Pt Nanospheres Decorated Graphene-β-CD Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode for the Electrochemical Determination of Vitamin B6

A disposable voltammetric sensor for the determination of diphenylamine using modified pencil graphite electrode

This study reports the electrochemical monitoring and sensing of diphenylamine (DPA), an anti-scald agent on a modified pencil graphite electrode (PGE). DPA is also a potentially toxic environmental pollutant. A polymer of tyrosine synthesized by electrochemical process was utilized for the determination of DPA in real samples. The electrodes were characterized using IR, SEM, EDAX, AFM and EIS analyses. As far as we know, this is first time reporting the utilization of modified PGE via green approach for the monitoring of DPA. A dynamic linear range of 1.00-117.11 µM with a lower detection limit (LOD) of 0.7050 µM was showed by this sensor for the electrochemical quantification of DPA. The electrochemical oxidation of DPA on the modified sensor followed a mixed adsorption -diffusion controlled kinetics. The sensor also showed good anti-interference property for the determination of DPA in real samples. Furthermore, the developed sensor was applied for the selective sensing of DPA from real apple extracts with good recovery. The real sample analysis was validated with standard spectrophotometric method.

Recent Developments in Voltammetric Analysis of Pharmaceuticals Using Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrodes

The even growing production of both well-known and new derivatives with pharmaceutical action involves the need for developing facile and reliable methods for the analysis of these compounds. Among the widely used instrumental techniques, the electrochemical ones are probably the simplest and the most rapid, also having good performance characteristics. However, the key tool in electroanalysis is the working electrode. Due to the inherent electrochemical and economic advantages of the pencil graphite electrode (PGE), the interest in its applicability in the analysis of different analytes has continuously increased in recent years. Thus, this paper aims to review the scientific reports published in the last 10 years on the use of the disposable eco- and user-friendly PGEs in the electroanalysis of compounds of pharmaceutical importance in different matrices. The PGE characteristics and designs (bare or modified with various types of materials), along with their applications and performance parameters (e.g., linear range, limit of detection, and reproducibility), will be discussed, and their advantages and limitations will be critically emphasized.