1
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Occhipinti G, Nascimento DL, Foscato M, Fogg DE, Jensen VR. The Janus face of high trans-effect carbenes in olefin metathesis: gateway to both productivity and decomposition. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5107-5117. [PMID: 35655574 PMCID: PMC9093171 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00855f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium–cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) catalysts, used at ppm levels, can enable dramatically higher productivities in olefin metathesis than their N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) predecessors. A key reason is the reduced susceptibility of the metallacyclobutane (MCB) intermediate to decomposition via β-H elimination. The factors responsible for promoting or inhibiting β-H elimination are explored via density functional theory (DFT) calculations, in metathesis of ethylene or styrene (a representative 1-olefin) by Ru–CAAC and Ru–NHC catalysts. Natural bond orbital analysis of the frontier orbitals confirms the greater strength of the orbital interactions for the CAAC species, and the consequent increase in the carbene trans influence and trans effect. The higher trans effect of the CAAC ligands inhibits β-H elimination by destabilizing the transition state (TS) for decomposition, in which an agostic MCB Cβ–H bond is positioned trans to the carbene. Unproductive cycling with ethylene is also curbed, because ethylene is trans to the carbene ligand in the square pyramidal TS for ethylene metathesis. In contrast, metathesis of styrene proceeds via a ‘late’ TS with approximately trigonal bipyramidal geometry, in which carbene trans effects are reduced. Importantly, however, the positive impact of a strong trans-effect ligand in limiting β-H elimination is offset by its potent accelerating effect on bimolecular coupling, a major competing means of catalyst decomposition. These two decomposition pathways, known for decades to limit productivity in olefin metathesis, are revealed as distinct, antinomic, responses to a single underlying phenomenon. Reconciling these opposing effects emerges as a clear priority for design of robust, high-performing catalysts. In ruthenium catalysts for olefin metathesis, carbene ligands of high trans influence/effect suppress decomposition via β-H elimination, but increase susceptibility to bimolecular decomposition.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Occhipinti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen Allégaten 41 N-5007 Bergen Norway
| | - Daniel L Nascimento
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Marco Foscato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen Allégaten 41 N-5007 Bergen Norway
| | - Deryn E Fogg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen Allégaten 41 N-5007 Bergen Norway .,Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Vidar R Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen Allégaten 41 N-5007 Bergen Norway
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2
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Pye SJ, Chalker JM, Raston CL. Vortex Fluidic Ethenolysis, Integrating a Rapid Quench of Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts. Aust J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium-catalysed ethenolysis occurs in a vortex fluidic device (VFD) – a scalable, thin-film microfluidic continuous flow process. This process takes advantage of the efficient mass transfer of gaseous reagents into the dynamic thin film of liquid. Also reported is the rapid quenching of the ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalyst by the addition of a saturated solution of N-acetyl-l-cysteine in MeCN, as a convenient alternative to previously reported quenching methods.
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3
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Klüppel A, Gille A, Karayel CE, Hiersemann M. Synthesis of a Diastereomer of the Marine Macrolide Lytophilippine A. Org Lett 2019; 21:2421-2425. [PMID: 30900455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a diastereomer of lytophilippine A required 22 longest linear steps using known building blocks. Cross-metathesis/asymmetric aldol addition and regioselective esterification/ring-closing metathesis served as efficient combi tools for scaffold construction. Detailed NMR investigations in different solvent (systems) provide evidence for a deep-seated configurational misassignment of the molecule named lytophilippine A.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Klüppel
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie , Technische Universität Dortmund , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Annika Gille
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie , Technische Universität Dortmund , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Ceren Ester Karayel
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie , Technische Universität Dortmund , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Martin Hiersemann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie , Technische Universität Dortmund , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
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4
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Aguilar‐Castro C, Gomez MD, Nava MG, García JMR, Uribe LEL. Biobased polyester obtained from bifunctional monomers through metathesis of fatty acids as precursor to synthesis of polyurethanes. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Aguilar‐Castro
- CIATEQ Centro de Tecnología Avanzada, Circuito de la Industria Pte Lte 11 Mza 3 No 11, Parque Industrial Ex Hacienda Doña Rosa Lerma Edo. de México 52004 México
| | - Mariamne Dehonor Gomez
- CIATEQ Centro de Tecnología Avanzada, Circuito de la Industria Pte Lte 11 Mza 3 No 11, Parque Industrial Ex Hacienda Doña Rosa Lerma Edo. de México 52004 México
| | - Manuel Gutierrez Nava
- CIATEQ Centro de Tecnología Avanzada, Circuito de la Industria Pte Lte 11 Mza 3 No 11, Parque Industrial Ex Hacienda Doña Rosa Lerma Edo. de México 52004 México
| | - Jose Manuel Rojas García
- CIATEQ Centro de Tecnología Avanzada, Circuito de la Industria Pte Lte 11 Mza 3 No 11, Parque Industrial Ex Hacienda Doña Rosa Lerma Edo. de México 52004 México
