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Zaera F. Designing Sites in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Are We Reaching Selectivities Competitive With Those of Homogeneous Catalysts? Chem Rev 2022; 122:8594-8757. [PMID: 35240777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of different prominent nanotechnologies adapted to catalysis is provided, with focus on how they contribute to the improvement of selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis. Ways to modify catalytic sites range from the use of the reversible or irreversible adsorption of molecular modifiers to the immobilization or tethering of homogeneous catalysts and the development of well-defined catalytic sites on solid surfaces. The latter covers methods for the dispersion of single-atom sites within solid supports as well as the use of complex nanostructures, and it includes the post-modification of materials via processes such as silylation and atomic layer deposition. All these methodologies exhibit both advantages and limitations, but all offer new avenues for the design of catalysts for specific applications. Because of the high cost of most nanotechnologies and the fact that the resulting materials may exhibit limited thermal or chemical stability, they may be best aimed at improving the selective synthesis of high value-added chemicals, to be incorporated in organic synthesis schemes, but other applications are being explored as well to address problems in energy production, for instance, and to design greener chemical processes. The details of each of these approaches are discussed, and representative examples are provided. We conclude with some general remarks on the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Jadhav SN, Patil SP, Sahoo DP, Rath D, Parida K, Rode CV. Organocatalytic Cascade Knoevenagel–Michael Addition Reactions: Direct Synthesis of Polysubstituted 2-Amino-4H-Chromene Derivatives. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-03089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Weng Z, Yu T, Zaera F. Synthesis of Solid Catalysts with Spatially Resolved Acidic and Basic Molecular Functionalities. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihuan Weng
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Tianyi Yu
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Abstract
In the present review we survey the main advances made in recent years on the understanding of chemical chirality at solid surfaces. Chirality is an important topic, made particularly relevant by the homochiral nature of the biochemistry of life on Earth, and many chiral chemical reactions involve solid surfaces. Here we start our discussion with a description of surface chirality and of the different ways that chirality can be bestowed on solid surfaces. We then expand on the studies carried out to date to understand the adsorption of chiral compounds at a molecular level. We summarize the work published on the adsorption of pure enantiomers, of enantiomeric mixtures, and of prochiral molecules on chiral and achiral model surfaces, especially on well-defined metal single crystals but also on other flat substrates such as highly ordered pyrolytic graphite. Several phenomena are identified, including surface reconstruction and chiral imprinting upon adsorption of chiral agents, and the enhancement or suppression of enantioselectivity seen in some cases upon adsorption of enantiomixtures of chiral compounds. The possibility of enhancing the enantiopurity of adsorbed layers upon the addition of chiral seeds and the so-called "sergeants and soldiers" phenomenon are presented. Examples are provided where the chiral behavior has been associated with either thermodynamic or kinetic driving forces. Two main approaches to the creation of enantioselective surface sites are discussed, namely, via the formation of supramolecular chiral ensembles made out of small chiral adsorbates, and by adsorption of more complex chiral molecules capable of providing suitable chiral environments for reactants by themselves, via the formation of individual adsorbate:modifier adducts on the surface. Finally, a discussion is offered on the additional effects generated by the presence of the liquid phase often required in practical applications such as enantioselective crystallization, chiral chromatography, and enantioselective catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Meemken F, Baiker A. Recent Progress in Heterogeneous Asymmetric Hydrogenation of C═O and C═C Bonds on Supported Noble Metal Catalysts. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11522-11569. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Meemken
- Institute for Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zurich, Hönggerberg, HCI, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alfons Baiker
- Institute for Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zurich, Hönggerberg, HCI, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Zaera F. New advances in the use of infrared absorption spectroscopy for the characterization of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 43:7624-63. [PMID: 24424375 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60374a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infrared absorption spectroscopy has proven to be one of the most powerful spectroscopic techniques available for the characterization of catalytic systems. Although the history of IR absorption spectroscopy in catalysis is long, the technique continues to provide key fundamental information about a variety of catalysts and catalytic reactions, and to also offer novel options for the acquisition of new information on both reaction mechanisms and the nature of the solids used as catalysts. In this review, an overview is provided of the main contributions that have been derived from IR absorption spectroscopy studies of catalytic systems, and a discussion is included on new trends and new potential directions of research involving IR in catalysis. We start by briefly describing the power of Fourier-transform IR (FTIR) instruments and the main experimental IR setups available, namely, transmission (TIR), diffuse reflectance (DRIFTS), attenuated total reflection (ATR-IR), and reflection-absorption (RAIRS), for advancing research in catalysis. We then discuss the different environments under which IR characterization of catalysts is carried out, including in situ and operando studies of typical catalytic processes in gas-phase, research with model catalysts in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and so-called high-pressure cell instruments, and work involving liquid/solid interfaces. A presentation of the type of information extracted from IR data follows in terms of the identification of adsorbed intermediates, the characterization of the surfaces of the catalysts themselves, the quantitation of IR intensities to extract surface coverages, and the use of probe molecules to identify and titrate specific catalytic sites. Finally, the different options for carrying out kinetic studies with temporal resolution such as rapid-scan FTIR, step-scan FTIR, and the use of tunable lasers or synchrotron sources, and to obtain spatially resolved spectra, by sample rastering or by 2D imaging, are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Hong J, Lee I, Zaera F. Correlated bifunctionality in heterogeneous catalysts: selective tethering of cinchonidine next to supported Pt nanoparticles. