Engineering of PKS Megaenzymes—A Promising Way to Biosynthesize High-Value Active Molecules

Path to Actinorhodin: Regio- and Stereoselective Ketone Reduction by a Type II Polyketide Ketoreductase Revealed in Atomistic Detail

In type II polyketide synthases (PKSs), which typically biosynthesize several antibiotic and antitumor compounds, the substrate is a growing polyketide chain, shuttled between individual PKS enzymes, while covalently tethered to an acyl carrier protein (ACP): this requires the ACP interacting with a series of different enzymes in succession. During biosynthesis of the antibiotic actinorhodin, produced by Streptomyces coelicolor, one such key binding event is between an ACP carrying a 16-carbon octaketide chain (actACP) and a ketoreductase (actKR). Once the octaketide is bound inside actKR, it is likely cyclized between C7 and C12 and regioselective reduction of the ketone at C9 occurs: how these elegant chemical and conformational changes are controlled is not yet known. Here, we perform protein-protein docking, protein NMR, and extensive molecular dynamics simulations to reveal a probable mode of association between actACP and actKR; we obtain and analyze a detailed model of the C7-C12-cyclized octaketide within the actKR active site; and we confirm this model through multiscale (QM/MM) reaction simulations of the key ketoreduction step. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the most thermodynamically stable cyclized octaketide isomer (7R,12R) also gives rise to the most reaction competent conformations for ketoreduction. Subsequent reaction simulations show that ketoreduction is stereoselective as well as regioselective, resulting in an S-alcohol. Our simulations further indicate several conserved residues that may be involved in selectivity of C7-12 cyclization and C9 ketoreduction. Detailed insights obtained on ACP-based substrate presentation in type II PKSs can help design ACP-ketoreductase systems with altered regio- or stereoselectivity.