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Hounyèmè RE, Kaboré J, Gimonneau G, Somda MB, Salou E, Missihoun AA, Bengaly Z, Jamonneau V, Boulangé A. Molecular epidemiology of Animal African Trypanosomosis in southwest Burkina Faso. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010106. [PMID: 35994491 PMCID: PMC9436040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) is a parasitic disease of livestock that has a major socio-economic impact in the affected areas. It is caused by several species of uniflagellate extracellular protists of the genus Trypanosoma mainly transmitted by tsetse flies: T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei brucei. In Burkina Faso, AAT hampers the proper economic development of the southwestern part of the country, which is yet the best watered area particularly conducive to agriculture and animal production. It was therefore important to investigate the extent of the infection in order to better control the disease. The objective of the present study was to assess the prevalence of trypanosome infections and collect data on the presence of tsetse flies.
Methods
Buffy coat, Trypanosoma species-specific PCR, Indirect ELISA Trypanosoma sp and trypanolysis techniques were used on 1898 samples collected. An entomological survey was also carried out.
Results
The parasitological prevalence of AAT was 1.1%, and all observed parasites were T. vivax. In contrast, the molecular prevalence was 23%, of which T. vivax was predominant (89%) followed by T. congolense (12.3%) and T. brucei s.l. (7.3%) with a sizable proportion as mixed infections (9.1%). T. brucei gambiense, responsible of sleeping sickness in humans, was not detected. The serological prevalence reached 49.7%. Once again T. vivax predominated (77.2%), but followed by T. brucei (14.7%) and T. congolense (8.1%). Seven samples, from six cattle and one pig, were found positive by trypanolysis. The density per trap of Glossina tachinoides and G. palpalis gambiensis was 1.2 flies.
Conclusions/Significance
Overall, our study showed a high prevalence of trypanosome infection in the area, pointing out an ongoing inadequacy of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Eustache Hounyèmè
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Département de Génétique et des Biotechnologies, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques (UFR/ST), Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Bienvenu Somda
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences et Techniques (UFR/ST), Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Ernest Salou
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut du Développement Rural (IDR), Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Antoine Abel Missihoun
- Département de Génétique et des Biotechnologies, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Alain Boulangé
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, Centre International of Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Identification and Characterization of Copy Number Variations Regions in West African Taurine Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162130. [PMID: 36009719 PMCID: PMC9405125 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 106 West African taurine cattle belonging to the Lagunaire breed of Benin (33), the N’Dama population of Burkina Faso (48), and N’Dama cattle sampled in Congo (25) were analyzed for Copy Number Variations (CNVs) using the BovineHDBeadChip of Illumina and two different CNV calling programs: PennCNV and QuantiSNP. Furthermore, 89 West African zebu samples (Bororo cattle of Mali and Zebu Peul sampled in Benin and Burkina Faso) were used as an outgroup to ensure that analyses reflect the taurine cattle genomic background. Analyses identified 307 taurine-specific CNV regions (CNVRs), covering about 56 Mb on all bovine autosomes. Gene annotation enrichment analysis identified a total of 840 candidate genes on 168 taurine-specific CNVRs. Three different statistically significant functional term annotation clusters (from ACt1 to ACt3) involved in the immune function were identified: ACt1 includes genes encoding lipocalins, proteins involved in the modulation of immune response and allergy; ACt2 includes genes encoding coding B-box-type zinc finger proteins and butyrophilins, involved in innate immune processes; and Act3 includes genes encoding lectin receptors, involved in the inflammatory responses to pathogens and B- and T-cell differentiation. The overlap between taurine-specific CNVRs and QTL regions associated with trypanotolerant response and tick-resistance was relatively low, suggesting that the mechanisms underlying such traits may not be determined by CNV alterations. However, four taurine-specific CNVRs overlapped with QTL regions associated with both traits on BTA23, therefore suggesting that CNV alterations in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes can partially explain the existence of genetic mechanisms shared between trypanotolerance and tick resistance in cattle. This research contributes to the understanding of the genomic features of West African taurine cattle.
