Lucas Meili
- Laboratory of Processes (LAPRO), Center of Technology, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus A. C. Simões, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, Tabuleiro Dos Martins, 57072-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil.
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India.
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Parametric and kinetic study of simultaneous esterification and transesterification of model waste sunflower oil by using zirconium sulfate catalyst. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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3
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ZrO2-based catalysts for biodiesel production: A review. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bian Y, Liu J, Zhang G, Peng Z, Li C. The Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Functionalized Polymer and its Application in the Esterification Between Methacrylic Acid and Methanol. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li X, Zhang Q, Li H, Gao X. A Novel Process for the Production of Triethylene Glycol Di-2-ethylhexoate by Reactive Distillation Using a Sulfated Zirconia Catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xin Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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Kamel DA, Farag HA, Amin NK, Zatout AA, Fouad YO. Utilization of Ficus carica leaves as a heterogeneous catalyst for production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:32804-32814. [PMID: 31502052 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel appears to be a possible substitute for non-renewable fossil fuels; however, its production requires the presence of a catalyst to accelerate the reaction. Serving the purpose of finding effective, cheap and environmentally safe, heterogeneous catalysts, this research used the fig leaves in three different forms, calcined, activated by KOH, and activated by both K2CO3 and CaCO3. Their efficiency in biodiesel synthesis, from spent cooking oil, was examined and compared with that of activated carbon which has been previously investigated. The properties of different catalyst forms were specified using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Operating parameters studied for the three catalysts were reaction time (from 30 to 180 min), alcohol-to-oil molar ratio (from 4:1 to 10:1), catalyst loading (from 0.5 to 5% by wt.), and stirring speed (from 100 to 400 rpm). The increase in reaction time, molar ratio, and catalyst loading proved to have a favorable effect on % conversion to biodiesel but to a certain degree; increasing the stirring speed augmented the conversion. At optimum conditions (2 h of heating, 6:1 alcohol-to-oil molar ratio, 1% by wt. catalyst loading, and 400 rpm stirring), fig leaves activated by KOH provided the highest conversion to biodiesel (92.73%). The measured properties of the produced biodiesel (density, viscosity, flash point, cloud point, and pour point) yielded encouraging results. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena A Kamel
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21544, Egypt
| | - Hassan A Farag
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21544, Egypt
| | - Nevin K Amin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21544, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Zatout
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21544, Egypt
| | - Yasmine O Fouad
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21544, Egypt.
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Zhou L, Niu Y, Yang J, Li C, Guo X, Li L, Qiu T. Reaction kinetics for synthesis of isopropyl myristate catalyzed by sulfated titania. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-016-0094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Idrissou Y, Mazari T, Benadji S, Hamdi M, Rabia C. Homogeneous and heterogeneous sunflower oil methanolysis over 12-tungstophosphoric, sulfuric and boric acids. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-016-1042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chang B, Li Y, Guo Y, Yang B. Simple fabrication of magnetically separable mesoporous carbon sphere with excellent catalytic performance for biodiesel production. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sani YM, Alaba PA, Raji-Yahya AO, Abdul Aziz A, Daud WMAW. Facile synthesis of sulfated mesoporous Zr/ZSM-5 with improved Brønsted acidity and superior activity over SZr/Ag, SZr/Ti, and SZr/W in transforming UFO into biodiesel. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Avhad MR, Marchetti JM. Innovation in solid heterogeneous catalysis for the generation of economically viable and ecofriendly biodiesel: A review. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2015.1103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kwong TL, Yung KF. Heterogeneous alkaline earth metal–transition metal bimetallic catalysts for synthesis of biodiesel from low grade unrefined feedstock. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13819a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A bimetallic alkaline earth metal–transition metal oxide, synthesized through a method of direct low-temperature decomposition of the bimetallic complex, is reported for the synthesis of biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Lung Kwong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Shenzhen 518057
| | - Ka-Fu Yung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Shenzhen 518057
