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Goraichuk IV, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Kapczynski DR, Sary K, Kulkarni A, Suarez DL. Introduction of Avian metapneumovirus subtype A to the United States: molecular insights and implications. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1428248. [PMID: 39035438 PMCID: PMC11258015 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1428248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) poses a significant threat to the poultry industry worldwide, primarily affecting turkeys and chickens. The recent detection of aMPV-A and -B subtypes in the United States marks a significant shift after a prolonged period free of aMPV following the eradication of the previously circulating subtype C. Hence, the demand for molecular diagnostic tests for aMPV has arisen due to their limited availability in the US market. In this study, we present the molecular characterization based on the complete genome sequence of aMPV subtype A, which was detected in the US for the first time. Four RT-qPCR positive samples were subjected to next-generation sequencing analysis, resulting in the assembly of one complete and one near-complete genome sequences. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated strains clustered within the aMPV-A subtype and were most closely related to recent Mexican strains. A detailed amino acid analysis identified unique mutations in the G gene of the US isolates compared to Mexican strains. Additionally, we compared the performance, cross-reactivity, and limit of detection of our revised aMPV subtype-specific RT-qPCR test with two commercial kits, demonstrating similar detection and subtyping capabilities. These findings highlight the importance of accurate diagnostic methods for disease management in the poultry industry, provide valuable insights into the epidemiology of aMPV, and underscore the need for continued vigilance and surveillance to mitigate its impact on poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna V. Goraichuk
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Mia K. Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Mary L. Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Darrell R. Kapczynski
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kathleen Sary
- Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA, United States
| | - Arun Kulkarni
- Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA, United States
| | - David L. Suarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
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Luqman M, Duhan N, Temeeyasen G, Selim M, Jangra S, Mor SK. Geographical Expansion of Avian Metapneumovirus Subtype B: First Detection and Molecular Characterization of Avian Metapneumovirus Subtype B in US Poultry. Viruses 2024; 16:508. [PMID: 38675851 PMCID: PMC11054003 DOI: 10.3390/v16040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), classified within the Pneumoviridae family, wreaks havoc on poultry health. It typically causes upper respiratory tract and reproductive tract infections, mainly in turkeys, chickens, and ducks. Four subtypes of AMPV (A, B, C, D) and two unclassified subtypes have been identified, of which subtypes A and B are widely distributed across the world. In January 2024, an outbreak of severe respiratory disease occurred on turkey and chicken farms across different states in the US. Metagenomics sequencing of selected tissue and swab samples confirmed the presence of aMPV subtype B. Subsequently, all samples were screened using an aMPV subtype A and B multiplex real-time RT-PCR kit. Of the 221 farms, 124 (56%) were found to be positive for aMPV-B. All samples were negative for subtype A. Six whole genomes were assembled, five from turkeys and one from chickens; all six assembled genomes showed 99.29 to 99.98% nucleotide identity, indicating a clonal expansion event for aMPV-B within the country. In addition, all six sequences showed 97.74 to 98.58% nucleotide identity with previously reported subtype B sequences, e.g., VCO3/60616, Hungary/657/4, and BR/1890/E1/19. In comparison to these two reference strains, the study sequences showed unique 49-62 amino acid changes across the genome, with maximum changes in glycoprotein (G). One unique AA change from T (Threonine) to I (Isoleucine) at position 153 in G protein was reported only in the chicken aMPV sequence, which differentiated it from turkey sequences. The twelve unique AA changes along with change in polarity of the G protein may indicate that these unique changes played a role in the adaptation of this virus in the US poultry. This is the first documented report of aMPV subtype B in US poultry, highlighting the need for further investigations into its genotypic characterization, pathogenesis, and evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sunil Kumar Mor
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food & Environmental Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (M.L.); (N.D.); (G.T.); (M.S.); (S.J.)