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Jaime G, Hobeika A, Figuié M. Access to Veterinary Drugs in Sub-Saharan Africa: Roadblocks and Current Solutions. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:558973. [PMID: 35356415 PMCID: PMC8959935 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.558973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Access to veterinary drugs for livestock has become a major issue over the last decade. Analysis has tended to focus on the demand for these products, while studies looking at the drivers behind their use generally focus on farmer behavior and interactions between veterinarians and farmers. However, the use of drugs also depends on structural factors that determine the functioning of the drug supply chain and farmers' access to the drugs. This article presents an overview of the factors that limit access to veterinary drugs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as well as the international policy tools and arrangements that claim to improve it. Methods We have conducted a scoping review of the scientific and grey literature as well as the publicly-available data from both the animal health industry and international organizations. We aimed to gather information on the veterinary drugs market in SSA as well as on the international norms, recommendations, guidelines, and initiatives that impact SSA farmers' access to these drugs. Findings We highlight numerous barriers to veterinary drug access in SSA. The SSA market is highly dependent on imports, yet the region attracts little attention from the international companies capable of exporting to it. It suffers from a high level of fragmentation and weak distribution infrastructures and services, and is driven by the multiplication of private non-professional actors playing a growing role in the veterinary drug supply chain. The distribution system is increasingly dualized, with on the one hand the public sector (supported by development organizations) supplying small scale farmers in rural areas, but with limited and irregular means; and on the other side a private sector largely unregulated which supplies commercial and industrial farming systems. Different innovations have been developed at the international and regional levels to try to reduce barriers, such as homogenizing national legislations, donations, and vaccine banks. Alongside decades-old inter-state cooperation, many new forms of public-private partnerships and other hybrid forums continue to emerge, signaling the private sector's increasing influence in global governance. Conclusions Policies on animal health would be bolstered by a better understanding of the drivers behind and the components of access to veterinary drugs in different regional and national contexts. Inequalities in drug access need to be addressed and a market-driven approach adopted in order to strengthen our understanding of what determines veterinary drug use at the farm level. Policies should balance the interests of the various stakeholders, being careful not to reinforce bias toward certain diseases deemed "interesting" and neglect others that could prove to be highly important for veterinary public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glória Jaime
- CIRAD, UMR MoISA, Montpellier, France
- MoISA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Hobeika
- CIRAD, UMR MoISA, Montpellier, France
- MoISA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Muriel Figuié
- CIRAD, UMR MoISA, Montpellier, France
- MoISA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
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Goyache F, Pérez-Pardal L, Fernández I, Traoré A, Menéndez-Arias NA, Álvarez I. Ancient autozygous segments subject to positive selection suggest adaptive immune responses in West African cattle. Gene 2021; 803:145899. [PMID: 34400278 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Small-sized and trypanotolerant West African taurine (Bos taurus) cattle are a unique case of human-mediated process of adaptation to a challenging environment. Extensive gene flow with Sahelian zebu (B. indicus), bigger and with some resistance to tick attack, occurred for centuries and allowed the apparition of stable crossbred populations (sanga) having intermediate characteristics. Up to 237 individuals belonging to 10 different taurine, zebu and sanga cattle populations sampled in Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger were typed using the BovineHD BeadChip of Illumina to identify signatures of selection, assessed using three different Extended-Haplotype-Homozygosity-based statistics, overlapping with ancient, originated 1024 or 2048 generations ago, Homozygosity-By-Descent segments in the cattle genome. Candidate genomic regions were defined ensuring their importance within cattle type and using zebu as reference. Functional annotation analysis identified four statistically significant Annotation Clusters in taurine cattle (from ACt1 to ACt4), one (ACs1) in sanga, and another (ACz1) in zebu cattle, fitting well with expectations. ACt1 included genes primarily associated with innate immunity; ACt2 involved bitter taste receptor genes of importance to adaptation to changing environments; ACt3 included 68 genes coding ATP-binding proteins, some of them located on trypanotolerance-related QTL regions, that can partially underlie immune response and the additive mechanism of trypanotolerance; ACt4 was associated with growth and small size (NPPC gene); ACs1 included genes involved in immune response; and ACz1 is related with ectoparasite resistance. Our results provide a new set of genomic areas and candidate genes giving new insights on the genomic impact of adaptation in West African cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Goyache
- SERIDA-Deva, Camino de Rioseco 1225, E-33394-Gijón, Spain.
