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Neofytou MC, Hager-Theodorides AL, Sfakianaki E, Simitzis P, Symeou S, Sparaggis D, Tzamaloukas O, Miltiadou D. The Dietary Inclusion of Ensiled Olive Cake Increases Unsaturated Lipids in Milk and Alters the Expression of Lipogenic Genes in Mammary and Adipose Tissue in Goats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3418. [PMID: 37958173 PMCID: PMC10650401 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the dietary inclusion of ensiled OC on milk yield, composition, fatty acid (FA) profile, and the expression of selected genes involved in lipid metabolism in the udder and adipose tissue of goats. Seventy-two Damascus dairy goats in mid-lactation were assigned randomly to three iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic diets containing 0, 10, and 20% of ensiled OC as a replacement of forage (OC0, OC10, and OC20, respectively) for 42 days. During weeks 5 and 6 of the trial, dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and FA profiles were recorded, while mammary and perirenal adipose tissue samples were also collected from six animals per treatment from the OC0 and OC20 groups for gene expression analysis. No significant differences were observed among groups concerning milk yield, 4% fat-corrected milk, fat, or protein yield (kg/d). In contrast, the milk fat percentage was gradually increased with increasing OC inclusion rates in the diets, while milk protein percentages were elevated in both OC groups but significantly only in the milk of the OC20 group. The content of FA between C4:0 to C16:0 was reduced, while mono-unsaturated FA (MUFA) concentration was enhanced in the goat milk of OC groups. The OC feeding treatment was associated with the increased mammary expression of SLC2A1 (p < 0.05), VLDLR (p < 0.01), FABP3 (p < 0.01), and elevated SLC2A1 (p < 0.05) and FASN (p < 0.01) gene expression in the adipose tissue of goats fed the OC20 diet. Overall, OC can be used in goats' diets as a forage replacement, at least in the inclusion rate of 20% DM, since this could increase the milk protein and fat percentage and enrich its content with beneficial for human health lipids without adversely affecting milk production traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C. Neofytou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, P.O. Box 50329 Limassol, Cyprus; (M.C.N.); (S.S.); (O.T.); (D.M.)
| | - Ariadne-Loukia Hager-Theodorides
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.-L.H.-T.); (E.S.)
| | - Eleni Sfakianaki
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.-L.H.-T.); (E.S.)
| | - Panagiotis Simitzis
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.-L.H.-T.); (E.S.)
| | - Simoni Symeou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, P.O. Box 50329 Limassol, Cyprus; (M.C.N.); (S.S.); (O.T.); (D.M.)
| | | | - Ouranios Tzamaloukas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, P.O. Box 50329 Limassol, Cyprus; (M.C.N.); (S.S.); (O.T.); (D.M.)
| | - Despoina Miltiadou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, P.O. Box 50329 Limassol, Cyprus; (M.C.N.); (S.S.); (O.T.); (D.M.)
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Grape, Pomegranate, Olive, and Tomato By-Products Fed to Dairy Ruminants Improve Milk Fatty Acid Profile without Depressing Milk Production. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040865. [PMID: 36832939 PMCID: PMC9957115 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous increase in the cost of feeds and the need to improve the sustainability of animal production require the identification of alternative feeds, such as those derived from the agro-industrial sector, that can be effectively used for animal nutrition. Since these by-products (BP) are sources of bioactive substances, especially polyphenols, they may play an important role as a new resource for improving the nutritional value of animal-derived products, being effective in the modulation of the biohydrogenation process in the rumen, and, hence, in the composition of milk fatty acids (FA). The main objective of this work was to evaluate if the inclusion of BP in the diets of dairy ruminants, as a partial replacement of concentrates, could improve the nutritional quality of dairy products without having negative effects on animal production traits. To meet this goal, we summarized the effects of widespread agro-industrial by-products such as grape pomace or grape marc, pomegranate, olive cake, and tomato pomace on milk production, milk composition, and FA profile in dairy cows, sheep, and goats. The results evidenced that substitution of part of the ratio ingredients, mainly concentrates, in general, does not affect milk production and its main components, but at the highest tested doses, it can depress the yield within the range of 10-12%. However, the general positive effect on milk FA profile was evident by using almost all BP at different tested doses. The inclusion of these BP in the ration, from 5% up to 40% of dry matter (DM), did not depress milk yield, fat, or protein production, demonstrating positive features in terms of both economic and environmental sustainability and the reduction of human-animal competition for food. The general improvement of the nutritional quality of milk fat related to the inclusion of these BP in dairy ruminant diets is an important advantage for the commercial promotion of dairy products resulting from the recycling of agro-industrial by-products.
