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Sánchez-Giménez P, Martínez-Nicolas A, Madrid JA, Fernández R, Martínez-Alarcón L, Murciano F, Muñoz A, Ramis G. Circadian temperature rhythm in breeding sows: differences between days in oestrus and anoestrus after weaning. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:20. [PMID: 38773626 PMCID: PMC11110413 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammals are subject to circadian rhythms for the control of various physiological events. One of the parameters known to be subject to variations throughout the day is body temperature, which is also subject to influences such as environmental temperature. However, there are not many studies on these rhythms in breeding sows. The aim of this study was to determine the circadian parameters for body temperature in post-weaning sows during oestrus period, throughout the seasons in a warm climate. RESULTS Differences were observed in inter-daily stability, intra-daily fragmentation and cycle length comparing the summer sows with the other seasons. Differences were also observed in the period that the sows were in oestrus compared to the non-oestrus period for intra-daily fragmentation, with these differences being more important in the warm seasons compared to the cold seasons. The parameters normalised by COSINOR also showed significant differences when comparing seasons, especially in the acrophase of the temperature maximum. Another significant finding was an increase in vaginal temperature during oestrus in sows monitored in summer compared to the other seasons. Correlations between body, vaginal and environmental temperature were observed. CONCLUSION There is a seasonal influence on the circadian rhythm of temperature and summer is clearly the season with the greatest differences in circadian parameters when compared to the other seasons. The extreme summer conditions seem to definitely influence this rhythm and make the body and vaginal temperature of the sows different from the rest of the year. The increase in period robustness in both body and vaginal temperature during the days when sows are in oestrus could be related to the hormonal events of oestrus and ovulation and seems to be independent of weather since it occurs in all controlled seasons. However, this robustness is significantly higher in summer than in the other seasons both in the oestrus period and on days when sows are not in oestrus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Martínez-Nicolas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación en Biomedicina (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - J A Madrid
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación en Biomedicina (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - R Fernández
- Agropor SL, Las Torres de Cotillas, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Martínez-Alarcón
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación en Biomedicina (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
- UDICA, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de La Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - F Murciano
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Muñoz
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación en Biomedicina (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - G Ramis
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación en Biomedicina (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Mills MD, Pollock AB, Batey IE, O’Neil MA, Schrick FN, Payton RR, Moorey SE, Fioravanti P, Hipsher W, Zoca SM, Edwards JL. Magnitude and persistence of higher estrus-associated temperatures in beef heifers and suckled cows. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae079. [PMID: 38502838 PMCID: PMC10998462 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Higher estrus-associated temperatures (HEAT) are a hallmark feature in sexually active females. The overarching aim of this study was to characterize the variability, magnitude, and persistence of HEAT in heifers and suckled beef cows as well as identify associated factors when occurring during thermoneutral conditions at the onset of the spring breeding season. In both heifers and cows, estrus was induced using a 7-d controlled internal drug release (CIDR)-PGF2α protocol. Vaginal temperature after prostaglandin F2α administration was recorded every 5 min using a Thermochron iButton affixed to a blank CIDR (containing no progesterone). Estrus was defined as when a heifer first stood to be mounted or when a cow had an Estrotect patch score of 3 or 4. Level of HEAT varied among individual animals. When comparing common HEAT variables using a mixed model with date nested within a year, maximum HEAT (39.9 ± 0.1 and 40.0 ± 0.1 °C) and duration (15.5 ± 0.8 and 15.4 ± 0.7) were similar in heifers and cows, respectively. However, the magnitude and persistence of HEAT differed. Total area under the HEAT curve was 117.1 ± 13.5 and 158.7 ± 12.3 for heifers vs cows, respectively (P = 0.0571). Further, 42.9% of heifers and 49% of cows had maximum HEAT ≥ 40 °C which persisted up to 6.5 and 10 h, respectively. When ambient conditions were predominantly thermoneutral, temperature humidity index had minimal impact on HEAT (mixed model, repeated measures over time). Toward identifying associated factors with different aspects of HEAT using best fit hierarchical linear regression models, baseline vaginal temperature and baseline duration were the most highly associated independent variables. Follicle size, estradiol and progesterone levels, and other available animal-related variables (e.g., age, weight, hair coat score) explained only a small amount of variation in HEAT. In summary, level of HEAT varies in estrus females even under thermoneutral conditions. Because HEAT can persist for an extended time, direct effects on fertility important components are unavoidable. Whether HEAT is a good or bad component of the periovulatory microenvironment is the basis of ongoing and future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Mills
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Abigayle B Pollock
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Ian E Batey
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Michael A O’Neil
- Office of Innovative Technologies—Research Computing Support, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - F Neal Schrick
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Rebecca R Payton
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sarah E Moorey
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Pablo Fioravanti
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Will Hipsher
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Saulo M Zoca
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - J Lannett Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture and AgResearch, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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3