| | | | - Iván Fernández
- SERIDA-Deva, Camino de Rioseco 1225, E-33394-Gijón, Spain
| | - Amadou Traoré
- Institut de l'Environnement et des Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Ouagadougou 04 BP 8645, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Isabel Álvarez
- SERIDA-Deva, Camino de Rioseco 1225, E-33394-Gijón, Spain
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Ouédraogo D, Ouédraogo-Koné S, Yougbaré B, Soudré A, Zoma-Traoré B, Mészáros G, Khayatzadeh N, Traoré A, Sanou M, Mwai OA, Wurzinger M, Burger PA, Sölkner J. Population structure, inbreeding and admixture in local cattle populations managed by community-based breeding programs in Burkina Faso. J Anim Breed Genet 2021; 138:379-388. [PMID: 33609004 PMCID: PMC8248134 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput genomic markers provide an opportunity to assess important indicators of genetic diversity for populations managed in livestock breeding programs. While well-structured breeding programs are common in developed countries, in developing country situations, especially in West Africa, on-farm performance and pedigree recordings are rare, and thus, genomic markers provide insights to the levels of genetic diversity, inbreeding and introgression by other breeds. In this study, we analysed key population parameters such as population structure, admixture and levels of inbreeding in three neighbouring populations of African taurine and taurine × Zebu crosses managed by community-based breeding programs in the South-West of Burkina Faso. The three populations were pure Baoulé (called Lobi locally) in sedentary production systems, Baoulé x Zebu crossbreds in sedentary systems and Zebu × Baoulé crossbreds in transhumant production systems, respectively. The total sample analysed included 631 animals and 38,207 single nucleotide polymorphisms after quality control. Results of principal component and admixture analyses confirmed the genetic background of two distinct ancestral populations (taurine and zebuine) and levels of admixture in all three breeding populations, including the presumably pure Baoulé group of animals. Inbreeding levels were moderate, compared to European dairy and beef cattle populations and higher than those of Brazilian Nellore cattle. Very few animals with inbreeding levels indicating parent-offspring or full sib mating were observed, and inbreeding levels indicating half sib mating were also rare. For the management of breeding populations, farmers were advised to exchange best young bulls. The crossbreeding levels of presumably pure Baoulé animals are of concern to the breeding program due to the high level of endangerment of pure African taurine cattle populations across West Africa. Future rounds of bull selection in the community-based breeding program will make use of genomic information about admixture levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Ouédraogo
- Institut du Développement Rural (IDR), Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural System, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Salifou Ouédraogo-Koné
- Institut du Développement Rural (IDR), Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Bernadette Yougbaré
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural System, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Albert Soudré
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies (UFR/ST), Université Norbert Zongo, Koudougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Bienvenue Zoma-Traoré
- Institut du Développement Rural (IDR), Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural System, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gábor Mészáros
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural System, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Negar Khayatzadeh
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural System, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amadou Traoré
- Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Moumouni Sanou
- Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Okeyo Ally Mwai
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maria Wurzinger
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural System, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pamela A Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna
| | - Johann Sölkner
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural System, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Zoma-Traoré B, Soudré A, Ouédraogo-Koné S, Khayatzadeh N, Probst L, Sölkner J, Mészáros G, Burger PA, Traoré A, Sanou M, Ouédraogo GMS, Traoré L, Ouédraogo D, Yougbaré B, Wurzinger M. From farmers to livestock keepers: a typology of cattle production systems in south-western Burkina Faso. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2179-2189. [PMID: 32128662 PMCID: PMC7314720 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cattle production is an essential livelihood strategy in south-western Burkina Faso. Although having a distinct cultural role and known to be resistant against African animal trypanosomosis, the Lobi taurine cattle breed is endangered due to its low market value. As the first step in preservation efforts, our study aimed to develop a typology of production systems at the farm level. We used a structured questionnaire and focus group discussions for collecting data on household characteristics, socioeconomic activities, livestock, and access to services. The sample comprised 169 households in three communities. The analytical strategy included factor analysis of mixed data and hierarchical clustering. We identified four distinct types of cattle production systems: (1) sedentary Lobi farms, (2) sedentary crossbreed farms, (3) semi-transhumant Fulani zebu farms, and (4) transhumant Fulani zebu farms. Significant factors in developing this typology were the farmers’ ethnic group, crop diversity, cattle herd size, cattle herd composition, number of small ruminants, and livestock management strategies. Across all production systems, men were considered being primary decision-makers in cattle production, with women, herders, and children being responsible for specific tasks. All identified production systems are increasingly confronting disease pressure and scarcity of water and land. Future efforts in preservation and breeding will need to respond to these trends in the agroecosystem, integrate risk management measures, and resonate with the specific needs of the different household members involved in cattle rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zoma-Traoré
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Rural Development, Nazi BONI University, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - A Soudré
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Norbert ZONGO University of Koudougou, Koudougou, Burkina Faso
| | - S Ouédraogo-Koné
- Institute of Rural Development, Nazi BONI University, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - N Khayatzadeh
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Probst
- Institute for Development Research, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - J Sölkner
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Mészáros
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - P A Burger
- Institute of Population Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Traoré
- Department of Animal Production, Environmental and Agricultural Research Institute, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - M Sanou
- Department of Animal Production, Environmental and Agricultural Research Institute, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - G M S Ouédraogo
- Institute of Rural Development, Nazi BONI University, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - L Traoré
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Norbert ZONGO University of Koudougou, Koudougou, Burkina Faso
| | - D Ouédraogo
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Rural Development, Nazi BONI University, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - B Yougbaré
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Animal Production, Environmental and Agricultural Research Institute, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - M Wurzinger
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Development Research, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Álvarez I, Pérez-Pardal L, Traoré A, Fernández I, Goyache F. Lack of specific alleles for the bovine chemokine (C-X-C) receptor type 4 (CXCR4) gene in West African cattle questions its role as a candidate for trypanotolerance. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 42:30-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wada YA, Oniye SJ, Rekwot PI, Okubanjo OO. Testicular pathology, gonadal and epididymal sperm reserves of Yankasa rams infected with experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma evansi. Vet World 2016; 9:759-65. [PMID: 27536039 PMCID: PMC4983129 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.759-765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The study was conducted to evaluate the pathological effects of trypanosomosis on the testes, gonadal, and epididymal sperm reserves of Yankasa rams for 98 days. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 16 Yankasa rams, aged between 24 and 30 months and weighed between 22 and 25 kg, were acclimatized for a period of 2-months in a clean fly proof house and were adequately fed and given water ad-libitum. Of the 16 rams, 12 that were clinically fit for the experiment at the end of the acclimatization period were randomly divided into four groups: Groups I, II, III, and IV, each having 3 rams. Groups I and II were each challenged singly with experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Federer strain) and Trypanosoma evansi (Sokoto strain), respectively, while Group III was challenged with mixed T. brucei brucei and T. evansi parasites (50% of each species in the infective inoculum) and Group IV was left as an uninfected control. Each infected ram received 2 mL of the infected blood containing 2×10(6) trypomastigotes via the jugular vein, while the control group received 2 mL each, normal saline. RESULTS All the infected rams developed clinical signs typical of trypanosomosis at