1
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Zhang Y, Mafuné F. Hydrogen Storage Capacity of Single-Nb-Atom-Doped Al Clusters in the Gas Phase Revealed by Thermal Desorption Spectrometry. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5734-5739. [PMID: 37318448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is a promising energy resource as a substitute for fossil fuels, and metal alloy hydrides are considered to be good candidates as hydrogen storage materials. In the hydrogen storage processes, hydrogen desorption is as important as hydrogen adsorption. In order to understand the hydrogen desorption features of those clusters, here, single-Nb-atom-doped Al clusters were prepared in the gas phase and their reaction with hydrogen was investigated using thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS). On average, six to eight H atoms were adsorbed in AlnNb+ (n = 4-18) clusters, and most H atoms were released upon heating of the clusters to 800 K. Two types of desorption features of AlnNb+ clusters were found, which related to the flexibility of the clusters. This study demonstrated the potential of Nb-doped Al alloy as an efficient hydrogen storage material with high storage capacity, thermal stability at room temperature, and hydrogen desorption ability upon moderate heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zhang
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Mafuné
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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2
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Fielicke A. Probing the binding and activation of small molecules by gas-phase transition metal clusters via IR spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37162518 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Isolated transition metal clusters have been established as useful models for extended metal surfaces or deposited metal particles, to improve the understanding of their surface chemistry and of catalytic reactions. For this objective, an important milestone has been the development of experimental methods for the size-specific structural characterization of clusters and cluster complexes in the gas phase. This review focusses on the characterization of molecular ligands, their binding and activation by small transition metal clusters, using cluster-size specific infrared action spectroscopy. A comprehensive overview and a critical discussion of the experimental data available to date is provided, reaching from the initial results obtained using line-tuneable CO2 lasers to present-day studies applying infrared free electron lasers as well as other intense and broadly tuneable IR laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Samudre NS, Singh CP, Krishnamurty S. Understanding the thermal stability of a 3d, 4d, and 5d element doped aluminium nanocluster through BOMD simulations. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2153151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil S. Samudre
- Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chandrodai Pratap Singh
- Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sailaja Krishnamurty
- Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Hou G, Yang T, Li M, Vanbuel J, Lushchikova OV, Ferrari P, Bakker JM, Janssens E. Water Splitting by C
60
‐Supported Vanadium Single Atoms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gao‐Lei Hou
- Quantum Solid-State Physics Department of Physics and Astronomy KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200D 3001 Leuven Belgium
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter School of Physics Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter School of Physics Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Mengyang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter School of Physics Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Jan Vanbuel
- Quantum Solid-State Physics Department of Physics and Astronomy KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200D 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Olga V. Lushchikova
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Piero Ferrari
- Quantum Solid-State Physics Department of Physics and Astronomy KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200D 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics Department of Physics and Astronomy KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200D 3001 Leuven Belgium
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5
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Hou GL, Yang T, Li M, Vanbuel J, Lushchikova OV, Ferrari P, Bakker JM, Janssens E. Water Splitting by C 60 -Supported Vanadium Single Atoms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27095-27101. [PMID: 34610202 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Water splitting is an important source of hydrogen, a promising future carrier for clean and renewable energy. A detailed understanding of the mechanisms of water splitting, catalyzed by supported metal atoms or nanoparticles, is essential to improve the design of efficient catalysts. Here, we report an infrared spectroscopic study of such a water splitting process, assisted by a C60 supported vanadium atom, C60 V+ +H2 O→C60 VO+ +H2 . We probe both the entrance channel complex C60 V+ (H2 O) and the end product C60 VO+ , and observe the formation of H2 as a result from resonant infrared absorption. Density functional theory calculations exploring the detailed reaction pathway reveal that a quintet-to-triplet spin crossing facilitates the water splitting reaction by C60 -supported V+ , whereas this reaction is kinetically hindered on the isolated V+ ion by a high energy barrier. The C60 support has an important role in lowering the reaction barrier with more than 70 kJ mol-1 due to a large orbital overlap of one water hydrogen atom with one carbon atom of the C60 support. This fundamental insight in the water splitting reaction by a C60 -supported single vanadium atom showcases the importance of supports in single atom catalysts by modifying the reaction potential energy surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Lei Hou
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.,MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Mengyang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jan Vanbuel
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piero Ferrari