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Silva MVD, Pandorfi H, Peixoto MSM, Barbosa Filho JAD, Almeida GLPD, Oliveira da Silva IJ, Oliveira KPLD, Viana VDSS, Oliveira-Júnior JFD, Guiselini C, Marinho GTB, Mesquita M, Santos RC, Macêdo GAPDA, Ferreira MB, Jardim AMDRF, Silva JLBD. Vaginal temperature modeling in Holstein cows and cluster analysis by the cophenetic correlation coefficient. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103580. [PMID: 37327615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to establish a model for the prediction and characterization of vaginal temperature in Holstein cows, based on environmental predictors and thermal comfort indices, through cluster analysis, validation by the cophenetic correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. The micrometeorological characterization of the site was carried out by recording the air temperature (Tair), the relative humidity (RH), the black globe temperature (BGT), the black globe temperature and humidity (BGHI), and dew point temperature (TDP). The recording of vaginal temperature (Tv) was performed in eight dairy cows using temperature sensors, equipped with data loggers, coupled with intravaginal devices. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and cluster analysis (CA) by using the hierarchical agglomerative method based on the value of the cophenetic correlation coefficient (CCC >0.70), in which representative physiological models were established, characterizing the Tv through multiple regression. In the afternoon the coefficient of variation (CV) was low for all variables, indicating homogeneity of the meteorological variables and efficiency of the ventilation system. The temperature and humidity index (THI) was mild only on the morning. There was a variation of 0.28 °C of Tv between shifts, sufficient to characterize the condition of comfort and stress of the animal, with values above 39 °C indicating animal stress. Tv showed strong correlation with BGT, Tair, TDP and RH, assuming that physiological variables, such as Tv, tend to have greater relationship with abiotic variables. Empirical models were established for estimating Tv based on the analyses performed in this study. Model 1 is recommended for TDP ranges of 14.00-21.00 °C and RH of 30-100%, while model 2 can be used for Tair situations up to 35 °C. The regression models for estimating Tv are promising for characterizing the thermal comfort of dairy cows housed in compost barn systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Vinícius da Silva
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Avenue, SN, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil.
| | - Héliton Pandorfi
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Avenue, SN, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gledson Luiz Pontes de Almeida
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Avenue, SN, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Iran José Oliveira da Silva
- Animal Environment Research Nucleus (NUPEA) - University of São Paulo (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cristiane Guiselini
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Avenue, SN, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Thales Barboza Marinho
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Avenue, SN, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Marcio Mesquita
- Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Goiás, Esperança Avenue, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Couto Santos
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, Campus Universitário (Unidade II), Caixa-Postal: 533, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Beatriz Ferreira
- Department of Forest Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Maniçoba da Rosa Ferraz Jardim
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Avenue, SN, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Jhon Lennon Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros Avenue, SN, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
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Han CS, Kaur U, Bai H, Roqueto dos Reis B, White R, Nawrocki RA, Voyles RM, Kang MG, Priya S. Invited review: Sensor technologies for real-time monitoring of the rumen environment. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6379-6404. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ujita A, Seekford Z, Kott M, Goncherenko G, Dias NW, Feuerbacher E, Bergamasco L, Jacobs L, Eversole DE, Negrão JA, Mercadante VRG. Habituation Protocols Improve Behavioral and Physiological Responses of Beef Cattle Exposed to Students in an Animal Handling Class. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082159. [PMID: 34438617 PMCID: PMC8388410 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Students in agricultural programs have the opportunity to interact with animals during different teaching activities. However, students’ interactions with livestock may be distressing to the animals and can affect the students’ and animals’ safety. We investigate whether two human-animal habituation strategies, one with positive tactile stimulation and one without, would improve behavioral and physiological responses of beef heifers during a livestock handling class. Overall, heifers that received a habituation treatment had more positive behavior responses, and decreased physiological stress responses in comparison to heifers that were not exposed to habituation. Furthermore, the heifers exposed to the habituation with a positive tactile stimulation had the greatest improvements in behavior in comparison to control and non-stimulated heifers, exhibiting more positive behaviors when interacting with humans. Strategies to habituate cattle to human interaction with positive stimulation aligned with training humans that handle and interact with cattle on best practices and cattle behavior can improve behavior, reduce stress-related physiological responses and enhance safety for both humans and animals. Abstract Our objective was to determine the impact of different habituation protocols on beef cattle behavior, physiology, and temperament in response to human handling. Beef heifers were exposed to three habituation strategies: (1) tactile stimulation (brushing) in the working chute for seven consecutive days (STI; n = 18); (2) passage through the working chute for seven consecutive days (CHU; n = 19) and; (3) no habituation (CON; n = 19). Individual heifer respiratory rate (RR; n/min), internal vaginal temperature (VAGT; °C), and blood cortisol were measured. Further, behavior parameters were observed to generate a behavior score, and heifer interaction with students and their behavioral responses were recorded. Habituation with STI and CHU resulted in improved numerical behavioral scores compared to CON, and greater (p ≤ 0.05) handling latencies. Vaginal temperature was decreased in STI compared to CHU and CONT (p ≤ 0.05). Cortisol concentration did not differ among treatments, but decreased (p ≤ 0.05) from the start of the experiment to 14 days after treatment initiation. Both habituation protocols showed benefits, but heifers that received the positive tactile stimulation in the chute had the greatest behavior improvements. Furthermore, these heifers responded more calmly during student-animal interactions in class, which is beneficial for the students’ and animals’ safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aska Ujita
- Basic Science Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil; (A.U.); (J.A.N.)
