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Ravishankar C, Ravindran R, John AA, Divakar N, Chandy G, Joshi V, Chaudhary D, Bansal N, Singh R, Sahoo N, Mor SK, Mahajan NK, Maan S, Jindal N, Schilling MA, Herzog CM, Basu S, Radzio-Basu J, Kapur V, Goyal SM. Detection of Newcastle disease virus and assessment of associated relative risk in backyard and commercial poultry in Kerala, India. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1146-1156. [PMID: 35199954 PMCID: PMC9122440 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newcastle disease (ND) is an economically important viral disease affecting the poultry industry. In Kerala, a state in South India, incidences of ND in commercial and backyard poultry have been reported. But a systematic statewide study on the prevalence of the disease has not been carried out. Objectives A cross‐sectional survey was performed to detect the presence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in suspect cases and among apparently healthy commercial flocks and backyard poultry, in the state and to identify risk factors for NDV infection. Methods Real‐time reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR) was used to detect the M gene of NDV in choanal swabs and tissue samples collected from live and dead birds, respectively and the results were statistically analysed. Results The predominant clinical signs of the examined birds included mild respiratory signs, huddling together and greenish diarrhoea. Nervous signs in the form of torticollis were noticed in birds in some of the affected flocks. On necropsy, many birds had haemorrhages in the proventriculus and caecal tonsils which were suggestive of ND. Of the 2079 samples tested, 167 (8.0%) were positive for the NDV M‐gene by RT‐PCR. Among 893 samples collected from diseased flocks, 129 (14.5%), were positive for M gene with pairwise relative risk (RR) of 15.6 as compared to apparently healthy flocks where 6 out of 650 (0.9%) samples were positive. All positive samples were from poultry; none of the ducks, pigeons, turkey and wild birds were positive. Commercial broilers were at higher risk of infection than commercial layers (RR: 4.5) and backyard poultry (RR: 4.9). Similarly, birds reared under intensive housing conditions were at a higher risk of being infected as compared to those reared under semi‐intensive (RR: 6.7) or backyard housing (RR: 2.1). Multivariable analysis indicated that significantly higher risk of infection exists during migratory season and during ND outbreaks occurring nearby. Further, lower risk was observed with flock vaccination and backyard or semi‐intensive housing when compared to intensive housing. When the M gene positive samples were tested by RT‐PCR to determine whether the detected NDV were mesogenic/velogenic, 7 (4.2%) were positive. Conclusions In Kerala, NDV is endemic in poultry with birds reared commercially under intensive rearing systems being affected the most. The outcome of this study also provides a link between epidemiologic knowledge and the development of successful disease control measures. Statistical analysis suggests that wild bird migration season and presence of migratory birds influences the prevalence of the virus in the State. Further studies are needed to genotype and sub‐genotype the detected viruses and to generate baseline data on the prevalence of NDV strains, design better detection strategies, and determine patterns of NDV transmission across domestic poultry and wild bird populations in Kerala. A study was carried out to detect Newcastle disease virus in commercial and backyard chicken in Kerala, India, by employing real time RT‐PCR. The overall percentage positivity obtained was 8%. Risk analysis revealed significantly higher risk for broiler birds and intensive type of housing. The risk was also higher for birds housed in facilities in areas with a history of occurrence of the disease, if migratory birds were present in the area, and during bird migration season. It was also observed that vaccination had a protective effect as indicated by lower relative risk values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintu Ravishankar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, and Centre for Wildlife Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Kerala, India
| | - Rajasekhar Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, and Centre for Wildlife Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Kerala, India
| | - Anneth Alice John
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, and Centre for Wildlife Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Kerala, India
| | - Nithin Divakar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, and Centre for Wildlife Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Kerala, India
| | - George Chandy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, and Centre for Wildlife Studies, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Kerala, India
| | - Vinay Joshi
- Departments of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology and Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar, India
| | - Deepika Chaudhary
- Departments of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology and Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar, India
| | - Nitish Bansal
- Departments of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology and Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar, India
| | - Renu Singh
- Departments of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology and Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar, India
| | - Niranjana Sahoo
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Nand K Mahajan
- Departments of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology and Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar, India
| | - Sushila Maan
- Departments of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology and Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar, India
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Departments of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology and Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar, India
| | - Megan A Schilling
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Catherine M Herzog
