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Lipták N, Bősze Z, Hiripi L. GFP transgenic animals in biomedical research: a review of potential disadvantages. Physiol Res 2019; 68:525-530. [PMID: 31342754 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Green Fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic animals are accepted tools for studying various physiological processes, including organ development and cell migration. However, several in vivo studies claimed that GFP may impair transgenic animals' health. Glomerulosclerosis was observed in transgenic mice and rabbits with ubiquitous reporter protein expression. Heart-specific GFP expression evoked dilated cardiomyopathy and altered cardiac function in transgenic mouse and zebrafish lines, respectively. Moreover, growth retardation and increased axon swelling were observed in GFP and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) transgenic mice, respectively. This review will focus on the potential drawbacks of the applications of GFP transgenic animals in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lipták
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Gödöllő, Hungary.
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Leggatt R, Dhillon R, Mimeault C, Johnson N, Richards J, Devlin R. Low-temperature tolerances of tropical fish with potential transgenic applications in relation to winter water temperatures in Canada. CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Application of fluorescent protein transgenes in tropical freshwater fish is used in research (e.g., in zebrafish) and in the commercial ornamental aquarium trade. To assess the overwinter potential of such fish in Canada, we examined the minimum temperature tolerance of three wild-type species (zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822); black tetra, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger, 1895); tiger barb, Puntius tetrazona (Bleeker, 1855)) used as fluorescent models in the aquarium trade, as well as four lines of green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic and wild-type zebrafish used in research. Both tetra and barb had lower temperature tolerance limits that were higher than surveyed winter temperatures in Canada, and the lower tolerance limits of zebrafish lines was only within the range of a few surveyed lakes in some years. One line of GFP zebrafish had a lower temperature tolerance limit that was significantly higher than those of other lines, suggesting that some fluorescent transgene constructs may alter tolerance to extreme temperatures. When lines of zebrafish were reared at 8, 10, or 28 °C for 4 months, all lines were capable of producing viable embryos after cold rearing. These results indicate that tropical transgenic fish models used in research and in the aquarium trade are not expected to persist over winter in Canadian water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.A. Leggatt
- Centre for Aquaculture and the Environment, Centre for Biotechnology and Regulatory Research, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - R.S. Dhillon
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - C. Mimeault
- Aquaculture, Biotechnology and Aquatic Animal Health Branch, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 200 Kent Street, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada
| | - N. Johnson
- Aquaculture, Biotechnology and Aquatic Animal Health Branch, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 200 Kent Street, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada
| | - J.G. Richards
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - R.H. Devlin
- Centre for Aquaculture and the Environment, Centre for Biotechnology and Regulatory Research, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
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Humphreys BD, Xu F, Sabbisetti V, Grgic I, Movahedi Naini S, Wang N, Chen G, Xiao S, Patel D, Henderson JM, Ichimura T, Mou S, Soeung S, McMahon AP, Kuchroo VK, Bonventre JV. Chronic epithelial kidney injury molecule-1 expression causes murine kidney fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4023-35. [PMID: 23979159 DOI: 10.1172/jci45361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury predisposes patients to the development of both chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure, but the molecular details underlying this important clinical association remain obscure. We report that kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), an epithelial phosphatidylserine receptor expressed transiently after acute injury and chronically in fibrotic renal disease, promotes kidney fibrosis. Conditional expression of KIM-1 in renal epithelial cells (Kim1(RECtg)) in the absence of an injury stimulus resulted in focal epithelial vacuolization at birth, but otherwise normal tubule histology and kidney function. By 4 weeks of age, Kim1(RECtg) mice developed spontaneous and progressive interstitial kidney inflammation with fibrosis, leading to renal failure with anemia, proteinuria, hyperphosphatemia, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and death, analogous to progressive kidney disease in humans. Kim1(RECtg) kidneys had elevated expression of proinflammatory monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) at early time points. Heterologous expression of KIM-1 in an immortalized proximal tubule cell line triggered MCP-1 secretion and increased MCP-1-dependent macrophage chemotaxis. In mice expressing a mutant, truncated KIM-1 polypeptide, experimental kidney fibrosis was ameliorated with reduced levels of MCP-1, consistent with a profibrotic role for native KIM-1. Thus, sustained KIM-1 expression promotes kidney fibrosis and provides a link between acute and recurrent injury with progressive chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Humphreys
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Jacobsen HK, Sleire L, Wang J, Netland IA, Mutlu E, Førde H, Pedersen PH, Gullberg D, Enger PØ. Establishment of a novel dsRed NOD/Scid mouse strain to investigate the host and tumor cell compartments. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:221-30. [PMID: 23521006 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2013.780075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a NOD/Scid mouse strain expressing the dsRed transgene. The strain is maintained by inbreeding of homozygous dsRed NOD/Scid siblings, and expresses red fluorescence from various organs. The model allows engraftment of human tumor tissue, and engrafted tumors were separated into stromal and malignant cell compartments. Furthermore, we compared tumor-associated and normal fibroblast for expression of fibroblast-associated markers, and identified a marker panel that was upregulated in the tumor-associated fibroblasts. In conclusion, we propose that this model may be used in a variety of studies of tumor progression and to elucidate the role of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hege Karine Jacobsen
- Oncomatrix Research Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Green fluorescent protein alters the transcriptional regulation of human mitochondrial genes after gamma irradiation. J Fluoresc 2013; 23:613-9. [PMID: 23475276 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-013-1206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Green fluorescent proteins (GFP), extensively used as reporters in biological and imaging studies, are assumed to be mostly biologically inert. Here, we test the assumption in regard to the transcriptional regulation of 18 mitochondrially encoded genes in GFP expressing human T-cell line (JURKAT cells) exposed to gamma radiation. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we demonstrate that wild type and GFP expressing JURKAT cells have different baseline mitochondrial transcript expression (10 out of the 18 tested genes) and after a single dose of radiation (100 Gy) show a significantly different transcriptional regulation of their mitochondrial genes. While in wild type cells, ten of the tested genes are up-regulated in response to radiation exposure, GFP expressing cells show less transcriptional regulation with a small down-regulation in five genes. Our results indicate that the presence of GFP in the cytoplasm can alter the cellular response to ionizing radiation.
