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Patra AK, Puchala R. Methane mitigation in ruminants with structural analogues and other chemical compounds targeting archaeal methanogenesis pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108268. [PMID: 37793598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants are responsible for enteric methane production contributing significantly to the anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Moreover, dietary energy is lost as methane gas without being available for animal use. Therefore, many mitigation strategies aiming at interventions at animals, diet, and microbiota have been explored by researchers. Specific chemical analogues targeting the enzymes of the methanogenic pathway appear to be more effective in specifically inhibiting the growth of methane-producing archaea without hampering another microbiome, particularly, cellulolytic microbiota. The targets of methanogenesis reactions that have been mainly investigated in ruminal fluid include methyl coenzyme M reductase (halogenated sulfonate and nitrooxy compounds), corrinoid enzymes (halogenated aliphatic compounds), formate dehydrogenase (nitro compounds, e.g., nitroethane and 2-nitroethanol), and deazaflavin (F420) (pterin and statin compounds). Many other potential metabolic reaction targets in methanogenic archaea have not been evaluated properly. The analogues are specifically effective inhibitors of methanogens, but their efficacy to lower methanogenesis over time reduces due to the metabolism of the compounds by other microbiota or the development of resistance mechanisms by methanogens. In this short review, methanogen populations inhabited in the rumen, methanogenesis pathways and methane analogues, and other chemical compounds specifically targeting the metabolic reactions in the pathways and methane production in ruminants have been discussed. Although many methane inhibitors have been evaluated in lowering methane emission in ruminants, advancement in unravelling the molecular mechanisms of specific methane inhibitors targeting the metabolic pathways in methanogens is very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Kumar Patra
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA.
| | - Ryszard Puchala
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA; Applied Physiology Unit, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, Warsaw, Poland
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Ábrego-García A, Poggi-Varaldo HM, Ponce-Noyola MT, Calva-Calva G, Galíndez-Mayer CJJ, Medina-Mendoza GG, Rinderknecht-Seijas NF. Bioprocessing of Two Crop Residues for Animal Feeding into a High-Yield Lovastatin Feed Supplement. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192697. [PMID: 36230438 PMCID: PMC9559462 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lovastatin is a fungal secondary metabolite that can mitigate rumen methane production. This work aimed at evaluating the lovastatin production by solid-state fermentation from selected crop residues and A. terreus strains, considering the post-fermented residues as feed supplements for ruminants. Fermented oat straw by A. terreus CDBB H-194 exhibited the highest lovastatin yield (23.8 mg/g DM fed). GC–MS analysis identified only a couple of compounds from the residues fermented by CDBB H-194 (1,3-dipalmitin trimethylsilyl ether in the fermented oat straw) and stearic acid hydrazide in the fermented wheat bran) that could negatively affect ruminal bacteria and fungi. Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the lovastatin (Lv) production by solid-state fermentation (SSF) from selected crop residues, considering the post-fermented residues as feed supplements for ruminants. The SSF was performed with two substrates (wheat bran and oat straw) and two A. terreus strains (CDBB H-194 and CDBB H-1976). The Lv yield, proximate analysis, and organic compounds by GC–MS in the post-fermented residues were assessed. The combination of the CDBB H-194 strain with oat straw at 16 d of incubation time showed the highest Lv yield (23.8 mg/g DM fed) and the corresponding degradation efficiency of hemicellulose + cellulose was low to moderate (24.1%). The other three treatments showed final Lv concentrations in decreasing order of 9.1, 6.8, and 5.67 mg/g DM fed for the oat straw + CDBB H-1976, wheat bran + CDBB H-194, and wheat bran + CDBB H-1976, respectively. An analysis of variance of the 22 factorial experiment of Lv showed a strong significant interaction between the strain and substrate factors. The kinetic of Lv production adequately fitted a zero-order model in the four treatments. GC–MS analysis identified only a couple of compounds from the residues fermented by A. terreus CDBB H-194 (1,3-dipalmitin trimethylsilyl ether in the fermented oat straw and stearic acid hydrazide in the fermented wheat bran) that could negatively affect ruminal bacteria and fungi. Solid-state fermentation of oat straw with CDBB H-194 deserves further investigation due to its high yield of Lv; low dietary proportions of this post-fermented oat straw could be used as an Lv-carrier supplement for rumen methane mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Ábrego-García
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O. Box 14-740, Mexico City 07000, Mexico
- Environmental Biotechnology and Renewable Energies Group, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O. Box 14-740, Mexico City 07000, Mexico