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Ferrari P, Pham HT, Vanbuel J, Nguyen MT, Fielicke A, Janssens E. An octacoordinated Nb atom in the NbAl 8H 8+ cluster. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9518-9521. [PMID: 34486620 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The NbAl8H8+ cluster was formed in a molecular beam and characterized by mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations show the lowest-energy isomer is a high symmetry singlet with the Nb atom placed at the center of a distorted hexagonal Al ring and coordinated by two AlH moieties, therefore exhibiting octacoordination. The unprecedented high-symmetric geometry is attributed to the 20 valence electrons; the central Nb atom adheres to the 18-electron rule and two additional delocalized electrons stabilize the hexagonal ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Ferrari
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hung Tan Pham
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Vanbuel
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology (ICST), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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Charkin OP, Maltsev AP. Density Functional Theory Modeling of Reactions of Addition of H 2 Molecules to Magnesium Clusters Mg 17M Doped with Atoms M of Transition 3d Elements. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2308-2315. [PMID: 33720723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations of potential energy surface (PES) have been performed for elementary hydrogenation reactions Mg17M + H2 → Mg17MH2 of magnesium clusters Mg17M doped by transition 3d metals (M = Ti-Ni), and for consecutive reactions Mg17Ni + nH2 → Mg17NiH2n of addition of n hydrogen molecules to Ni-doped clusters Mg17Ni and Mg17NiH2. Energetic, geometric, and spectroscopic features of intermediates and transition states along the minimum energy pathway have been found, and their trends were analyzed with dopants changing along the 3d series and with increasing number of atoms H attached to the surface positions of the magnesium backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Charkin
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia
| | - Alexey P Maltsev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 111991, Russia
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8
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Vanbuel J, Ferrari P, Jia M, Fielicke A, Janssens E. Argon tagging of doubly transition metal doped aluminum clusters: The importance of electronic shielding. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:054312. [PMID: 33557561 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of argon with doubly transition metal doped aluminum clusters, AlnTM2 + (n = 1-18, TM = V, Nb, Co, Rh), is studied experimentally in the gas phase via mass spectrometry. Density functional theory calculations on selected sizes are used to understand the argon affinity of the clusters, which differ depending on the transition metal dopant. The analysis is focused on two pairs of consecutive sizes: Al6,7V2 + and Al4,5Rh2 +, the largest of each pair showing a low affinity toward Ar. Another remarkable observation is a pronounced drop in reactivity at n = 14, independent of the dopant element. Analysis of the cluster orbitals shows that this feature is not a consequence of cage formation but is electronic in nature. The mass spectra demonstrate a high similarity between the size-dependent reactivity of the clusters with Ar and H2. Orbital interactions provide an intuitive link between the two and further establish the importance of precursor states in the reactions of the clusters with hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vanbuel
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piero Ferrari
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Meiye Jia
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany and Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Fernández EM, Santalla SN, Alvarellos JE, Rodríguez-Laguna J. Nanowire reconstruction under external magnetic fields. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244106. [PMID: 33380077 DOI: 10.1063/5.0031842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider the different structures that a magnetic nanowire adsorbed on a surface may adopt under the influence of external magnetic or electric fields. First, we propose a theoretical framework based on an Ising-like extension of the 1D Frenkel-Kontorova model, which is analyzed in detail using the transfer matrix formalism, determining a rich phase diagram displaying structural reconstructions at finite fields and an antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic phase transition of second order. Our conclusions are validated using ab initio calculations with density functional theory, paving the way for the search of actual materials where this complex phenomenon can be observed in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Fernández
- Departamento de Física Fundamental, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia N Santalla
- Departamento de Física & GISC, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain
| | - José E Alvarellos
- Departamento de Física Fundamental, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Laguna
- Departamento de Física Fundamental, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Maltsev AP, Charkin OP. Theoretical Modeling of Addition Reactions of an H2 Molecule to Mg17L Magnesium Clusters Doped with 3d Metals. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023620080100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Maltsev AP, Charkin OP. Theoretical Modeling of Stepwise Addition of H2 Molecules to Magnesium Clusters Mg18 and Mg17Ni. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023620020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Vanbuel J, Fernández EM, Jia MY, Ferrari P, Schöllkopf W, Balbás LC, Nguyen MT, Fielicke A, Janssens E. Hydrogen Chemisorption on Doubly Vanadium Doped Aluminum Clusters. Z PHYS CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2019-1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The interaction of hydrogen with doubly vanadium doped aluminum clusters, Al
n
V2
+ (n = 1–12), is studied experimentally by time-of-flight mass spectrometry and infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy. The hydrogen binding geometry is inferred from comparison with infrared spectra predicted by density functional theory and shows that for the more reactive clusters the hydrogen adsorbs dissociatively. Three sizes, n = 4, 5 and 7, are remarkably unreactive compared to the other clusters. For larger sizes the reactivity decreases, a behavior that is similar to that of singly vanadium doped aluminum clusters, and that might be attributed to geometric and/or electronic shielding of the dopants. By examining the electronic structure of Al6V2
+ and Al7V2
+, interactions between the frontier orbitals of the clusters and those of H2 that explain the size-dependent reactivity are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vanbuel
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism , KU Leuven , 3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Eva M Fernández