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Ganapathy K, Parthiban S. Pros and Cons on Use of Live Viral Vaccines in Commercial Chicken Flocks. Avian Dis 2024; 67:410-420. [PMID: 38300660 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-99998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The poultry industry is the largest source of meat and eggs for the growing human population worldwide. Key concerns in poultry farming are nutrition, management, flock health, and biosecurity measures. As part of the flock health, use of live viral vaccines plays a vital role in the prevention of economically important and common viral diseases. This includes diseases and production losses caused by Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, infectious bursal disease virus, Marek's disease virus, chicken infectious anemia virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, fowlpox virus, and avian metapneumovirus. These viruses cause direct and indirect harms, such as financial losses worth millions of dollars, loss of protein sources, and threats to animal welfare. Flock losses vary by type of poultry, age of affected animals, co-infections, immune status, and environmental factors. Losses in broiler birds can consist of high mortality, poor body weight gain, high feed conversion ratio, and increased carcass condemnation. In commercial layers and breeder flocks, losses include higher than normal mortality rate, poor flock uniformity, drops in egg production and quality, poor hatchability, and poor day-old-chick quality. Despite the emergence of technology-based vaccines, such as inactivated, subunit, vector-based, DNA or RNA, and others, the attenuated live vaccines remain as important as before. Live vaccines are preferred in the global veterinary vaccine market, accounting for 24.3% of the global market share in 2022. The remaining 75% includes inactivated, DNA, subunit, conjugate, recombinant, and toxoid vaccines. The main reason for this is that live vaccines can induce innate, mucosal, cellular, and humoral immunities by single or multiple applications. Some live vaccine combinations provide higher and broader protection against several diseases or strains of viruses. This review aimed to explore insights on the pros and cons of attenuated live vaccines commonly used against major viral infections of the global chicken industry, and the future road map for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Ganapathy
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, U.K.,
| | - Sivamurthy Parthiban
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, U.K
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
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Salles GBC, Pilati GVT, Muniz EC, de Lima Neto AJ, Vogt JR, Dahmer M, Savi BP, Padilha DA, Fongaro G. Trends and Challenges in the Surveillance and Control of Avian Metapneumovirus. Viruses 2023; 15:1960. [PMID: 37766366 PMCID: PMC10535940 DOI: 10.3390/v15091960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the respiratory pathogens of birds, the Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one of the most relevant, as it is responsible for causing infections of the upper respiratory tract and may induce respiratory syndromes. aMPV is capable of affecting the reproductive system of birds, directly impacting shell quality and decreasing egg production. Consequently, this infection can cause disorders related to animal welfare and zootechnical losses. The first cases of respiratory syndromes caused by aMPV were described in the 1970s, and today six subtypes (A, B, C, D, and two more new subtypes) have been identified and are widespread in all chicken and turkey-producing countries in the world, causing enormous economic losses for the poultry industry. Conventionally, immunological techniques are used to demonstrate aMPV infection in poultry, however, the identification of aMPV through molecular techniques helped in establishing the traceability of the virus. This review compiles data on the main aMPV subtypes present in different countries; aMPV and bacteria co-infection; vaccination against aMPV and viral selective pressure, highlighting the strategies used to prevent and control respiratory disease; and addresses tools for viral diagnosis and virus genome studies aiming at improving and streamlining pathogen detection and corroborating the development of new vaccines that can effectively protect herds, preventing viral escapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleidson Biasi Carvalho Salles
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
- Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, São Paulo 04709-111, Brazil; (E.C.M.); (J.R.V.)
| | - Giulia Von Tönnemann Pilati
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Eduardo Correa Muniz
- Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, São Paulo 04709-111, Brazil; (E.C.M.); (J.R.V.)
| | | | - Josias Rodrigo Vogt
- Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, São Paulo 04709-111, Brazil; (E.C.M.); (J.R.V.)