| | - Héctor M. Poggi-Varaldo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O. Box 14-740, Mexico City 07000, Mexico
- Environmental Biotechnology and Renewable Energies Group, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O. Box 14-740, Mexico City 07000, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-57473800 (ext. 4324 & 4306)
| | - M. Teresa Ponce-Noyola
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O. Box 14-740, Mexico City 07000, Mexico
| | - Graciano Calva-Calva
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O. Box 14-740, Mexico City 07000, Mexico
| | - Cutberto José Juvencio Galíndez-Mayer
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Gustavo G. Medina-Mendoza
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O. Box 14-740, Mexico City 07000, Mexico
| | - Noemí F. Rinderknecht-Seijas
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
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Nutraceutical Enrichment of Animal Feed by Filamentous Fungi Fermentation. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8080402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for improvements in animal production, particularly for ruminants, such that more sustainable and efficient processes are developed for obtaining more nutritious and efficient feeds. Filamentous fungi can add value to residual plant biomass, and may also have the potential to produce metabolites and enrich plant biomasses used in animal nutrition, converting them into nutraceutical sources. Thus, in this work, filamentous fungal fermentation of ruminant feed biomasses commonly used in Brazil was performed, and the enrichment for bioactive metabolites was tested. For this, Fistulina hepatica, Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Panus lecomtei, and Aspergillus terreus were grown for 28 days on different substrates: starchy grains- (sorghum, oat, and corn), fibrous substrates (coast-cross, rice husk, and moringa plant) and protein-rich substrates (cottonseed cake and pigeon pea plant). Fermented substrates were evaluated for laccase activity, crude protein, β-glucan, and lovastatin content. The highest growth rate was observed for G. lucidum in oat substrate (OT-01) (0.708 ± 0.035 cm/day) and F. hepatica in oat + coast-cross + pigeon pea treatment (OT-10) (0.607 ± 0.012 cm/day). High laccase activity was observed for P. lecomtei grown in starchy grain + moringa + pigeon pea substrate, reaching an activity of 416.8 ± 20.28 U/g. A. terreus growth in ST-09 (sorghum + pigeon pea) showed higher protein (15.3 ± 0.46%), β-glucan (503.56 ± 8.6 mg/g) and lovastatin (1.10 ± 0.17 mg/g) content compared to untreated substrates. These results demonstrate that filamentous fungi are an alternative for nutraceutical enrichment of ruminant feed biomasses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in which P. lecomtei and F. hepatica are evaluated for their ability to be cultivated in ruminant feed substrates from Brazil.
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Ábrego-Gacía A, Poggi-Varaldo HM, Robles-González V, Ponce-Noyola T, Calva-Calva G, Ríos-Leal E, Estrada-Bárcenas D, Mendoza-Vargas A. Lovastatin as a supplement to mitigate rumen methanogenesis: an overview. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:123. [PMID: 34911584 PMCID: PMC8675506 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methane from enteric fermentation is the gas with the greatest environmental impact emitted by ruminants. Lovastatin (Lv) addition to feedstocks could be a strategy to mitigate rumen methane emissions via decreasing the population of methanogenic archaea (MA). Thus, this paper provides the first overview of the effects of Lv supplementation, focusing on the inhibition of methane production, rumen microbiota, and ruminal fermentation. Results indicated that Lv treatment had a strong anti-methanogenic effect on pure strains of MA. However, there are uncertainties from in vitro rumen fermentation trials with complex substrates and rumen inoculum. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) has emerged as a cost-effective option to produce Lv. In this way, SSF of agricultural residues as an Lv-carrier supplement in sheep and goats demonstrated a consistent decrease in ruminal methane emissions. The experimental evidence for in vitro conditions showed that Lv did not affect the volatile fatty acids (VFA). However, in vivo experiments demonstrated that the production of VFA was decreased. Lv did not negatively affect the digestibility of dry matter during in vitro and in vivo methods, and there is even evidence that it can induce an increase in digestibility. Regarding the rumen microbiota, populations of MA were reduced, and no differences were detected in alpha and beta diversity associated with Lv treatment. However, some changes in the relative abundance of the microbiota were induced. Further studies are recommended on: (i) Lv biodegradation products and stability, as well as its adsorption onto the solid matter in the rumen, to gain more insight on the “available” or effective Lv concentration; and (ii) to determine whether the effect of Lv on ruminal fermentation also depends on the feed composition and different ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Ábrego-Gacía