varying pre-patent periods. The gross lesions observed in the infected rams in Group II were moderate and more severe in those of Groups I and III. Histological sections of the testes of infected rams (Groups I, II, and III) showed moderate (T. evansi-infected group) to severe (mixed and T. brucei brucei-infected groups) testicular degenerations with reduction in number of spermatogenic cell layers, degenerated seminiferous tubules, congested interlobular spaces, loss of tissue architecture with significant (p<0.01) depletion, and loss of gonadal and epididymal sperm reserves in Groups I and III in comparison to Group II and the control Group IV. No observable clinical signs and histopathological lesions were found in those rams of the control Group IV. CONCLUSION The study concluded that trypanosomosis due to experimental T. brucei brucei or T. evansi or mixed infections (of both parasites) caused testicular damage, decreased epididymal and gonadal sperm reserves and an important cause of infertility in Yankasa rams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunusa A Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Sonnie J Oniye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Peter I Rekwot
- National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1096 Shika, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Oluyinka O Okubanjo
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Holt HR, Selby R, Mumba C, Napier GB, Guitian J. Assessment of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) vulnerability in cattle-owning communities of sub-Saharan Africa. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:53. [PMID: 26825496 PMCID: PMC4733274 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) is one of the biggest constraints to livestock production and a threat to food security in sub-Saharan Africa. In order to optimise the allocation of resources for AAT control, decision makers need to target geographic areas where control programmes are most likely to be successful and sustainable and select control methods that will maximise the benefits obtained from resources invested. Methods The overall approach to classifying cattle-owning communities in terms of AAT vulnerability was based on the selection of key variables collected through field surveys in five sub-Saharan Africa countries followed by a formal Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) to identify factors explaining the variations between areas. To categorise the communities in terms of AAT vulnerability profiles, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was performed. Results Three clusters of community vulnerability profiles were identified based on farmers’ beliefs with respect to trypanosomiasis control within the five countries studied. Cluster 1 communities, mainly identified in Cameroon, reported constant AAT burden, had large trypanosensitive (average herd size = 57) communal grazing cattle herds. Livestock (cattle and small ruminants) were reportedly the primary source of income in the majority of these cattle-owning households (87.0 %). Cluster 2 communities identified mainly in Burkina Faso and Zambia, with some Ethiopian communities had moderate herd sizes (average = 16) and some trypanotolerant breeds (31.7 %) practicing communal grazing. In these communities there were some concerns regarding the development of trypanocide resistance. Crops were the primary income source while communities in this cluster incurred some financial losses due to diminished draft power. The third cluster contained mainly Ugandan and Ethiopian communities which were mixed farmers with smaller herd sizes (average = 8). The costs spent diagnosing and treating AAT were moderate here. Conclusions Understanding how cattle-owners are affected by AAT and their efforts to manage the disease is critical to the design of suitable locally-adapted control programmes. It is expected that the results could inform priority setting and the development of tailored recommendations for AAT control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Holt
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK. .,Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - R Selby
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - C Mumba
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - G B Napier
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - J Guitian
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, UK. .,Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
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10
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Álvarez I, Pérez-Pardal L, Traoré A, Fernández I, Goyache F. African Cattle do not Carry Unique Mutations on the Exon 9 of the ARHGAP15 Gene. Anim Biotechnol 2015; 27:9-12. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2015.1053606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Álvarez I, Pérez-Pardal L, Traoré A, Fernández I, Goyache F. Lack of haplotype structuring for two candidate genes for trypanotolerance in cattle. J Anim Breed Genet 2015; 133:105-14. [DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Álvarez