| | - Luis Edmundo Lugo Uribe
- CIATEQ Centro de Tecnología Avanzada, Circuito de la Industria Pte Lte 11 Mza 3 No 11, Parque Industrial Ex Hacienda Doña Rosa Lerma Edo. de México 52004 México
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5
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Wyrębek P, Małecki P, Sytniczuk A, Kośnik W, Gawin A, Kostrzewa J, Kajetanowicz A, Grela K. Looking for the Noncyclic(amino)(alkyl)carbene Ruthenium Catalyst for Ethenolysis of Ethyl Oleate: Selectivity Is on Target. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:18481-18488. [PMID: 31458420 PMCID: PMC6643780 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A wide set of 65 diverse Ru metathesis catalysts was investigated in the ethenolysis reaction of biosourced ethyl oleate to allow the comparison between the catalyst structure and its activity and selectivity. Handling of the oleic substrate, weighing of the catalysts, and charging the reactor were done in air, with exclusion of a glovebox or Schlenk techniques. A catalyst bearing the unsymmetrical N-heterocyclic ligand featuring a thiophene fragment (Ru-63) was selected to offer the best combination between high selectivity and sufficient activity under conditions mimicking oil industry practice. A proof-of-concept large-scale ethenolysis experiment was also done with the selected catalyst to prove its high selectivity at the 1 L scale reaction with a 90% pure non-distilled substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Wyrębek
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Małecki
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Sytniczuk
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wioletta Kośnik
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gawin
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Kajetanowicz
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Allard J, Curbet I, Chollet G, Tripoteau F, Sambou S, Caijo F, Raoul Y, Crévisy C, Baslé O, Mauduit M. Bleaching Earths as Powerful Additives for Ru-Catalyzed Self-Metathesis of Non-Refined Methyl Oleate at Pilot Scale. Chemistry 2017; 23:12729-12734. [PMID: 28672083 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A practical and cost-effective ruthenium-catalyzed self-metathesis of non-refined methyl oleate (85 %) derived from very high oleic sunflower oils was demonstrated at pilot scale using a robust and kg-scale commercially available SIPr-M71 pre-catalyst. The simple addition of 1 wt % bleaching earths (Tonsil 110FF) to a thermally pretreated oil could efficiently prevent catalyst deactivation. Remarkably, without the need for filtration, the catalytic system was able to achieve a turnover number (TON) of more than 744 000 at a catalyst loading of only 1 ppm. At large scale (up to 200 kg), the equilibrium of the self-metathesis reaction was reached within 1 hour at 50 °C under neat conditions at a very low 5 ppm catalyst loading to produce the expected primary metathesis products (PMP), that is, 9-octadecene and dimethyl-9-octadecenoate, with a productive TON of 94900.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Allard
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708, Rennes Cedex 7, France.,OLEON SAS, Venette BP 20609, 60206, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Idriss Curbet
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708, Rennes Cedex 7, France
| | | | | | - Sophie Sambou
- OLEON SAS, Venette BP 20609, 60206, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Caijo
- DEMETA SAS, 6 rue Pierre-Joseph Colin, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Raoul
- OLEON SAS, Venette BP 20609, 60206, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Crévisy
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708, Rennes Cedex 7, France
| | - Olivier Baslé
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708, Rennes Cedex 7, France
| | - Marc Mauduit
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708, Rennes Cedex 7, France
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7
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Spekreijse J, Sanders JPM, Bitter JH, Scott EL. The Future of Ethenolysis in Biobased Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:470-482. [PMID: 27860333 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The desire to utilise biobased feedstocks and develop more sustainable chemistry poses new challenges in catalysis. A synthetically useful catalytic conversion is ethenolysis, a cross metathesis reaction with ethylene. In this Review, the state of the art of ethenolysis in biobased chemistry was extensively examined using methyl oleate as a model compound for fatty acids. Allied to this, the ethenolysis of fatty acid, polymers and more challenging substrates are reviewed. To determine the limiting factors for the application of ethenolysis on biomass, the influence of reaction parameters were investigated and the bottlenecks for reaching high turnover numbers identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjen Spekreijse
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P M Sanders
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H Bitter
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elinor L Scott
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Kajetanowicz A, Milewski M, Rogińska J, Gajda R, Woźniak K. Hoveyda-Type Quinone-Containing Complexes - Catalysts to Prevent Migration of the Double Bond under Metathesis Conditions. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kajetanowicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Mariusz Milewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Joanna Rogińska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Roman Gajda
- Department of Chemistry; Warsaw University; Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Department of Chemistry; Warsaw University; Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
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9
