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Gao Y, Persson DP, Vincze E, Schjoerring JK. Modification of storage proteins in the barley grain increases endosperm zinc and iron under both normal and elevated atmospheric CO 2. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13624. [PMID: 35023171 PMCID: PMC9303220 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration is expected to enhance the grain yield of C3 cereal plants, while at the same time reducing the concentrations of minerals and proteins. This will lead to a lower nutritional quality and increase global problems associated with micronutrient malnutrition. Among the barley grain storage proteins, the C-hordein fraction has the lowest abundance of sulfur (S) containing amino acids and is poorest in binding of zinc (Zn). In the present study, C-hordein-suppressed barley lines with reduced C-hordein content, obtained by use of antisense or RNAi technology, were investigated under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. Grains of the C-hordein-suppressed lines showed 50% increase in the concentrations of Zn and iron (Fe) in the core endosperm relative to the wild-type under both ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 . Element distribution images obtained using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry confirmed the enrichment of Fe and Zn in the core endosperm of the lines with modified storage protein composition. We conclude that modification of grain storage proteins may improve the nutritional value of cereal grain with respect to Zn and Fe under both normal and future conditions of elevated atmospheric CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Gao
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Daniel P. Persson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Eva Vincze
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Research Centre FlakkebjergAarhus UniversitySlagelseDenmark
| | - Jan K. Schjoerring
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
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Breeding Canola ( Brassica napus L.) for Protein in Feed and Food. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102220. [PMID: 34686029 PMCID: PMC8539702 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interest in canola (Brassica napus L.). In response to this interest, scientists have been tasked with altering and optimizing the protein production chain to ensure canola proteins are safe for consumption and economical to produce. Specifically, the role of plant breeders in developing suitable varieties with the necessary protein profiles is crucial to this interdisciplinary endeavour. In this article, we aim to provide an overarching review of the canola protein chain from the perspective of a plant breeder, spanning from the genetic regulation of seed storage proteins in the crop to advancements of novel breeding technologies and their application in improving protein quality in canola. A review on the current uses of canola meal in animal husbandry is presented to underscore potential limitations for the consumption of canola meal in mammals. General discussions on the allergenic potential of canola proteins and the regulation of novel food products are provided to highlight some of the challenges that will be encountered on the road to commercialization and general acceptance of canola protein as a dietary protein source.
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Fang Y, Zhang X, Zhang X, Tong T, Zhang Z, Wu G, Hou L, Zheng J, Niu C, Li J, Wang W, Wang H, Xue D. A High-Density Genetic Linkage Map of SLAFs and QTL Analysis of Grain Size and Weight in Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:620922. [PMID: 33424912 PMCID: PMC7793689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.620922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Grain size is an important agronomic trait determines yield in barley, and a high-density genetic map is helpful to accurately detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to grain traits. Using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology, a high-density genetic map was constructed with a population of 134 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) deriving from a cross between Golden Promise (GP) and H602, which contained 12,635 SLAFs with 26,693 SNPs, and spanned 896.74 cM with an average interval of 0.07 cM on seven chromosomes. Based on the map, a total of 16 QTLs for grain length (GL), grain width and thousand-grain weight were detected on 1H, 2H, 4H, 5H, and 6H. Among them, a major QTL locus qGL1, accounting for the max phenotypic variance of 16.7% was located on 1H, which is a new unreported QTL affecting GL. In addition, the other two QTLs, qGL5 and qTGW5, accounting for the max phenotypic variances of 20.7 and 21.1%, respectively, were identified in the same region, and sequencing results showed they are identical to HvDep1 gene. These results indicate that it is a feasible approach to construct a high-quality genetic map for QTL mapping by using SLAF markers, and the detected major QTLs qGL1, qGL5, and qTGW5 are useful for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of grain size in barley breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Fang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Tong
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziling Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gengwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Hou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjun Zheng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunyu Niu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Wang,
| | - Dawei Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Dawei Xue,
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Distribution of β-Glucan, Phenolic Acids, and Proteins as Functional Phytonutrients of Hull-Less Barley Grain. Foods 2019; 8:foods8120680. [PMID: 31847194 PMCID: PMC6963557 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hull-less barley varieties were roller-milled, and breaks (B) and reduction flours (C), shorts, and bran were collected. Shorts, which mainly originate from endosperm cells with a smaller amount of the outer layers, had the largest yield (48.87–51.54%). Ash (0.82–3.10%) and protein (9.95–14.8%) increased from flours toward shorts and bran, while starch decreased (82.31–48.69%). In contrast to clear distribution differences in protein content (bran > shorts > C > B), albumins/globulins content was lowest in bran (0.78–0.90 g/100 gdw), and their distribution between fractions was uneven and genotype dependent. Distribution of hordeins (6.69–10.49 g/100 gdw) was more distinct and generally decreased in order from bran > B > shorts > C. The proportion of nutritionally poor C-hordeins in total hordeins varied from 28.33% to 30.24%, without significant differences between fractions. The β-glucan content varied from 0.80% to 7.49% with decreasing content in the order bran, shorts > C > B. Shorts and bran could be classified as moderate and high β-glucan flour (5.70–7.22%). The total phenolic and antioxidant activities ranged from 0.91 to 2.21 mg GAE/gdw and 28.81–72.06%, respectively. Ferulic and sinapic acids determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were major contributors to the antioxidant activity (45.16–1026.91 ug/gdw and 18.93–206.52 ug/gdw), respectively. The yield and high content of phytonutrients make hull-less barley shorts suitable for the production of health-promoting food and food supplements.