- Área de Genética y Reproducción Animal; SERIDA; Gijón Spain
| | - L. Pérez-Pardal
- CIBIO; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; Universidade do Porto; Vairão Portugal
| | | | - I. Fernández
- Área de Genética y Reproducción Animal; SERIDA; Gijón Spain
| | - F. Goyache
- Área de Genética y Reproducción Animal; SERIDA; Gijón Spain
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12
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Abstract
A total of 1015 adult cows belonging to nine West African cattle breeds were assessed for 16 body measurements and 18 qualitative traits to ascertain the existence of geographical patterns of variation. Sampling was carried out in 29 different provinces of Mali, Burkina Faso and Benin. For body measurements, taurine breeds took lower average values than the zebu breeds. Sanga cattle took intermediate values. Qualitative traits did not allow to differentiate among cattle groups (taurine, zebu or sanga) or breeds. Principal component analysis identified two factors explaining 56.4 and 9.2 % of the variance for body measurements, respectively. Two correspondence analysis dimensions computed on qualitative traits explained a small proportion of the variability (20.8 and 13.5 %, respectively). Contour plots were constructed using the eigenvalues computed for each individual and either factor or dimension identified; confidence regions calculated confirmed that body measurements clearly differentiated zebu and taurine cattle breeds while qualitative traits did not. Factor 1 was projected on a geographical map, using provinces as nodes, to assess breed-free variation for body measurements. A pattern of continuous variation from the Sahel area southwards was identified. Probably, breeding decisions promoting the crosses between zebu-like and taurine cattle are underlying this geographical pattern of variation. The implementation of selection strategies aiming at the increase of the productivity of native West African taurine cattle breeds while avoiding looses in trypanotolerant ability would be highly advisable.
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13
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Mészáros G, Boison SA, Pérez O'Brien AM, Ferenčaković M, Curik I, Da Silva MVB, Utsunomiya YT, Garcia JF, Sölkner J. Genomic analysis for managing small and endangered populations: a case study in Tyrol Grey cattle. Front Genet 2015; 6:173. [PMID: 26074948 PMCID: PMC4443735 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of genomic data is increasingly becoming part of the livestock industry. Therefore, the routine collection of genomic information would be an invaluable resource for effective management of breeding programs in small, endangered populations. The objective of the paper was to demonstrate how genomic data could be used to analyse (1) linkage disequlibrium (LD), LD decay and the effective population size (NeLD); (2) Inbreeding level and effective population size (NeROH) based on runs of homozygosity (ROH); (3) Prediction of genomic breeding values (GEBV) using small within-breed and genomic information from other breeds. The Tyrol Grey population was used as an example, with the goal to highlight the potential of genomic analyses for small breeds. In addition to our own results we discuss additional use of genomics to assess relatedness, admixture proportions, and inheritance of harmful variants. The example data set consisted of 218 Tyrol Grey bull genotypes, which were all available AI bulls in the population. After standard quality control restrictions 34,581 SNPs remained for the analysis. A separate quality control was applied to determine ROH levels based on Illumina GenCall and Illumina GenTrain scores, resulting into 211 bulls and 33,604 SNPs. LD was computed as the squared correlation coefficient between SNPs within a 10 mega base pair (Mb) region. ROHs were derived based on regions covering at least 4, 8, and 16 Mb, suggesting that animals had common ancestors approximately 12, 6, and 3 generations ago, respectively. The corresponding mean inbreeding coefficients (FROH) were 4.0% for 4 Mb, 2.9% for 8 Mb and 1.6% for 16 Mb runs. With an average generation interval of 5.66 years, estimated NeROH was 125 (NeROH>16 Mb), 186 (NeROH>8 Mb) and 370 (NeROH>4 Mb) indicating strict avoidance of close inbreeding in the population. The LD was used as an alternative method to infer the population history and the Ne. The results show a continuous decrease in NeLD, to 780, 120, and 80 for 100, 10, and 5 generations ago, respectively. Genomic selection was developed for and is working well in large breeds. The same methodology was applied in Tyrol Grey cattle, using different reference populations. Contrary to the expectations, the accuracy of GEBVs with very small within breed reference populations were very high, between 0.13–0.91 and 0.12–0.63, when estimated breeding values and deregressed breeding values were used as pseudo-phenotypes, respectively. Subsequent analyses confirmed the high accuracies being a consequence of low reliabilities of pseudo-phenotypes in the validation set, thus being heavily influenced by parent averages. Multi-breed and across breed reference sets gave inconsistent and lower accuracies. Genomic information may have a crucial role in management of small breeds, even if its primary usage differs from that of large breeds. It allows to assess relatedness between individuals, trends in inbreeding and to take decisions accordingly. These decisions would be based on the real genome architecture, rather than conventional pedigree information, which can be missing or incomplete. We strongly suggest the routine genotyping of all individuals that belong to a small breed in order to facilitate the effective management of endangered livestock populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Mészáros