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Saurabh Basu
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, College of Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica Radzio-Basu
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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Shinde RS, Chauhan HC, Patel AC, Sharma KK, Patel SS, Mohapatra SK, Shrimali MD, Chandel BS. VP2 gene sequencing based Geno-grouping of infectious bursal disease viruses isolated from Gujarat and Maharashtra state (India). Virusdisease 2021; 32:823-829. [PMID: 34901329 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), has recently been reported in chickens vaccinated with classical or intermediate types of vaccines from various regions of India due to the emergence of novel very virulent strains of infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV). In the present study, suspected samples of IBD were collected from poultry flocks of districts of Gujarat and Nagpur (Maharashtra), identified using PCR and grouped as per traditional and new genogrouping pattern. Out of 54 bursa samples, 21 (38.89%) yielded the expected amplicon of 743 bp (701-1444 bp), and were found positive for IBDV. Among these 21 positive flocks, 11 (52.38%) were already vaccinated. Upon nucleotide sequencing of amplicon and its deduction into amino acids, it was found that all the sequences of present study were related to vvIBDV according to old classification pattern. Considering the new genogrouping pattern, nine and four sequences of this study fell within G3a and G3b lineage, respectively. These sequences revealed important differences at key amino acid positions with respect to classical (G1 genogroup), variant (G2 genogroup) type of IBDV and classical vaccines. Further divergence from prototypic vvIBDV strains was revealed as, D-N at 212 position (N = 9) and 279 position (N = 1). In sequences from Maharashtra (group 2 of G3a lineage), occurrence of V instead of P/T/A at 222 position was recorded as a novel and conspicuous substitution in the immunodominant peak A of VP2 hypervariable region. Additional changes at 270 (3 sequences) and 272 positions (4 sequences) could be attributed to reverse mutation or recombination with vaccine strains. In conclusion, both point mutation and genetic reassortment with intermediate type of vaccines were found to be responsible for generation of novel vvIBDV strains in this area which belonged to G3a and G3b genogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh S Shinde
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
| | - Harshadkumar C Chauhan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
| | - Arun C Patel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
| | - Kishan K Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
| | - Sandip S Patel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
| | - Sushil K Mohapatra
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
| | - Mehul D Shrimali
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
| | - Bharat Singh Chandel
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (Now Under Kamdhenu University), Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha, Gujarat 385005 India
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Genetic variability in VP1 gene of infectious bursal disease virus from the field outbreaks of Kerala, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:407. [PMID: 34291320 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is considered as menace as it affects poultry industry globally causing immunosuppression, high mortality and heavy economic loss. Outbreaks of IBD were reported in many states of India including Kerala. VP1 gene acts as an important factor in the process of virus encapsidation and its involvement in viral virulence and viral replication indicates its importance in infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The present study was conducted to carry out the molecular characterization of VP1 gene of virulent IBDV in Kerala. A total of 42 samples were processed for the detection and analysis of VP1 gene of IBDV. Out of 42 samples, 21 samples were positive for VP1 gene of IBD. The phylogenetic analysis of the partial VP1 gene sequences reveals the clustering of IBDV isolates into very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) and non-virulent IBDV (vIBDV). Eighteen isolates (11 isolates from vaccinated flock and 7 from non-vaccinated flocks) clustered with very virulent strains. Three isolates (2 isolates were from vaccinated flock and 1 from non-vaccinated flock) clustered with non-virulent IBDV strains, showing more evolutionarily similarity to south Indian strain VCN14/ABT/MVC/India. It is observed that vvIBDV isolates from this study have common ancestor with the south Indian strain PY12 but showed 9-10% divergence from this strains. The amino acid analysis of these 21 isolates revealed that 17 isolates possessed the characteristic vvIBDV TDN amino acid triplet, while the three isolates had non-vIBDV NEG amino acid triplet at 145/146/147 position. The remaining isolate 1/CVASP/IBDV/VP1 shows unique PDN triplet instead of TDN. Two vvIBDV isolates (15/CVASP/IBDV/VP1 and 18/CVASP/IBDV/VP1) showed 100% nucleotide and amino acid similarity with intermediate plus vaccine strain. Four vvIBDV isolates showed neutral amino acid substitution K251R which was earlier reported in Indian strains but first time in south Indian isolates. The most common unique amino acid substitution observed in our study was neutral E269D amino acid substitution in 12 isolates, neutral amino acid substitution T329S in five isolates, neutral T174N and non-polar to polar amino acid substitution A178T in isolate 10/CVASP/IBDV/VP1, non-polar to polar amino acid substitution P360R in isolate 17/CVASP/IBDV/VP1 and non-polar to polar amino acid substitution P188S in isolate 1/CVASP/IBDV/VP1. These novel mutations in our study reveal the role of genetic drift in the evolution of vvIBDV strains. The isolate 2/CVASP/IBDV/VP1 from non-vaccinated flock shows VP1 gene of non-vIBDV, but possessing VP2 of vvIBDV type indicates this is evolved by genetic shift of segments A and B. This is the first genetic characterization study of field VP1 gene of IBDV isolates in Kerala, India.
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