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy00844h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A strategy has been devised to add molecular functionality to heterogeneous catalysts in a spatially correlated fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Ilkeun Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
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Billault I, Launez R, Scherrmann MC. Cupreine grafted onto silica as an enantioselective and recyclable catalyst for the 1,4-addition of malonate to trans-β-nitrostyrene. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02292d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
First preparation of silica supported cupreine and its high catalytic performances for the asymmetric Michael addition in some biomass-derived solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Billault
- Université Paris Sud
- ICMMO
- 91405 Orsay Cedex
- France
| | - R. Launez
- Université Paris Sud
- ICMMO
- 91405 Orsay Cedex
- France
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Zhao W, Zhang Y, Qu C, Zhang L, Wang J, Cui Y. Catalytic Performance of Silica Supported Cinchona Alkaloids as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Asymmetric Michael Reaction. Catal Letters 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-014-1322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zaera F. Shape-controlled nanostructures in heterogeneous catalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:1797-1820. [PMID: 24014476 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnologies have provided new methods for the preparation of nanomaterials with well-defined sizes and shapes, and many of those procedures have been recently implemented for applications in heterogeneous catalysis. The control of nanoparticle shape in particular offers the promise of a better definition of catalytic activity and selectivity through the optimization of the structure of the catalytic active site. This extension of new nanoparticle synthetic procedures to catalysis is in its early stages, but has shown some promising leads already. Here, we survey the major issues associated with this nanotechnology-catalysis synergy. First, we discuss new possibilities associated with distinguishing between the effects originating from nanoparticle size versus those originating from nanoparticle shape. Next, we survey the information available to date on the use of well-shaped metal and non-metal nanoparticles as active phases to control the surface atom ensembles that define the catalytic site in different catalytic applications. We follow with a brief review of the use of well-defined porous materials for the control of the shape of the space around that catalytic site. A specific example is provided to illustrate how new selective catalysts based on shape-defined nanoparticles can be designed from first principles by using fundamental mechanistic information on the reaction of interest obtained from surface-science experiments and quantum-mechanics calculations. Finally, we conclude with some thoughts on the state of the field in terms of the advances already made, the future potentials, and the possible limitations to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (USA).
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Abstract
In this review, a brief survey is offered on the main nanotechnology synthetic approaches available to heterogeneous catalysis, and a few examples are provided of their usefulness for such applications. We start by discussing the use of colloidal, reverse micelle, and dendrimer chemistry in the production of active metal and metal oxide nanoparticles with well-defined sizes, shapes, and compositions, as a way to control the surface atomic ensembles available for selective catalysis. Next we introduce the use of sol-gel and atomic layer deposition chemistry for the production and modification of high-surface-area supports and active phases. Reference is then made to the more complex active sites that can be created or carved on such supports by using organic structure-directing agents. We follow with an examination of the ability to achieve multiple functionality in catalysis via the design of dumbbells, core@shell, and other complex nanostructures. Finally, we consider the mixed molecular-nanostructure approach that can be used to develop more demanding catalytic sites, by derivatizing the surface of solids or tethering or immobilizing homogeneous catalysts or other chemical functionalities. We conclude with a personal and critical perspective on the importance of fully exploiting the synergies between nanotechnology and surface science to optimize the search for new catalysts and catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Hong J, Djernes KE, Lee I, Hooley RJ, Zaera F. Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Selective Oxidation of Unactivated Hydrocarbons Based on a Tethered Metal-Coordinated Cavitand. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400471b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Hong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521,
United States
| | - Katherine E. Djernes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521,
United States
| | - Ilkeun Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521,
United States
| | - Richard J. Hooley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521,
United States
| | - Francisco Zaera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521,
United States
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Hong J, Zaera F. Interference of the Surface of the Solid on the Performance of Tethered Molecular Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13056-65. [DOI: 10.1021/ja304181q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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