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Current Situation of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Northern Africa: The Sustainable Control Methods and Priorities for Future Research. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14042395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In North Africa, Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 represents one of the most destructive generalists among mite herbivores. Unfortunately, it is a source of important annual casualties in crop production. It is a phytophagous mite that can feed on hundreds of host plants and produces significant damage. The control of T. urticae in North Africa has been principally based on acaricide sprays. However, new alternative methods have shown effective results, such as artificial ultraviolet-B, natural enemies, and the introduction of new genetic methods. This review aims to present a synthesis of information surrounding control methods of T. urticae in North Africa. We highlight the principal findings of previous studies. Then, we discuss current control methods and propose new innovative research and sustainable approaches to controlling this pest. The control method can potentially extrapolate in North African regions due to its positive ecological results. Further, studies proved the use of natural enemies, myco-metabolites, bacteria metabolites, and the introduction of a genetic method in an integrated long-term sustainable program that can successfully defeat the populations of T. urticae. We also discuss high-priority research guidelines to investigate new sustainable management strategies. Setting up an integrated long-term ecological monitoring program in different Northwest African countries and incorporating new technologies into monitoring programs is an urgent need to fight this devastating pest.
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Valadares NR, Soares MA, Ferreira EA, Mendes-Sá VG, Azevedo AM, Pires EM, Leite GLD. Behavior and development of Tetranychus ludeni Zacher, 1913 (Acari: Tetranychidae) and physiological stress in genetically modified cotton expressing Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins. BRAZ J BIOL 2020; 81:251-257. [PMID: 32844904 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.222652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified plants are one of the tactics used in integrated pest management - IPM. There is great concern about the impact of these plants on non-target organisms. On the other hand, there is little information in the literature on the effects of transgenics (Bacillus thuringiensis) Bt on populations of phytophagous mites, and the physiological responses that this attack promotes on plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the biology of the T. ludeni mite in Bt cotton, expressing the Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins. To evaluate the behavior of food and oviposition preference of the T. ludeni with Bt cotton and isohybrid. Verify if the physiological stress caused by T. ludeni's attack is differentiated in Bt cotton. The mites were reared in Bt cotton and isohybrid, in a total of 40 replicates in the completely randomized design and the biological cycle was evaluated. The food preference and oviposition analysis were done with 10 replicates, with choice. The physiological stress was evaluated through chlorophyll fluorescence, under greenhouse conditions. The data of the T. ludeni biology were analyzed by Student's t-test, for food and oviposition preference the chi-square test was performed. Regression models were fitted for the fluorescence parameters. The model identity test was used to evaluate the differences between Bt and isohybrid treatments. Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins have not affected the biology of T. ludeni. The photosynthetic parameters in Bt cotton plants were less influenced by T. ludeni infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Valadares
- Grupo de Estudos em Estatística e Experimentação Agrícola, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias - ICA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, CEP 39404-547, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - M A Soares
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Núcleo de Estudos em Manejo Integrado de Pragas, Departamento de Agronomia Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, CEP 39100-000, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - E A Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Núcleo de Estudos em Manejo Integrado de Pragas, Departamento de Agronomia Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, CEP 39100-000, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - V G Mendes-Sá
- Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, Corteva Agriscience™, 46268, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A M Azevedo
- Grupo de Estudos em Estatística e Experimentação Agrícola, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias - ICA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, CEP 39404-547, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - E M Pires
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, CEP 78060-900, Sinop, MT, Brasil
| | - G L D Leite
- Grupo de Estudos em Estatística e Experimentação Agrícola, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias - ICA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, CEP 39404-547, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
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Tian JC, Wang GW, Han HL, Romeis J, Zhang FC, Ye GY, Xie MC, Wang GY, Lu ZX. The rice planthopper parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae is not at risk when feeding on honeydew derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) rice. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1854-1860. [PMID: 29427309 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Honeydew is a sugar-rich excretion produced by sap-feeding Sternorrhyncha and is an important source of carbohydrates for natural enemies, especially for parasitoids. Honeydew derived from genetically modified (GM) crops can contain amounts of the transgene product. Thus, it is a possible route of exposure for natural enemies feeding on honeydew. In the present study, the potential effects of Nilaparvata lugens honeydew derived from Cry1C and Cry2A rice on different life-table parameters and parasitism dynamics of the egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Furthermore, the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) levels and the sugar and amino acid composition of honeydew were analyzed. RESULTS Results indicated that A. nilaparvatae was exposed to Bt proteins by feeding on N. lugens honeydew produced from Bt rice. However, honeydew derived from the tested Cry1C and Cry2A rice lines did not affect the development, longevity, emergence rate and fecundity of A. nilaparvatae. Also, the parasitism dynamics in the field remained unaffected. In addition, the sugar and amino acid composition of N. lugens honeydew was not significantly altered for the tested Bt rice lines compared with the parental non-Bt plant. CONCLUSION The quality of honeydew derived from the tested Bt rice lines as a food resource for natural enemies was maintained. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ce Tian
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Geng-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Liang Han
- Experimental Station of Mid-Zhejiang Area, Dongyang Institute of Maize, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dongyang, China
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Agroscope, Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gong-Yin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Gui-Yue Wang
- Experimental Station of Mid-Zhejiang Area, Dongyang Institute of Maize, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dongyang, China
| | - Zhong-Xian Lu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Shu Y, Romeis J, Meissle M. No Interactions of Stacked Bt Maize with the Non-target Aphid Rhopalosiphum padi and the Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:39. [PMID: 29456543 PMCID: PMC5801577 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the agroecosystem, genetically engineered plants producing insecticidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) interact with non-target herbivores and other elements of the food web. Stacked Bt crops expose herbivores to multiple Cry proteins simultaneously. In this study, the direct interactions between SmartStax® Bt maize producing six different Cry proteins and two herbivores with different feeding modes were investigated. Feeding on leaves of Bt maize had no effects on development time, fecundity, or longevity of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and no effects on the egg hatching time, development time, sex ratio, fecundity, and survival of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). The results thus confirm the lack of effects on those species reported previously for some of the individual Cry proteins. In the Bt maize leaves, herbivore infestation did not result in a consistent change of Cry protein concentrations. However, occasional statistical differences between infested and non-infested leaves were observed for some Cry proteins and experimental repetitions. Overall, the study provides evidence that the Cry proteins in stacked Bt maize do not interact with two common non-target herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Shu
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Meissle
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
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