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Sitovs A, Sartini I, Giorgi M. Levofloxacin in veterinary medicine: a literature review. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:111-126. [PMID: 33964616 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A potent third-generation antimicrobial fluoroquinolone drug, levofloxacin was introduced into human clinical practice in 1993. Levofloxacin is also used in veterinary medicine, however its use is limited: it is completely banned for veterinary use in the EU, and used extralabel in only companion animals in the USA. Since its introduction to clinical practice, many studies have been published on levofloxacin in animal species, including pharmacokinetic studies, tissue drug depletion, efficacy, and animal microbial isolate susceptibility to levofloxacin. This literature overview highlights the most clinically relevant and scientifically important levofloxacin studies linked to the field of veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Sitovs
- Department of Pharmacology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
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Sartini I, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Kim TW, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Pharmacokinetic and tissue analyses of levofloxacin in sheep (Ovis aries Linnaeus) after multiple-dose administration. Res Vet Sci 2019; 128:124-128. [PMID: 31778853 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of LFX in sheep after intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration of 2 mg/kg LFX once a day for 5 days and to evaluate its tissue depletion in the muscles, heart, liver, lungs, and kidneys. Twenty healthy female sheep were randomly divided into two equal groups. Each group was further randomly subdivided into two equal subgroups (n = 5). Group 1 was used for blood collection and underwent a crossover design (2 × 2 Latin square). Group 2 was randomly subdivided into two equal subgroups (n = 5) for IV and PO route respectively, and used for tissue collection. A single sheep was sacrificed at each time point and the organs were harvested. Samples were analyzed using a validated HPLC method with fluorescence detection. LFX administered orally was rapidly absorbed with a peak plasma concentration of 2866 ± 239 ng/mL and an absolute oral bioavailability of 114 ± 27.7%. The pharmacokinetic estimates were comparable between PO and IV administration. According to the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic surrogate index (area under the curve / minimum inhibitory concentration) of 100-125, LFX has the potential to be an effective treatment for infections caused by bacteria with a MIC of 0.049-0.061 μg/mL. LFX was detected for up to 48 h in all the tissues samples. The kidney had the highest LFX concentration after IV and PO administration. The AUCtissue/plasma ratio was lower than 1 in all tissues indicating absence of LFX tissue accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Protection, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tae Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
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Landoni MF, Albarellos GA. Pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin after single intravenous, oral and subcutaneous administration to dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:171-178. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fabiana Landoni
- Cátedra de Farmacología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; CONICET; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gabriela Alejandra Albarellos
- Cátedra de Farmacología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
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Lee HK, DeVito V, Vercelli C, Tramuta C, Nebbia P, Re G, Kovalenko K, Giorgi M. Ex vivo antibacterial activity of levofloxacin against Escherichia coli and its pharmacokinetic profile following intravenous and oral administrations in broilers. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Aboubakr M, Uney K, Elmas M. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile of levofloxacin following intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration in turkeys. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:115-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.860214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Levofloxacin in Healthy and Renal Damaged Muscovy Ducks following Intravenous and Oral Administration. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:986806. [PMID: 24707439 PMCID: PMC3971850 DOI: 10.1155/2014/986806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics aspects of levofloxacin were studied in healthy and experimentally renal damaged Muscovy ducks after single intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) dose of 10 mg kg−1 bwt. Following IV administration, elimination half-life (t1/2(β)) and mean residence time (MRT) were longer in renal damaged ducks than in healthy ones. Total clearance (Cltot) in renal damaged ducks (0.20 L kg−1 h−1) was significantly lower as compared to that in healthy ones (0.41 L kg−1 h−1). Following PO administration, the peak serum concentration (Cmax) was higher in renal damaged than in healthy ducks and was achieved at maximum time (tmax) of 2.47 and 2.05 h, respectively. The drug was eliminated (t1/2(el)) at a significant slower rate (3.94 h) in renal damaged than in healthy ducks (2.89 h). The pharmacokinetic profile of levofloxacin is altered in renal damaged ducks due to the increased serum levofloxacin concentrations compared with that in clinically healthy ducks. Oral administration of levofloxacin at 10 mg kg−1 bwt may be highly efficacious against susceptible bacteria in ducks. Also, the dose of levofloxacin should be reduced in renal damaged ducks. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration revealed significantly higher values for Cmax/MIC and AUC/MIC ratios in renal damaged ducks than in healthy ones, indicating the excellent pharmacokinetic characteristics of levofloxacin in renal damaged ducks.