- Division of Livestock Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - Solomon A Boison
- Division of Livestock Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana M Pérez O'Brien
- Division of Livestock Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ino Curik
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Jose F Garcia
- UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Johann Sölkner
- Division of Livestock Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
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14
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Smetko A, Soudre A, Silbermayr K, Müller S, Brem G, Hanotte O, Boettcher PJ, Stella A, Mészáros G, Wurzinger M, Curik I, Müller M, Burgstaller J, Sölkner J. Trypanosomosis: potential driver of selection in African cattle. Front Genet 2015; 6:137. [PMID: 25964796 PMCID: PMC4404968 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomosis is a serious cause of reduction in productivity of cattle in tsetse-fly infested areas. Baoule and other local Taurine cattle breeds in Burkina Faso are trypanotolerant. Zebuine cattle, which are also kept there are susceptible to trypanosomosis but bigger in body size. Farmers have continuously been intercrossing Baoule and Zebu animals to increase production and disease tolerance. The aim of this study was to compare levels of zebuine and taurine admixture in genomic regions potentially involved in trypanotolerance with background admixture of composites to identify differences in allelic frequencies of tolerant and non-tolerant animals. The study was conducted on 214 animals (90 Baoule, 90 Zebu, and 34 composites), genotyped with 25 microsatellites across the genome and with 155 SNPs in 23 candidate regions. Degrees of admixture of composites were analyzed for microsatellite and SNP data separately. Average Baoule admixture based on microsatellites across the genomes of the Baoule- Zebu composites was 0.31, which was smaller than the average Baoule admixture in the trypanosomosis candidate regions of 0.37 (P = 0.15). Fixation index FST measured in the overall genome based on microsatellites or with SNPs from candidate regions indicates strong differentiation between breeds. Nine out of 23 regions had FST ≥ 0.20 calculated from haplotypes or individual SNPs. The levels of admixture were significantly different from background admixture, as revealed by microsatellite data, for six out of the nine regions. Five out of the six regions showed an excess of Baoule ancestry. Information about best levels of breed composition would be useful for future breeding ctivities, aiming at trypanotolerant animals with higher productive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Smetko
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Croatian Agricultural Agency Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Albert Soudre
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université de Koudougou Koudougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Katja Silbermayr
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Brem
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul J Boettcher
- Animal Production and Health Division, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy ; FAO/IAEA Joint Division on Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gábor Mészáros
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Wurzinger
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Ino Curik
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Burgstaller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria ; Biotechnology in Animal Production, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln Tulln, Austria
| | - Johann Sölkner
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Vienna, Austria
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15