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O.Box 17-740, 07000, Mexico City, Mexico.,Environmental Biotechnology and Renewable Energies Group, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O.Box 17-740, 07000, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Héctor M Poggi-Varaldo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O.Box 17-740, 07000, Mexico City, Mexico. .,Environmental Biotechnology and Renewable Energies Group, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O.Box 17-740, 07000, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Vania Robles-González
- Instituto de Hidrología, Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca, Oaxaca, 69000, Huajuapan de León, Mexico
| | - Teresa Ponce-Noyola
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O.Box 17-740, 07000, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciano Calva-Calva
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O.Box 17-740, 07000, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elvira Ríos-Leal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O.Box 17-740, 07000, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Estrada-Bárcenas
- National Collection of Microbial and Cellular Cultures, CINVESTAV-IPN, P.O.Box17-740, 07000, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Mendoza-Vargas
- Unidad de Secuenciación e Identificación de Polimorfismos, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, 14610, Mexico City, Mexico
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Dubińska-Magiera M, Migocka-Patrzałek M, Lewandowski D, Daczewska M, Jagla K. Zebrafish as a Model for the Study of Lipid-Lowering Drug-Induced Myopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5654. [PMID: 34073503 PMCID: PMC8198905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced myopathies are classified as acquired myopathies caused by exogenous factors. These pathological conditions develop in patients without muscle disease and are triggered by a variety of medicaments, including lipid-lowering drugs (LLDs) such as statins, fibrates, and ezetimibe. Here we summarise the current knowledge gained via studies conducted using various models, such as cell lines and mammalian models, and compare them with the results obtained in zebrafish (Danio rerio) studies. Zebrafish have proven to be an excellent research tool for studying dyslipidaemias as a model of these pathological conditions. This system enables in-vivo characterization of drug and gene candidates to further the understanding of disease aetiology and develop new therapeutic strategies. Our review also considers important environmental issues arising from the indiscriminate use of LLDs worldwide. The widespread use and importance of drugs such as statins and fibrates justify the need for the meticulous study of their mechanism of action and the side effects they cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Dubińska-Magiera
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; (M.D.-M.); (M.M.-P.); (D.L.)
| | - Marta Migocka-Patrzałek
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; (M.D.-M.); (M.M.-P.); (D.L.)
| | - Damian Lewandowski
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; (M.D.-M.); (M.M.-P.); (D.L.)
| | - Małgorzata Daczewska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; (M.D.-M.); (M.M.-P.); (D.L.)
| | - Krzysztof Jagla
- Genetics Reproduction and Development Institute (iGReD), INSERM 1103, CNRS 6293, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Selected Alternative Feed Additives Used to Manipulate the Rumen Microbiome. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061542. [PMID: 34070442 PMCID: PMC8228006 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The continuous intensification of ruminant production drives towards the expansion of feed components and additives that are utilizes for the coverage of animal’s demand for nutrients. Additionally, in recent years, studies are focused on the investigation of how feed additives affect the microbiome of the digestive system in order to obtain improved performance and/or reduce methane emissions by ruminants. The use of additives such as algae, probiotics, fermented feed or essential oils can serve as an alternative to antibiotics or other synthetic compounds that may pose a danger to the environment. Abstract In recent years, a boost in the ruminant population has been observed, and consequently, an increase in the animals’ demand for nutrients and methane emissions. Methane emission is generated during the microbial fermentation of feed in the rumen, and a percentage even up to 12% of the energy obtained by this process can be wasted. In addition, the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry is being increasingly restricted. restricted. As a result, there is a continuous search for innovative feed additives that can serve as alternatives to antibiotics, and will also be safe for both people and the environment. In the present review article, additives were selected on basis that, according to studies conducted so far, may positively affect the microbiome of the digestive system by improving indicators and/or reducing methane production. Among them, probiotics, prebiotics or their combination—synbiotics are at the forefront of research. However, additives in the form of algae or plant origin are also gaining ground in popularity, such as essential oils, fermented wheat straw or Gelidium amansii, due to their general recognition as safe (GRAS) for both humans and environment.
