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Evans A, Madder M, Fourie J, Halos L, Kumsa B, Kimbita E, Byaruhanga J, Mwiine FN, Muhanguzi D, Adehan SB, Toure A, Nzalawahe J, Aboagye-Antwi F, Ogo NI, Meyer L, Jongejan F, Cheikhi IB, Fisher M, Holdsworth P. Acaricide resistance status of livestock ticks from East and West Africa and in vivo efficacy of acaricides to control them. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 25:100541. [PMID: 38761529 PMCID: PMC11133915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Through a collaborative effort across six Sub-Saharan African countries, using recognized international assessment techniques, 23 stocks of three tick species (Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum) of economic importance for rural small holder farming communities from East and West Africa were collected from cattle, and evaluated in in vitro larval packet tests (LPT). The results demonstrated medium to high resistance to chlorfenvinphos and amitraz across species. Rhipicephalus microplus demonstrated high level alpha-cypermethrin and cypermethrin resistance. Stocks of A. variegatum (West Africa) and R. appendiculatus (Uganda) demonstrated medium level ivermectin resistance. The four least susceptible stocks (East and West African R. microplus, A. variegatum and R. appendiculatus) were taken into in vivo controlled cattle studies where fipronil was found effective against West and East African R. microplus isolates although persistent efficacy failed to reach 90%. Cymiazole and cypermethrin, and ivermectin based acaricides were partially effective against R. microplus without persistent efficacy. Flumethrin spray-on killed A. variegatum within 72 h for up to 10 days posttreatment, however product application was directly to tick attachment sites, which may be impractical under field conditions. A flumethrin pour-on formulation on goats provided persistent efficacy against A. variegatum for up to one-month. Therapeutic control was achieved against R. appendiculatus through weekly spraying cattle with flumethrin, amitraz or combined cymiazole and cypermethrin. A fipronil pour-on product offered four-week residual control against R. appendiculatus (with slow onset of action). Few studies have assessed and directly compared acaricidal activity in vitro and in vivo. There was some discordance between efficacy indicated by LPT and in vivo results. This observation calls for more research into accurate and affordable assessment methods for acaricide resistance. No single active or product was effective against all three tick species, emphasising the need for the development of alternative integrated tick management solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Evans
- Clinglobal, B03/04, The Tamarin Commercial Hub, Jacaranda Avenue, Tamarin, 90903, Mauritius.
| | - Maxime Madder
- Clinglobal, B03/04, The Tamarin Commercial Hub, Jacaranda Avenue, Tamarin, 90903, Mauritius.
| | - Josephus Fourie
- Clinvet USA, 1479 Talmadge Hill South, Waverly, NY, 14892, USA.
| | - Lénaïg Halos
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Bersissa Kumsa
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Elikira Kimbita
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Joseph Byaruhanga
- Department of Bio-molecular Resources and Bio-laboratory Sciences (BBS), College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Frank Norbert Mwiine
- Department of Bio-molecular Resources and Bio-laboratory Sciences (BBS), College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Dennis Muhanguzi
- Department of Bio-molecular Resources and Bio-laboratory Sciences (BBS), College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Safiou Bienvenu Adehan
- National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRAB), Animal and Fisheries Health and Nutrition Support Laboratory (LASNAH), 01 BP 884, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Alassane Toure
- Université Nangui Abrogoua, UFR Sciences de la Nature, 02 Bp 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire, Nigeria.
| | - Jahashi Nzalawahe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Fred Aboagye-Antwi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Ndudim Isaac Ogo
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Leon Meyer
- Clinvet S.A., Douar Dbabej, Beni Yekhlef B.P 301, CP 28815, Mohammedia, Morocco.
| | - Frans Jongejan
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | | | - Maggie Fisher
- Veterinary Research Management Limited, Shernacre Cottage, Lower Howsell Road, Malvern, WR141UX, Worcestershire, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter Holdsworth
- PAH Consultancy Pty Ltd, 3/27 Gaunson Crescent, Wanniassa, Canberra, ACT, 2903, Australia.
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Matika O, Foster S, Githaka N, Owido G, Ngetich C, Mwendia C, Brown H, Caulfield J, Watson K, Djikeng A, Birkett M. Investigating volatile semiochemical production from Bos taurus and Bos indicus as a novel phenotype for breeding host resistance to ixodid ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102200. [PMID: 37216729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases cause significant loss in livestock production with about 80% world's cattle at risk. The cost of chemical control is high and there is an ever-increasing tick resistance to chemical acaricides. Genetic selection as alternative long-term control strategy is constrained by laborious phenotyping using tick counts or scores. This study explored the use of host volatile semiochemicals that may be attractants or repellents to ticks as a phenotype for new tick resistance, with potential to be used as a proxy in selection programmes. Approximately 100 young cattle composed of Bos indicus and Bos taurus were artificially infested with 2,500 African blue tick, Rhipicephalus decoloratus larvae, with daily female tick (4.5 mm) counts taken from day 20 post-infestation. Volatile organic compounds were sampled from cattle before and after tick infestation by dynamic headspace collection, analysed by high-resolution gas chromatography (GC) and subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. Using 6-day repeated measure analysis, three pre-infestation GC peaks (BI938 - unknown, BI966 - 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and BI995 - hexyl acetate) and one post-infestation GC peak (AI933 - benzaldehyde / (E)-2-heptenal) were associated with tick resistance (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 respectively). The high correlation coefficients (r = 0.66) between repeated records with all volatile compounds support the potential predictive value for volatile compounds in selective breeding programmes for tick resistance in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswald Matika
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus EH25 9RG, UK; Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sarah Foster
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Naftaly Githaka
- The Tick Unit, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Gad Owido
- The Tick Unit, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Collins Ngetich
- The Tick Unit, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Charles Mwendia
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department, Egerton University, PO Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Helen Brown
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus EH25 9RG, UK
| | - John Caulfield
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Kellie Watson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus EH25 9RG, UK; Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus EH25 9RG, UK; Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael Birkett
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
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