| | - Zachary Seekford
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (Z.S.); (M.K.); (N.W.D.); (E.F.); (L.B.); (L.J.); (D.E.E.)
| | - Michelle Kott
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (Z.S.); (M.K.); (N.W.D.); (E.F.); (L.B.); (L.J.); (D.E.E.)
| | - Guillermo Goncherenko
- Polo Agroflorestal CENUR-Noroeste, Faculdad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la Republica, Melo, CL 91500, Uruguay;
| | - Nicholas W. Dias
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (Z.S.); (M.K.); (N.W.D.); (E.F.); (L.B.); (L.J.); (D.E.E.)
| | - Erica Feuerbacher
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (Z.S.); (M.K.); (N.W.D.); (E.F.); (L.B.); (L.J.); (D.E.E.)
| | - Luciana Bergamasco
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (Z.S.); (M.K.); (N.W.D.); (E.F.); (L.B.); (L.J.); (D.E.E.)
| | - Leonie Jacobs
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (Z.S.); (M.K.); (N.W.D.); (E.F.); (L.B.); (L.J.); (D.E.E.)
| | - Dan E. Eversole
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (Z.S.); (M.K.); (N.W.D.); (E.F.); (L.B.); (L.J.); (D.E.E.)
| | - João A. Negrão
- Basic Science Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil; (A.U.); (J.A.N.)
| | - Vitor R. G. Mercadante
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (Z.S.); (M.K.); (N.W.D.); (E.F.); (L.B.); (L.J.); (D.E.E.)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech. Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Correspondence:
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Mohamed RH, El-Maaty AMA, Mohamed RS, Wehrend A, Ali F, Hussein HA. Investigations on the vaginal temperature, cycle stages, and steroid hormone concentrations during the breeding season in camels ( Camelus dromedarius). Vet World 2021; 14:1102-1108. [PMID: 34220109 PMCID: PMC8243658 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1102-1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Estrus detection plays a crucial role in the success of animal reproduction. It was previously reported that body temperature changes during estrus. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vaginal temperatures (VTs) measured by a data logger, ovarian activity, and hormonal cyclic changes in camels. Materials and Methods: Six mature, healthy, non-pregnant dromedary, and 10-12-year-old camels were included in the study. The ovarian activity was monitored with ultrasonography, and estrus behavior was evaluated using an active and virile male camel. Animals were inserted with a blank controlled internal drug release device attached with an intravaginal data logger. Every hour, the ambient temperature was recorded by another data logger. Blood samples were collected, and sera were used to measure estradiol and progesterone levels. Results: The whole follicular cycle lasted 25.41±1.36 days, and the maximum sizes of the dominant follicle in the first and second follicular waves were 1.63±0.27 cm and 1.94±0.42 cm, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the follicular diameter and estradiol-17b level (p<0.01, r=0.397). There was no correlation between the follicular diameter and progesterone level (p>0.05, r=0.038), which remained low during the whole period of the experiment. The mean daily VT was significantly correlated with the diameter of the dominant follicle (1.7-2.2 cm, p<0.01, r=0.52). Conclusion: Measurement of VT will improve the accuracy of estrus prediction. Further studies are recommended to validate VT in camel reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragab H Mohamed
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Amal M Abo El-Maaty
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Tahrir St., Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha S Mohamed
- Department of Animal Health, Animal and Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals with a Veterinary Ambulance, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fatma Ali
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Hassan A Hussein
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
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Shu H, Wang W, Guo L, Bindelle J. Recent Advances on Early Detection of Heat Strain in Dairy Cows Using Animal-Based Indicators: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:980. [PMID: 33915761 PMCID: PMC8066310 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In pursuit of precision livestock farming, the real-time measurement for heat strain-related data has been more and more valued. Efforts have been made recently to use more sensitive physiological indicators with the hope to better inform decision-making in heat abatement in dairy farms. To get an insight into the early detection of heat strain in dairy cows, the present review focuses on the recent efforts developing early detection methods of heat strain in dairy cows based on body temperatures and respiratory dynamics. For every candidate animal-based indicator, state-of-the-art measurement methods and existing thresholds were summarized. Body surface temperature and respiration rate were concluded to be the best early indicators of heat strain due to their high feasibility of measurement and sensitivity to heat stress. Future studies should customize heat strain thresholds according to different internal and external factors that have an impact on the sensitivity to heat stress. Wearable devices are most promising to achieve real-time measurement in practical dairy farms. Combined with internet of things technologies, a comprehensive strategy based on both animal- and environment-based indicators is expected to increase the precision of early detection of heat strain in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shu
- Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100086, China;
- AgroBioChem/TERRA, Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Wensheng Wang
- Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100086, China;
| | - Leifeng Guo
- Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100086, China;
| | - Jérôme Bindelle
- AgroBioChem/TERRA, Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
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