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Li W, Cheng P, Zhang JB, Zhao LM, Ma YB, Ding K. Synergism of microorganisms and enzymes in solid-state fermentation of animal feed. A review. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/133151/2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Leo TK, Garba S, Abubakar D, Sazili AQ, Candyrine SCL, Jahromi MF, Goh YM, Ronimus R, Muetzel S, Liang JB. Naturally Produced Lovastatin Modifies the Histology and Proteome Profile of Goat Skeletal Muscle. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010072. [PMID: 31906061 PMCID: PMC7022420 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Enteric methane formation in ruminants is one of the major contributors to climate change. Among the potential strategies, the supplementation of naturally produced lovastatin has been reported as one of the promising approaches for the mitigation of methane emissions. Nevertheless, statins have been associated with the development of muscle-related adverse effects which could affect the health and wellbeing of the animals. We have reported previously that supplementation of naturally produced lovastatin at 2 and 4 mg/kg body weight (BW), reduced methane emissions in goats without adversely affecting rumen fermentation and animal performance, except at higher level of lovastatin (6 mg/kg BW). However, the effects of lovastatin on the skeletal muscle in goats and the associated mechanisms have not been studied. Hence, the present study aimed to examine the effects of lovastatin on the histology of the goat skeletal muscle from the above study and to further elucidate the related underlying biochemistry processes. Histology analysis observed marked degeneration in the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle of goats supplemented with 6 mg lovastatin/kg BW. Our preliminary label-free proteomics analysis identified approximately 400 proteins in total, a number of which were differentially expressed, which are involved in energy metabolism and may have contributed to the observed skeletal muscle damage above 4 mg/kg BW. Abstract This study was conducted to examine the effects of different levels of lovastatin on the histological and sarcoplasmic proteome profile of goat skeletal muscle. A total of 20 intact male Saanen goats were randomly assigned in equal numbers to four groups and fed a total mixed ration containing 50% rice straw, 22.8% concentrates and 27.2% of various proportions of untreated or treated palm kernel cake (PKC) to achieve the target daily intake levels of 0 (Control), 2 (Low), 4 (Medium) or 6 (High) mg lovastatin/kg BW. A histological examination discovered that the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle of animals from the Medium and High treatment groups showed abnormalities in terms of necrosis, degeneration, interstitial space and vacuolization. Our preliminary label-free proteomics analysis demonstrates that lovastatin supplementation induced complex modifications to the protein expression patterns of the skeletal muscle of the goat which were associated with the metabolism of carbohydrate and creatine, cell growth and development processes and other metabolic processes. The changes in these biochemical processes indicate perturbations in energy metabolism, which could play a major role in the development of myopathy. In conclusion, the present study suggests that supplementation of naturally produced lovastatin above 4 mg/kg BW could adversely affecting the health and wellbeing of treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teik Kee Leo
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (T.K.L.); (S.G.); (A.Q.S.); (Y.M.G.)
| | - Sani Garba
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (T.K.L.); (S.G.); (A.Q.S.); (Y.M.G.)