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Istadi I, Anggoro DD, Buchori L, Rahmawati DA, Intaningrum D. Active Acid Catalyst of Sulphated Zinc Oxide for Transesterification of Soybean Oil with Methanol to Biodiesel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2015.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Chang B, Guo Y, Yin H, Zhang S, Yang B. Synthesis of sulfonated porous carbon nanospheres solid acid by a facile chemical activation route. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kaur N, Ali A. One-pot transesterification and esterification of waste cooking oil via ethanolysis using Sr:Zr mixed oxide as solid catalyst. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07178f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prepared 2Sr:Zr-650 catalyst possesses both acidic and basic sites, hence it was able to catalyze the simultaneous esterification and transesterification of free fatty acid containing vegetable oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjot Kaur
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar University
- Patiala-147004, India
| | - Amjad Ali
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Thapar University
- Patiala-147004, India
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Zhang Y, Wong WT, Yung KF. One-step production of biodiesel from rice bran oil catalyzed by chlorosulfonic acid modified zirconia via simultaneous esterification and transesterification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 147:59-64. [PMID: 23994306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high content (25-50%) of free fatty acid (FFA), crude rice bran oil usually requires a two steps conversion or one step conversion with very harsh condition for simultaneous esterification and transesterification. In this study, chlorosulfonic acid modified zirconia (HClSO3-ZrO2) with strong acidity and durability is prepared and it shows excellent catalytic activity toward simultaneous esterification and transesterification. Under a relative low reaction temperature of 120 °C, HClSO3-ZrO2 catalyzes a complete conversion of simulated crude rice bran oil (refined oil with 40 wt% FFA) into biodiesel and the conversion yield keep at above 92% for at least three cycles. Further investigation on the tolerance towards FFA and water reveals that it maintains high activity even with the presence of 40 wt% FFA and 3 wt% water. It shows that HClSO3-ZrO2 is a robust and durable catalyst which shows high potential to be commercial catalyst for biodiesel production from low grade feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Ham, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Ka-Fu Yung
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Ham, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Kim M, DiMaggio C, Salley SO, Simon Ng KY. A new generation of zirconia supported metal oxide catalysts for converting low grade renewable feedstocks to biodiesel. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 118:37-42. [PMID: 22695144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new class of zirconia supported mixed metal oxides (ZnO-TiO(2)-Nd(2)O(3)/ZrO(2) and ZnO-SiO(2)-Yb(2)O(3)/ZrO(2)) has demonstrated the ability to convert low quality, high free fatty acid (FFA) bio-oils into biodiesel. Pelletized catalysts of ZrO(2) supported metal oxides were prepared via a sol-gel process and tested in continuous flow packed bed reactors for up to 6 months. In a single pass, while operating at mild to moderate reaction conditions, 195 °C and 300 psi, these catalysts can perform simultaneous esterification and transesterification reactions on feedstock of 33% FFA and 67% soybean oil to achieve FAME yields higher than 90%. Catalytic activity of the ZrO(2) supported metal oxide catalysts was highly dependent on the metal oxide composition. These heterogeneous catalysts will enable biodiesel manufacturers to avoid problems inherent in homogeneous processes, such as separation and washing, corrosive conditions, and excessive methanol usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhoe Kim
- National Biofuels Energy Laboratory, Next Energy, USA
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Eterigho EJ, Lee JGM, Harvey AP. Triglyceride cracking for biofuel production using a directly synthesised sulphated zirconia catalyst. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:6313-6316. [PMID: 21376570 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sulphated zirconia was directly synthesised and compared to the conventional wet method of preparation. The surface areas and pore sizes were 169 m(2)/g, 0.61 μm (directly synthesized) and 65 m(2)/g, 0.24 μm (conventional method), respectively. Directly synthesized sulphated zirconia was amorphous, whereas conventionally prepared sulphated zirconia is polycrystalline. Their IR spectra were broadly similar, although the area of the 1250 to 950 cm(-1) band was larger for directly synthesised sulphated zirconia. Not only were conversions greater for directly synthesised sulphated zirconia (63% vs. 42% after 4h), but it exhibited significantly greater yield for fatty acid methyl esters. The percentage yield (after 1h) of methyl esters was 43% for the directly synthesised catalyst and 15% for the conventionally synthesised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Eterigho
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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