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Álvarez I, Traoré A, Fernández I, Cuervo M, Lecomte T, Soudré A, Kaboré A, Tamboura HH, Goyache F. Assessing introgression of Sahelian zebu genes into native Bos taurus breeds in Burkina Faso. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:3745-54. [PMID: 24532141 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A total of 350 samples were analyzed to estimate zebu gene proportions into two different taurine cattle breeds of Burkina Faso (Lobi and N'Dama) using 38 microsatellites and various statistical methodologies. West African and East African zebu samples were sequentially used as reference parental populations. Furthermore, N'Dama cattle from Congo, the composite South African Bonsmara cattle breed and a pool of European cattle were used successively as second parental populations. Independently of the methodology applied: (a) the use of West African zebu samples gave higher admixture coefficients than the East African zebu; (b) the higher zebu proportions were estimated when the European cattle was used as parental population 2; and (c) the use of the N'Dama population from Congo as parental population 2 gave the more consistent zebu proportion estimates for both the Lobi and the N'Dama breeds. In any case, the zebu admixture proportions estimated were not negligible and were always higher in the N'Dama cattle than in the Lobi cattle of Burkina Faso. This suggested that the introgression of Sahelian zebu genes into the taurine cattle of Southern West Africa can follow a complex pattern that can depend on local agro-ecological features. The current research pointed out that the estimation of admixture coefficients is highly dependent on both the assumptions underlying the methodologies applied and the selection of parental populations. Our analyses suggest that either too high or nil genetic identity between the parental and the expectedly derived populations must be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Álvarez
- SERIDA-Deva, Área de genética y Reproducción Animal, Camino de Rioseco 1225, 33394, Gijón (Asturias), Spain
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16
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Silbermayr K, Li F, Soudré A, Müller S, Sölkner J. A novel qPCR assay for the detection of African animal trypanosomosis in trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle breeds. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2345. [PMID: 23967357 PMCID: PMC3744421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to (i) determine the prevalence of African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT) in tsetse challenged areas, (ii) compare conventional with qPCR detection systems and (iii) evaluate the host genetic background and biology as risk factors. AAT prevalence studies are often confronted with low levels of parasitaemia. Hence, we designed a novel qPCR assay using primers and species specific probes amplifying the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) gene. Thereby all three AAT species could be detected simultaneously. 368 individuals from three cattle types (Baoulé, Zebu and hybrids) originating from 72 farms in Burkina Faso were analysed. Farmers were interviewed and morphometric measurements of the cattle taken. A chi-squared test and a logistic regression model were calculated to detect associations with infection. In our study, the overall rate of prevalence detected with the novel qPCR assay was 11.14%. Compared to conventional PCR we identified a concordance of 91.30%. We tested 41 animals positive for trypanosome DNA, five animals showed multiple infections. Zebus were twice as often infected (21.74%) compared to Baoulé (9.70%) and hybrids (9.57%). Trypanosoma vivax is the dominant species (9.24%), as compared to T. congolense (2.44%) and T. brucei (0.82%). The chi-squared tests linking the infection events to the breeds (Zebu vs. Baoulé and Zebu vs. hybrids) were on the border of significance. No significant association with other tested parameters could be detected. We introduce a novel qPCR technique for the fast, sensitive and simultaneous detection of the three AAT species. Our results suggest that associations with breed and infection exist since Zebu cattle are more likely to be infected compared to Baoulé and hybrids. Indigenous taurine cattle breeds, like the Baoulé, therefore provide a unique and valuable genetic resource. African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT) is a neglected tropical disease heavily impacting on the poor. Sensitive diagnostic tools are needed since actual parasitaemia levels can be very low, particularly in chronically infected or trypanotolerant animals. Hence, we present a novel real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of the three AAT species (T. congolense, T. brucei and T. vivax). Thereby infected animals can be accurately detected in one step. 368 individuals from three cattle types (Baoulé, Zebu and hybrids) originating from 72 farms in Burkina Faso were analysed. Farmers were interviewed and morphometric measurements of the cattle taken to detect potential risk factors of infection. In our study, the overall rate of prevalence detected with the novel qPCR assay was 11.14% (41/368) compared to 10.87% (40/368) with conventional PCR. Zebus are most often infected (21.74%) compared to Baoulé (9.70%) and hybrid (9.57%) cattle. Except for breed, no significant correlation with other tested parameters could be detected. Baoulé show significantly less infections and therefore provide a unique and valuable genetic resource. In summary, with this novel qPCR technique the three AAT species can be simultaneously detected in a fast and sensitive manner.
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