| | - Danmaigoro Abubakar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Awis Qurni Sazili
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (T.K.L.); (S.G.); (A.Q.S.); (Y.M.G.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Su Chui Len Candyrine
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan 90000, Malaysia;
| | | | - Yong Meng Goh
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (T.K.L.); (S.G.); (A.Q.S.); (Y.M.G.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Ron Ronimus
- Rumen Microbiology, AgResearch, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (R.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefan Muetzel
- Rumen Microbiology, AgResearch, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (R.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Juan Boo Liang
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (T.K.L.); (S.G.); (A.Q.S.); (Y.M.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Climate Change and Goat Production: Enteric Methane Emission and Its Mitigation. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8120235. [PMID: 30544616 PMCID: PMC6316019 DOI: 10.3390/ani8120235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Given that goats are considered more climate resilient than other ruminant species, research efforts are therefore needed to understand goat productivity during exposure to high ambient temperatures. Heat stress can affect the digestion and rumen fermentation pattern of goats, which contributes to the reduction in production performance in goats. Diet composition, breed and environmental stresses are common factors which negatively influence rumen function and enteric methane (CH4) emission. There are three mechanisms by which enteric CH4 can be reduced: targeting end product of digestion to propionate, providing alternate hydrogen sink and selectively inactivating rumen methanogens. The various strategies that can be implemented to mitigate enteric CH4 include nutritional interventions, management strategies and application of advanced biotechnological tools. Abstract The ability of an animal to cope and adapt itself to the changing climate virtually depends on the function of rumen and rumen inhabitants such as bacteria, protozoa, fungi, virus and archaea. Elevated ambient temperature during the summer months can have a significant influence on the basic physiology of the rumen, thereby affecting the nutritional status of the animals. Rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) production decreases under conditions of extreme heat. Growing recent evidence suggests there are genetic variations among breeds of goats in the impact of heat stress on rumen fermentation pattern and VFA production. Most of the effects of heat stress on rumen fermentation and enteric methane (CH4) emission are attributed to differences in the rumen microbial population. Heat stress-induced rumen function impairment is mainly associated with an increase in Streptococcus genus bacteria and with a decrease in the bacteria of Fibrobactor genus. Apart from its major role in global warming and greenhouse effect, enteric CH4 is also considered as a dietary energy loss in goats. These effects warrant mitigating against CH4 production to ensure optimum economic return from goat farming as well as to reduce the impact on global warming as CH4 is one of the more potent greenhouse gases (GHG). The various strategies that can be implemented to mitigate enteric CH4 emission include nutritional interventions, different management strategies and applying advanced biotechnological tools to find solution to reduce CH4 production. Through these advanced technologies, it is possible to identify genetically superior animals with less CH4 production per unit feed intake. These efforts can help the farming community to sustain goat production in the changing climate scenario.
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Candyrine SCL, Mahadzir MF, Garba S, Jahromi MF, Ebrahimi M, Goh YM, Samsudin AA, Sazili AQ, Chen WL, Ganesh S, Ronimus R, Muetzel S, Liang JB. Effects of naturally-produced lovastatin on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbiota and methane emissions in goats over a 12-week treatment period. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199840. [PMID: 29975711 PMCID: PMC6033401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty male Saanen goats were randomly assigned to four levels of lovastatin supplementation and used to determine the optimal dosage and sustainability of naturally produced lovastatin from fermentation of palm kernel cake (PKC) with Aspergillus terreus on enteric methane (CH4) mitigation. The effects on ruminal microbiota, rumen fermentation, feed digestibility and health of animal were determined over three measuring periods (4-, 8- and 12-weeks) and the accumulation of lovastatin in tissues was determined at the end of the experiment. The diets contained 50% rice straw, 22.8% concentrates and 27.2% of various proportions of untreated or treated PKC to achieve the target daily intake level of 0 (Control), 2, 4 or 6 mg lovastatin/kg body weight (BW). Enteric CH4 emissions per dry matter intake (DMI), decreased significantly (P<0.05) and equivalent to 11% and 20.4%, respectively, for the 2 and 4 mg/kg BW groups as compared to the Control. No further decrease in CH4 emission thereafter with higher lovastatin supplementation. Lovastatin had no effect on feed digestibility and minor effect on rumen microbiota, and specifically did not reduce the populations of total methanogens and Methanobacteriales (responsible for CH4 production). Similarly, lovastatin had little effect on rumen fermentation characteristics except that the proportion of propionate increased, which led to a decreasing trend (P<0.08) in acetic: propionate ratio with increasing dosage of lovastatin. This suggests a shift in rumen fermentation pathway to favor propionate production which serves as H+ sink, partly explaining the observed CH4 reduction. No adverse physiological effects were noted in the animals except that treated PKC (containing lovastatin) was less palatable at the highest inclusion level. Lovastatin residues were detected in tissues of goats fed 6 mg lovastatin/kg BW at between 0.01 to 0.03 μg/g, which are very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Chui Len Candyrine
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mazrul Fahmi Mahadzir
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sani Garba
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Mahdi Ebrahimi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yong Meng Goh
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Awis Qurni Sazili
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wei Li Chen
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siva Ganesh
- Rumen Microbiology, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ron Ronimus
- Rumen Microbiology, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stefan Muetzel
- Rumen Microbiology, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Juan Boo Liang
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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