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Aboubakr M. Pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) following intravenous and oral administration. Br Poult Sci 2012; 53:784-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.745928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Patel UD, Patel JH, Bhavsar SK, Thaker AM. Pharmacokinetics of Levofloxacin Following Intravenous and Subcutaneous Administration in Sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2012.85.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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D. Patel U, H. Patel J, D. Varia R, B. Patel H, K. Bhavsar S, M. Thaker A. Disposition Kinetic of Levofloxacin in Experimentally Induced Febrile Model of Sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2012.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Goudah A, Hasabelnaby S. Disposition kinetics of levofloxacin in sheep after intravenous and intramuscular administration. Vet Med Int 2010; 2010:727231. [PMID: 21052556 PMCID: PMC2971565 DOI: 10.4061/2010/727231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was planned to investigate the disposition kinetics of levofloxacin in plasma of female native Barky breed sheep after single intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration of 4 mg/kg body weight. The concentrations of levofloxacin in the plasma were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a UV detector on samples collected at 0, 0.08, 0.16, 0.33, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 32, and 48 h after treatment. Following intravenous injection, the decline in plasma drug concentration was biexponential with half-lives of (t1/2α) 0.33 ± 0.12 h and (t1/2β) 3.29 ± 0.23 h for distribution and elimination phases, respectively. The volume of distribution at steady state V(d(ss)) was 0.86 ± 0.23 l/kg. After intramuscular administration of levofloxacin at the same dose, the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 3.1 ± 0.35 μg/mL and was obtained at 1.64 ± 0.29 h (Tmax), the elimination half-life (T1/2el)
was 3.58 ± 0.30 h, and AUC was 20.24 ± 1.31 μg.h/mL. The systemic bioavailability was 91.35 ± 6.81 %. In vitro plasma protein binding was 23.74%. When approved therapy fails, levofloxacin may be used in some countries for therapy of food animals, however, that is not true in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Goudah
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, P.O. Box 12211, Egypt
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GOUDAH A, ABO-EL-SOOUD K. Pharmacokinetics, urinary excretion and milk penetration of levofloxacin in lactating goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:101-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dumka VK. Disposition kinetics and dosage regimen of levofloxacin on concomitant administration with paracetamol in crossbred calves. J Vet Sci 2008; 8:357-60. [PMID: 17993749 PMCID: PMC2868151 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2007.8.4.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The disposition kinetics of levofloxacin was investigated in six male crossbred calves following single intravenous administration, at a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight, into the jugular vein subsequent to a single intramuscular injection of paracetamol (50 mg/kg). At 1 min after the injection of levofloxacin, the concentration of levofloxacin in plasma was 17.2 ± 0.36 µg/ml, which rapidly declined to 6.39 ± 0.16 µg/ml at 10 min. The drug level above the MIC90 in plasma, was detected for up to 10 h. Levofloxacin was rapidly distributed from blood to the tissue compartment as evidenced by the high values of the distribution coefficient, α (17.3 ± 1.65 /h) and the ratio of K12/K21 (1.83 ± 0.12). The values of AUC and Vdarea were 12.7 ± 0.12 µg.h/ml and 0.63 ± 0.01 l/kg. The high ratio of the AUC/MIC (126.9 ± 1.18) obtained in this study indicated the excellent antibacterial activity of levofloxacin in calves. The elimination half-life, MRT and total body clearance were 1.38 ± 0.01 h, 1.88 ± 0.01 h and 0.32 ± 0.003 l/kg/h, respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic parameters, an appropriate intravenous dosage regimen for levofloxacin would be 5 mg/kg repeated at 24 h intervals when prescribed with paracetamol in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod K Dumka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141004, India.
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GOUDAH A, ABO EL-SOOUD K, SHIM JH, SHIN HC, ABD EL-ATY AM. Characterization of the pharmacokinetic disposition of levofloxacin in stallions after intravenous and intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31:399-405. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dumka VK, Singh H, Srivastava AK. Disposition kinetics and urinary excretion of levofloxacin on concomitant administration with meloxicam in cross-bred calves. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 26:56-60. [PMID: 21783888 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2007] [Revised: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The disposition kinetics and urinary excretion study of levofloxacin was conducted in 5 male cross-bred calves following its single intravenous administration (4mgkg(-1)) concurrently with meloxicam (0.5mgkg(-1)). Levofloxacin was estimated by microbiological assay. The drug levels above MIC(90) in plasma, were detected up to 10h. Disposition kinetic parameters were calculated by two-compartment open model. Rapid distribution of levofloxacin was evidenced by a small distribution half-life (0.13±0.01h) and high K(12)/K(21) ratio (2.21±0.15). High ratio of AUC/MIC (90.2±3.41) indicated good antibacterial activity of levofloxacin. The AUC, Vd(area), elimination half-life, MRT and total body clearance were 9.02±0.34μgml(-1)h, 1.38±0.05lkg(-)1, 2.16±0.08h, 2.58±0.11h and 0.45±0.02lkg(-1)h(-1), respectively. About 38.4% of the administered dose of levofloxacin was excreted in urine within 24h. A suitable intravenous dosage regimen for levofloxacin would be 1.8mgkg(-1) repeated at 8h intervals when prescribed with meloxicam in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Dumka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
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