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Bionda A, Lopreiato V, Crepaldi P, Chiofalo V, Fazio E, Oteri M, Amato A, Liotta L. Diet supplemented with olive cake as a model of circular economy: Metabolic and endocrine responses of beef cattle. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1077363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionIntegrating by-products into livestock diet represents a great opportunity for implementing the concept of circular economy while reducing feed costs. Olive cake (OC) is considered an agro-industrial waste, but the high content of valuable metabolites makes it a promising feed integration. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of OC integration in beef cattle diet on different blood parameters.MethodsForty-eight young growing fattening Limousines-−24 bulls (body weight 350 ± 15 kg) and 24 heifers (280 ± 10 kg)—, aged 240 ± 20 days, were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 dietary treatments: concentrate at 0% (Control group: CTR), 10% (Low-olive cake group: L-OC), or 15% (High-olive cake group: H-OC) of OC inclusion. Blood samples and body weights were collected before administrating the supplemented diet (0 d), at the end of the stocker growing phase (56 d), and at the end of the fattening (147 d). After being slaughtered, animal carcasses were weighted. A linear regression model was fitted for each blood parameter with the 0 d as covariate and diet, time, sex, diet × time, and diet × sex as fixed effects.ResultsIn males, body weight was highest in CTR, but carcass weight was similar in all the groups. All the blood parameters were within physiological ranges, independently from the animal diet. CTR group showed the highest alanine aminotransferase (ALT, P = 0.0027) and creatine kinase (P = 0.0119), whereas total bilirubin (P = 0.0023) was higher in H-OC than in CTR. Moreover, ALT was highest in CTR at 56 d, becoming similar in all the groups at 147 d (P = 0.0280). Instead, the increase observed in total cholesterol from 56 to 147 d was lower in H-OC compared with CTR and L-OC (P = 0.0451). A significant effect of diet × sex interaction was observed on triglycerides, urea, liver enzymes, and insulin. These data support the OC inclusion of up to 15% of the concentrate with no detrimental effect on beef cattle metabolic status.DiscussionIn conclusion, OC can be considered as a component in beef diet giving an opportunity to improve agriculture sustainability.
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Tzamaloukas O, Neofytou MC, Simitzis PE, Miltiadou D. Effect of Farming System (Organic vs. Conventional) and Season on Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Bovine, Caprine and Ovine Milk and Retail Halloumi Cheese Produced in Cyprus. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051016. [PMID: 34066569 PMCID: PMC8148595 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of farming practices and season on the fat and protein content and fatty acid (FA) profile of milk and Halloumi cheese produced in Cyprus. Over a year, raw bulk-tank milk samples from cow, goat, and sheep farms were collected seasonally from all organic (11) and representative conventional (44) dairy farms, whereas Fresh Halloumi cheese samples were collected monthly from retail outlets (48 organic and 48 conventional samples in total). The different farming practices did not affect the milk fat content of ruminants, while protein levels were decreased in organic bovine and caprine milk. Under organic farming practices, milk and cheese contained increased values of total mono-unsaturated FA (MUFA) and poly-unsaturated FA (PUFA), and specific FA, such as oleic, conjugated linoleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids. Total saturated FA (SFA) levels were particularly decreased in organic samples and, consequently, the atherogenic indices of milk and cheese were decreased. Season influenced milk and Halloumi cheese FA profile; spring samples had lower SFA and higher PUFA and MUFA concentrations. Overall, the organic farm practices improved the lipid profile of milk and Halloumi cheese, which is more likely attributed to the different feeding strategies applied in organic dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouranios Tzamaloukas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus; (M.C.N.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +357-2500-2437
| | - Marina C. Neofytou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus; (M.C.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Panagiotis E. Simitzis
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Despoina Miltiadou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus; (M.C.N.); (D.M.)
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Neofytou MC, Miltiadou D, Symeou S, Sparaggis D, Tzamaloukas O. Short-term forage substitution with ensiled olive cake increases beneficial milk fatty acids in lactating cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:257. [PMID: 33846852 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of short-term forage substitution with ensiled olive cake (OC), on yield, composition and fatty acid (FA) profile of cows' milk. Mid-lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were randomly assigned for 21 days to two isoenergetic and isoproteic feeding treatments (12 animals per treatment), containing 0 and 10% DM of ensiled OC (C and OC groups, respectively). Milk yield was recorded daily, and milk samples were collected at 14 and 21 days of the trial for analyzing the fat, protein, and FA profile of milk. No significant differences were observed in milk yield, protein, and fat nor in protein and fat percentage of milk between groups. However, dietary supplementation with ensiled OC modified the FA profile of cow milk. Feeding cows with ensiled OC resulted in a significant decline of medium-chain FA, while long-chain and mono-unsaturated FA were risen in milk (P < 0.05). Among individual saturated FA, palmitic was particularly reduced, while among individual mono-unsaturated FA, increments of C18:1 cis-9 were demonstrated with the OC treatment (P < 0.05). Although total poly-unsaturated FA were decreased, the concentration of CLA cis-9, trans-11 tended to be elevated with OC feeding (P = 0.06). Overall, short-term forage substitution with ensiled OC improved, beneficially for human health, the lipid profile of milk without adversely affecting milk yield or milk composition of lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C Neofytou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, P.O Box 50329, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Despoina Miltiadou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, P.O Box 50329, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Simoni Symeou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, P.O Box 50329, Limassol, Cyprus
| | | | - Ouranios Tzamaloukas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, P.O Box 50329, Limassol, Cyprus.
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