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Lyzenga WJ, Harrington M, Bekkaoui D, Wigness M, Hegedus DD, Rozwadowski KL. CRISPR/Cas9 editing of three CRUCIFERIN C homoeologues alters the seed protein profile in Camelina sativa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:292. [PMID: 31272394 PMCID: PMC6611024 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oilseed Camelina sativa is grown for a range of applications, including for biofuel, biolubricants, and as a source of omega-3 fatty acids for the aquaculture feed industry. The seed meal co-product is used as a source of protein for animal feed; however, the low value of the meal hinders profitability and more widespread application of camelina. The nutritional quality of the seed meal is largely determined by the abundance of specific seed storage proteins and their amino acid composition. Manipulation of seed storage proteins has been shown to be an effective means for either adjustment of nutritional content of seeds or for enhancing accumulation of high-value recombinant proteins in seeds. RESULTS CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology was used to generate deletions in the first exon of the three homoeologous genes encoding the seed storage protein CRUCIFERIN C (CsCRUC), creating an identical premature stop-codon in each and resulting in a CsCRUC knockout line. The mutant alleles were detected by applying a droplet digital PCR drop-off assay. The quantitative nature of this technique is particularly valuable when applied to polyploid species because it can accurately determine the number of mutated alleles in a gene family. Loss of CRUC protein did not alter total seed protein content; however, the abundance of other cruciferin isoforms and other seed storage proteins was altered. Consequently, seed amino acid content was significantly changed with an increase in the proportion of alanine, cysteine and proline, and decrease of isoleucine, tyrosine and valine. CsCRUC knockout seeds did not have changed total oil content, but the fatty acid profile was significantly altered with increased relative abundance of all saturated fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the plasticity of the camelina seed proteome and establishes a CRUC-devoid line, providing a framework for modifying camelina seed protein composition. The results also illustrate a possible link between the composition of the seed proteome and fatty acid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J. Lyzenga
- Present address: Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4J8 Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - Myrtle Harrington
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - Diana Bekkaoui
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - Merek Wigness
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - Dwayne D. Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Kevin L. Rozwadowski
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
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Raybould A, Holt K, Kimber I. Using problem formulation to clarify the meaning of weight of evidence and biological relevance in environmental risk assessments for genetically modified crops. GM CROPS & FOOD 2019; 10:63-76. [PMID: 31184249 PMCID: PMC6615591 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2019.1621615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Weight of evidence and biological relevance are important concepts for risk assessment and decision-making over the use of GM crops; however, their meanings are not well defined. We use problem formulation to clarify the definition of these concepts and thereby identify data that are relevant for risk assessment. Problem formulation defines criteria for the acceptability of risk and devises rigorous tests of the hypothesis that the criteria are met. Corroboration or falsification of such hypotheses characterize risk and enable predictable and transparent decisions about whether certain risks from using a particular GM crop are acceptable. Decisions based on a weight of evidence approach use a synthesis of several lines of evidence, whereas a "definitive" approach to risk assessment enables some decisions to be based on the results of a single test. Data are biologically relevant for risk assessment only if they test a hypothesis that is useful for decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Holt
- Syngenta Ltd., Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Callahan AM, Dardick CD, Scorza R. Multilocation comparison of fruit composition for 'HoneySweet', an RNAi based plum pox virus resistant plum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213993. [PMID: 30901368 PMCID: PMC6430400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
'HoneySweet', a transgenic plum (Prunus domestica) resistant to plum pox virus through RNAi, was deregulated in the U.S. in 2011. The compositional study of 'HoneySweet' fruit was expanded to include locations outside of the US as well as utilizing a wide variety of comparators and different collection years to see the variability possible. The results revealed that plums have a wide variation in composition and that variation among locations was greater than variation among cultivars. This was also the case for different years at one location. The results supported the supposition that the transgene and insertion event had no significant effect on the composition of 'HoneySweet' fruit even under virus pressure, and that it fell in the normal range of composition of commercially grown plums. It also suggested that the effect of environment is as great as that of genetics on the fruit composition of plums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Callahan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Chris D. Dardick
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ralph Scorza
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, West Virginia, United States of America
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Dahl-Lassen R, van Hecke J, Jørgensen H, Bukh C, Andersen B, Schjoerring JK. High-throughput analysis of amino acids in plant materials by single quadrupole mass spectrometry. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:8. [PMID: 29375649 PMCID: PMC5774165 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amino acid profile of plants is an important parameter in assessments of their growth potential, resource-use efficiency and/or quality as food and feed. Screening studies may involve large number of samples but the classical amino acid analysis is limited by the fact that it is very time consuming with typical chromatographic run times of 70 min or more. RESULTS We have here developed a high-throughput method for analysis of amino acid profiles in plant materials. The method combines classical protein hydrolysis and derivatization with fast separation by UHPLC and detection by a single quadrupole (QDa) mass spectrometer. The chromatographic run time is reduced to 10 min and the precision, accuracy and sensitivity of the method are in line with other recent methods utilizing advanced and more expensive mass spectrometers. The sensitivity of the method is at least a factor 10 better than that of methods relying on detection by fluorescence or UV. It is possible to downscale sample size to 20 mg without compromising reproducibility, which makes the method ideal for analysis of very small sample amounts. CONCLUSION The developed method allows high-throughput analysis of amino acid profiles in plant materials. The analysis is robust and accurate as well as compatible with both free amino acids and protein hydrolysates. The QDa detector offers high sensitivity and accuracy, while at the same time being relatively simple to operate and cheap to purchase, thus significantly reducing the overall analytical costs compared to methods based on more advanced mass spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Dahl-Lassen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan van Hecke
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henning Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christian Bukh
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Birgit Andersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan K. Schjoerring
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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