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6
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In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Ferritin. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 15:48-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0567-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Takagi-Akiba M, Asanuma K, Tanida I, Tada N, Oliva Trejo JA, Nonaka K, Asanuma E, Kominami E, Ueno T, Tomino Y. Doxorubicin-induced glomerulosclerosis with proteinuria in GFP-GABARAP transgenic mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 302:F380-9. [PMID: 22049402 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00502.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of cellular degradation, and its dysfunction elicits many pathological symptoms. However, the contribution of autophagy to kidney glomerular function has not been fully clarified. We previously reported that LC3, a promising executor of autophagy, played an important role in recovery from podocyte damage in an experimental nephrosis model (Asanuma K, Tanida I, Shirato I, Ueno T, Takahara H, Nishitani T, Kominami E, Tomino Y. FASEB J 17: 1165-1167, 2003). γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor-associated protein (GABARAP), has recently been characterized as another homolog of LC3, although its precise role in autophagy remains unclear. We recently generated green fluorescent protein (GFP)-GABARAP transgenic mice, in which GFP-GABARAP is abundantly expressed in glomerular podocytes. We found that the transgenic mice showed no obvious phenotype, and podocytes isolated from these mice manifested autophagic activity almost equivalent to that of wild-type mice when measured in vitro. Surprisingly, a single injection of doxorubicin caused a greater increase in proteinuria and sclerotic glomeruli in transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice. Under these conditions, neither GFP-GABARAP nor endogenous GABARAP appeared to be recruited to autophagosomes, and both remained in the cytosol. Moreover, the cytosolic GFP-GABARAP was significantly colocalized with p62 to form aggregates. These results indicate that the GFP-GABARAP/p62 complex is responsible for impairment of glomerular function and that it retards recovery from the effects of doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Takagi-Akiba
- Div. of Nephrology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Juntendo Univ., Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Kunter U, Rong S, Moeller MJ, Floege J. Mesenchymal stem cells as a therapeutic approach to glomerular diseases: benefits and risks. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2011; 1:68-73. [PMID: 25018904 PMCID: PMC4089694 DOI: 10.1038/kisup.2011.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies using adult stem cells (ASCs) and progenitor cells as potential therapeutics for kidney disorders have been conducted in models of acute kidney injury, where the damage mainly affects the tubulointerstitium. The results are promising, whereas the underlying mechanisms are still being discussed controversially. Glomerular diseases have not received as much attention. Likely reasons include the often insidious onset, rendering the choice of optimal treatment timing difficult, and the fact that chronic diseases may require long-term therapy. In this mini review, we summarize current strategies in adult stem cell-based therapies for glomerular diseases. In addition, we focus on possible side effects of stem cell administration that have been reported recently, that is, profibrotic actions and maldifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Kunter
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH University of Aachen , Aachen, Germany
| | - Song Rong
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH University of Aachen , Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus J Moeller
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH University of Aachen , Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH University of Aachen , Aachen, Germany
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Bouloy M, Flick R. Reverse genetics technology for Rift Valley fever virus: current and future applications for the development of therapeutics and vaccines. Antiviral Res 2009; 84:101-18. [PMID: 19682499 PMCID: PMC2801414 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The advent of reverse genetics technology has revolutionized the study of RNA viruses, making it possible to manipulate their genomes and evaluate the effects of these changes on their biology and pathogenesis. The fundamental insights gleaned from reverse genetics-based studies over the last several years provide a new momentum for the development of designed therapies for the control and prevention of these viral pathogens. This review summarizes the successes and stumbling blocks in the development of reverse genetics technologies for Rift Valley fever virus and their application to the further dissection of its pathogenesis and the design of new therapeutics and safe and effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bouloy
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Bunyavirus, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Ramon Flick
- BioProtection Systems Corporation, 2901 South Loop Drive, Suite 3360, Ames, IA 50010-8646, USA
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Klassen H, Warfvinge K, Schwartz PH, Kiilgaard JF, Shamie N, Jiang C, Samuel M, Scherfig E, Prather RS, Young MJ. Isolation of progenitor cells from GFP-transgenic pigs and transplantation to the retina of allorecipients. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2008; 10:391-402. [PMID: 18729769 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Work in rodents has demonstrated that progenitor transplantation can achieve limited photoreceptor replacement in the mammalian retina; however, replication of these findings on a clinically relevant scale requires a large animal model. To evaluate the ability of porcine retinal progenitor cells to survival as allografts and integrate into the host retinal architecture, we isolated donor cells from fetal green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic pigs. Cultures were propagated from the brain, retina, and corneo-scleral limbus. GFP expression rapidly increased with time in culture, although lower in conjunction with photoreceptor markers and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), thus suggesting downregulation of GFP during differentiation. Following transplantation, GFP expression allowed histological visualization of integrated cells and extension of fine processes to adjacent plexiform layers. GFP expression in subretinal grafts was high in cells expressing vimentin and lower in cells expressing photoreceptor markers, again consistent with possible downregulation during differentiation. Cells survived transplantation to the injured retina of allorecipients at all time points examined (up to 10 weeks) in the absence of exogenous immune suppression without indications of rejection. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of allogeneic progenitor transplantation in a large mammal and the utility of the pig in ocular regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Klassen
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California 92868-4380, USA.
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