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López-Martínez MJ, Ornelas MAS, Amarie RE, Manzanilla EG, Martínez-Subiela S, Tecles F, Tvarijonaviciute A, Escribano D, González-Bulnes A, Cerón JJ, López-Arjona M, Muñoz-Prieto A. Changes in salivary biomarkers of stress, inflammation, redox status, and muscle damage due to Streptococcus suis infection in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:100. [PMID: 37525237 PMCID: PMC10388462 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a Gram-positive bacteria that infects pigs causing meningitis, arthritis, pneumonia, or endocarditis. This increases the mortality in pig farms deriving in severe economic losses. The use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid has various advantages compared to blood, especially in pigs. In this study, it was hypothesized that saliva could reflect changes in different biomarkers related to stress, inflammation, redox status, and muscle damage in pigs with S. suis infection and that changes in these biomarkers could be related to the severity of the disease. RESULTS A total of 56 growing pigs from a farm were selected as infected pigs (n = 28) and healthy pigs (n = 28). Results showed increases in biomarkers related to stress (alpha-amylase and oxytocin), inflammation (haptoglobin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), total protein, S100A8-A9 and S100A12), redox status (advanced oxidation protein producs (AOPP)) and muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, troponin I, lactate, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase). An increase in adenosine deaminase (ADA), procalcitonin, and aldolase in infected animals were also observed, as previously described. The grade of severity of the disease indicated a significant positive correlation with total protein concentrations, aspartate aminotransferase, aldolase, and AOPP. CONCLUSIONS This report revealed that S. suis infection caused variations in analytes related to stress, inflammation, redox status, and muscle damage in the saliva of pigs and these can be considered potential biomarkers for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Mario Andre S Ornelas
- Pig Development Department, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roxana Elena Amarie
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edgar Garcia Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, 46115, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
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