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Bidange J, Fischmeister C, Bruneau C. Ethenolysis: A Green Catalytic Tool to Cleave Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds. Chemistry 2016; 22:12226-44. [PMID: 27359344 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable innovations have been made in the field of olefin metathesis due to the design and preparation of new catalysts. Ethenolysis, which is cross-metathesis with ethylene, represents one catalytic transformation that has been used with the purpose of cleaving internal carbon-carbon double bonds. The objectives were either the ring opening of cyclic olefins to produce dienes or the shortening of unsaturated hydrocarbon chains to degrade polymers or generate valuable shorter terminal olefins in a controlled manner. This Review summarizes several aspects of this reaction: the catalysts, their degradation in the presence of ethylene, some parameters driving their productivity, the side reactions, and the applications of ethenolysis in organic synthesis and in potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bidange
- UMR 6226, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics, Materials and Catalysis, Centre for Catalysis and Green Chemistry, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Cédric Fischmeister
- UMR 6226, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics, Materials and Catalysis, Centre for Catalysis and Green Chemistry, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Christian Bruneau
- UMR 6226, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Organometallics, Materials and Catalysis, Centre for Catalysis and Green Chemistry, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du général Leclerc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
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10
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Alexander KA, Paulhus EA, Lazarus GM, Leadbeater NE. Exploring the reactivity of a ruthenium complex in the metathesis of biorenewable feedstocks to generate value-added chemicals. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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11
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Dewaele A, Van Berlo B, Dijkmans J, Jacobs PA, Sels BF. Immobilized Grubbs catalysts on mesoporous silica materials: insight into support characteristics and their impact on catalytic activity and product selectivity. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy01897h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ideal support characteristics for immobilization of the Hoveyda–Grubbs 2 catalyst were defined in the metathesis of cyclooctene and the reaction mechanism to cyclic oligomers was unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Dewaele
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Boris Van Berlo
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Jan Dijkmans
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Pierre A. Jacobs
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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12
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Schotten C, Plaza D, Manzini S, Nolan S, Ley SV, Browne DL, Lapkin A. Continuous Flow Metathesis for Direct Valorization of Food Waste: An Example of Cocoa Butter Triglyceride. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2015; 3:1453-1459. [PMID: 26322250 PMCID: PMC4547494 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The direct chemical conversion of cocoa butter triglycerides, a material available as a postmanufacture waste stream from the food industry, to 1-decene by way of ethenolysis is reported. The conversion of the raw waste material was made possible by use of 1 mol % of the [RuCl2(iBu-phoban)2(3-phenylindenyl)] catalyst. The process has been investigated in both batch and flow conditions, where the latter approach employs a Teflon AF-2400 tube-in-tube gas-liquid membrane contactor to deliver ethylene to the reaction system. These preliminary studies culminate in a continuous processing system, which maintained a constant output over a 150 min period tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Schotten
- Institut für
Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
| | - Dorota Plaza
- School
of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Manzini
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Steven
P. Nolan
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei Lapkin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
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13
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Vignon P, Vancompernolle T, Couturier JL, Dubois JL, Mortreux A, Gauvin RM. Cross-metathesis of biosourced fatty acid derivatives: a step further toward improved reactivity. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:1143-1146. [PMID: 25469823 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201403170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The improved catalytic conversion of bioresources, namely unsaturated fatty acid derivatives, is presented. The targeted reaction is ruthenium-catalyzed cross-metathesis with functionalized olefins (α,β-unsaturated esters), that affords shorter diesters. These can be used as biosourced (pre)monomers for the production of polyesters. It is demonstrated that switch from terminal to internal cross-metathesis partners (that is, from methyl acrylate to methyl crotonate) allows use of ppm-level catalyst loadings, while retaining high productivity and selectivity. This was exemplified on a commercial biosourced fatty acid methyl esters mixture, using minimal purification of the substrate, on a 50 g scale. We propose that this improved catalytic behavior is due to the sole presence of more stable alkylidene intermediates, as the notoriously unstable ruthenium methylidene species are not formed using an internal functionalized olefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Vignon
- UCCS (CNRS-UMR 8181), Université Lille Nord de France, USTL-ENSCL, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq (France)
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14
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2012. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Kajetanowicz A, Chatterjee A, Reuter R, Ward TR. Biotinylated Metathesis Catalysts: Synthesis and Performance in Ring Closing Metathesis. Catal Letters 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-013-1179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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