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Zheng S, Zhang Z, He S, Yang H, Atia H, Abdel-Mageed AM, Wohlrab S, Baráth E, Tin S, Heeres HJ, Deuss PJ, de Vries JG. Benzenoid Aromatics from Renewable Resources. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39288258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
In this Review, all known chemical methods for the conversion of renewable resources into benzenoid aromatics are summarized. The raw materials that were taken into consideration are CO2; lignocellulose and its constituents cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; carbohydrates, mostly glucose, fructose, and xylose; chitin; fats and oils; terpenes; and materials that are easily obtained via fermentation, such as biogas, bioethanol, acetone, and many more. There are roughly two directions. One much used method is catalytic fast pyrolysis carried out at high temperatures (between 300 and 700 °C depending on the raw material), which leads to the formation of biochar; gases, such as CO, CO2, H2, and CH4; and an oil which is a mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly aromatics. The carbon selectivities of this method can be reasonably high when defined small molecules such as methanol or hexane are used but are rather low when highly oxygenated compounds such as lignocellulose are used. The other direction is largely based on the multistep conversion of platform chemicals obtained from lignocellulose, cellulose, or sugars and a limited number of fats and terpenes. Much research has focused on furan compounds such as furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and 5-chloromethylfurfural. The conversion of lignocellulose to xylene via 5-chloromethylfurfural and dimethylfuran has led to the construction of two large-scale plants, one of which has been operational since 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zheng
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), 102249 Beijing, China
| | - Songbo He
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Circular Carbon, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Huaizhou Yang
- Green Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanan Atia
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ali M Abdel-Mageed
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wohlrab
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Eszter Baráth
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sergey Tin
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hero J Heeres
- Green Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Deuss
- Green Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G de Vries
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Study on the Development of High-Performance P-Mo-V Catalyst and the Influence of Aldehyde Impurities on Catalytic Performance in Selective Oxidation of Methacrolein to Methacrylic Acid. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of KxH1.1-xCu0.2Cs1(NH4)1.5PVMo11O40 (KxCuCsNH4PVA) catalysts with different x values were synthesized to catalyze the selective oxidation of methacrolein (MAL) to methacrylic acid (MAA). The effects of potassium (K) ions on both the structure and catalytic activity were studied in detail. The optimum K0.6CuCsNH4PVA exhibited a large surface area, more acid sites, and abundant active species (V4+/VO2+) in the secondary structure of the Keggin structure, consequently offering good catalytic performance. Furthermore, K ions increased the MAA selectivity at the expense of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (together defined as COX). Additionally, several process parameters for MAL oxidation were evaluated in the processing experiments. The effects of aldehyde impurities (formaldehyde and propanal) on the catalytic performance were investigated. Possible detrimental effects (catalyst poisoning and structural damage) of aldehyde impurities were excluded. A light decrease in MAL conversion could be attributed to the competitive adsorption of aldehyde impurities and MAL on the catalyst. Hopefully, this work contributes to the design of stable and feasible catalysts for the industrial production of MAA.
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Lee K, Lee S, Jun Y, Choi M. Cooperative effects of zeolite mesoporosity and defect sites on the amount and location of coke formation and its consequence in deactivation. J Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Luo HY, Michaelis VK, Hodges S, Griffin RG, Román-Leshkov Y. One-pot synthesis of MWW zeolite nanosheets using a rationally designed organic structure-directing agent. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6320-6324. [PMID: 26478803 PMCID: PMC4603534 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01912e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new material MIT-1 comprised of delaminated MWW zeolite nanosheets is synthesized in one-pot using a rationally designed organic structure-directing agent.
A new material MIT-1 comprised of delaminated MWW zeolite nanosheets is made in a one-pot synthesis using a rationally designed organic structure-directing agent (OSDA). The OSDA consists of a hydrophilic head segment that resembles the OSDA used to synthesize the zeolite precursor MCM-22(P), a hydrophobic tail segment that resembles the swelling agent used to swell MCM-22(P), and a di-quaternary ammonium linker that connects both segments. MIT-1 features high crystallinity and surface areas exceeding 500 m2 g–1, and can be synthesized over a wide synthesis window that includes Si/Al ratios ranging from 13 to 67. Characterization data reveal high mesoporosity and acid strength with no detectable amorphous silica phases. Compared to MCM-22 and MCM-56, MIT-1 shows a three-fold increase in catalytic activity for the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzene with benzyl alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Y Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Tel: +1 617-253-7090
| | - Vladimir K Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sydney Hodges
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Tel: +1 617-253-7090
| | - Robert G Griffin
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yuriy Román-Leshkov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Tel: +1 617-253-7090
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