- Departamento de Física Fundamental , Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Mei-ye Jia
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism , KU Leuven , 3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Piero Ferrari
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism , KU Leuven , 3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Wieland Schöllkopf
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Luis C Balbás
- Departamento de Física Teórica , Universidad de Valladolid , 47011 Valladolid , Spain
| | | | - André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism , KU Leuven , 3001 Leuven , Belgium
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13
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Tam NM, Duong LV, Cuong NT, Nguyen MT. Structure, stability, absorption spectra and aromaticity of the singly and doubly silicon doped aluminum clusters AlnSim0/+ with n = 3–16 and m = 1, 2. RSC Adv 2019; 9:27208-27223. [PMID: 35529187 PMCID: PMC9070575 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04004h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Structures of the binary AlnSim clusters in both neutral and cationic states were investigated using DFT and TD-DFT (B3LYP/6-311+G(d)) and (U)CCSD(T)/cc-pvTZ calculations. Silicon-doped aluminum clusters are characterized by low spin ground states. For small sizes, the Si dopant prefers to be located at vertices having many edges. For larger sizes, the Si atom prefers to be endohedrally doped inside an Aln cage. Relative stability, adiabatic ionization energy and dissociation energies of each cluster size were evaluated. A characteristic of most Si doped Al clusters is the energetic degeneracy of two lowest-lying isomers. Calculated results confirm the high stability of the sizes Al4Si2, Al12Si and Al11Si2+ as “magic” clusters, that exhibit 20 or 40 shell electrons and are thermodynamically more stable as compared to their neighbors. Electronic absorption spectra of isoelectronic magic clusters Al13−, Al12Si, and Al11Si2+ that have two pronounced bands corresponding to blue and violet lights, have been rationalized by using the electron shell model. The magnetically included ring current density (MICD) analyses suggest that they are also aromatic structures as a result of the “magic” 40 shell electrons. The isoelectronic “magic” clusters with 40 shell electrons have enhanced thermochemical stability. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Minh Tam
- Computational Chemistry Research Group
- Ton Duc Thang University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences
| | - Long Van Duong
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology (ICST)
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
| | - Ngo Tuan Cuong
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Computational Science
- Hanoi National University of Education
- Hanoi
- Vietnam
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14
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Ferrari P, Vanbuel J, Janssens E, Lievens P. Tuning the Reactivity of Small Metal Clusters by Heteroatom Doping. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:3174-3182. [PMID: 30475581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of small metallic clusters, nanoparticles composed of a countable number of atoms (typically up to ∼100 atoms), has attracted much attention due to the fascinating properties these objects possess toward a variety of molecules. Cluster reactivity often is significantly different from the homologous bulk, with gold as prototypical example. Bulk gold is the noblest of all metals, whereas small gold clusters react with carbon monoxide, molecular oxygen, and hydrocarbons, among others. Furthermore, cluster reactivity is strongly size and composition dependent, allowing a wide range of tuning possibilities. The study of cluster reactivity usually follows two routes of investigation. In the first, research aims for fundamental understanding of mechanisms, mainly driven by curiosity. One consequence of the inherent small size of a cluster is that atoms can arrange themselves very differently from the crystallographic structure of the homologous bulk. In addition, quantum confinement effects dominate the electronic structure of a cluster with atom-like electronic shells instead of the electronic bands in bulk. These features result in a very rich and size-dependent interaction of a cluster with small molecules, governed by a fine interplay between the geometry and the electronic structure of the system. An alternative research approach uses the investigation of chemical reactions of isolated small clusters in the gas phase as model systems for the reactions taking place in more complex systems. This offers several advantages compared to more conventional methods and techniques used to study such complex systems. First, clusters can be produced under well-defined conditions, with control over size, composition, and charge state. Second, clusters in the gas phase solely interact with the molecule(s) chosen by the researcher, since contaminations are limited by the high vacuum conditions of the experiments. Third, due to the small number of atoms involved, detailed quantum chemical calculations can be performed on the systems under investigation. Thus, even though gas phase clusters differ significantly in size and in environmental conditions from those encountered, for example, in industrial catalysis, they can be used to unravel the complicated nature of a metal-molecule chemical bonding process. In this Account, both routes of investigation are discussed. The nature of the interaction between small gas phase clusters with diverse molecules is described, stressing the broader relevance of these studies. Particular emphasis is given to the effect of heteroatom doping. By adding a different element to a cluster, its geometric and electronic structure is modified, thereby altering its reactivity. Specifically, the effect of varying size and composition of doped gold, platinum, and aluminum clusters on their reactivity toward diverse molecules, relevant for catalytic applications, is discussed. Most studies presented here combine experiments based on mass spectrometric techniques with density functional theory calculations, allowing a deep understanding of the reaction mechanisms at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Ferrari
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200d, Box 2414, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Vanbuel
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200d, Box 2414, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200d, Box 2414, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Lievens
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200d, Box 2414, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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