| | - Mariane Dahmer
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Beatriz Pereira Savi
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Dayane Azevedo Padilha
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
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Conan A, Nekouei O, Paudel S, Ching A, Yau D, Pfeiffer D. Serological survey of avian metapneumovirus in vaccinated and unvaccinated broiler chickens in Hong Kong. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:179. [PMID: 37119359 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
In chickens, avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) causes the swollen head syndrome, a respiratory disease often associated with a reduction in egg production. The virus' epidemiology in East and Southeast Asia is poorly understood. An aMPV serological survey was conducted on broiler chicken farms of Hong Kong SAR to assess the seroprevalence of aMPV in unvaccinated batches and the serological status of vaccinated batches. Blood samples were collected from 53-93-day-old chickens in 24 chicken farms of Hong Kong SAR and sera were tested for aMPV antibodies by ELISA. Seroprevalence in aMPV unvaccinated birds was 80.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 78.9-82.2) with a high variation between batches. Batch-level seroprevalence was not significantly different between birds hatched during the rainy season (74.3%, 95% CI: 64.0-84.5) and the ones hatched during the dry season (88.7%, 95% CI: 80.1-97.3, p = 0.5). The high seroprevalence and high antibody titers that are reported in this study indicate repeated exposure of broiler chickens to aMPV in Hong Kong SAR poultry farms. Based on these results, we recommend improving the surveillance of respiratory pathogens and applying appropriate prophylactic measures against aMPV such as vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Conan
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Omid Nekouei
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Surya Paudel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Arthur Ching
- CityU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Denis Yau
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dirk Pfeiffer
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Wang J, Hou L, Wei L, Yan X, Zhu S, Quan R, Li Z, Wang D, Jiang H, Song J, Cui Y, Liu J. Characterization of avain metapneumovirus subgroup C isolated from chickens in Beijing, China. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102250. [PMID: 36435163 PMCID: PMC9700036 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is an important causative agent that causes acute respiratory disease and egg-dropping in chickens and turkeys. Here, we characterized an aMPV subgroup C (aMPV/C) from 320-day-old broiler breeder chickens with severe respiratory diseases in Beijing, China, as evidenced by RT-PCR typing and confirmation of the nucleoprotein (N) gene sequence. The N gene sequence of the aMPV/C strain (designated BJ17) exhibited no deletions or insertions and possessed 94.6% to 99.6% identity to those of published aMPV/C isolates. The phylogenetic tree of the nucleotide sequences constructed using the neighbor-joining clustering method showed that the BJ17 strain formed one cluster with other aMPV/C viruses and formed one subcluster with published Chinese aMPV/C isolates regardless of Muscovy duck or chicken origins. Comparative analysis of the N proteins showed that a unique amino acid residue D at position 110 might be associated with regional distribution due to its occurrence in all the Chinese aMPV/C isolates only. Strain BJ17 was successfully isolated by cultured Vero cell passage and further inoculated in 3-wk-old specific-pathogen-free chickens for the examination of pathogenicity. Animal experimental results showed that BJ17-inoculated chickens had severe respiratory diseases and inflammatory lesions, as demonstrated by pathological changes and aMPV antigen in the nasal turbinate, tracheae, and lung tissues. These results enrich the available information regarding the epidemiology and pathogenicity of aMPV/C in chickens, which may facilitate the development of effective measures against aMPV/C infection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Xv Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangwei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiu Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,Corresponding author:
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Gerber PF, Spatz S, Gray P, Alfirevich S, Walkden-Brown SW. Circulation and Molecular Characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus in Commercial Turkey and Meat Chicken Flocks in Australia. Avian Dis 2022; 66:53-59. [DOI: 10.1637/21-00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla F. Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Stephen Spatz
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Peter Gray
- Inghams Enterprises P/L, Morisset, New South Wales 2264, Australia
| | | | - Stephen W. Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
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Interactions between the Nucleoprotein and the Phosphoprotein of Pneumoviruses: Structural Insight for Rational Design of Antivirals. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122449. [PMID: 34960719 PMCID: PMC8706346 DOI: 10.3390/v13122449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumoviruses include pathogenic human and animal viruses, the most known and studied being the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and the metapneumovirus (hMPV), which are the major cause of severe acute respiratory tract illness in young children worldwide, and main pathogens infecting elderly and immune-compromised people. The transcription and replication of these viruses take place in specific cytoplasmic inclusions called inclusion bodies (IBs). These activities depend on viral polymerase L, associated with its cofactor phosphoprotein P, for the recognition of the viral RNA genome encapsidated by the nucleoprotein N, forming the nucleocapsid (NC). The polymerase activities rely on diverse transient protein-protein interactions orchestrated by P playing the hub role. Among these interactions, P interacts with the NC to recruit L to the genome. The P protein also plays the role of chaperone to maintain the neosynthesized N monomeric and RNA-free (called N0) before specific encapsidation of the viral genome and antigenome. This review aims at giving an overview of recent structural information obtained for hRSV and hMPV P, N, and more specifically for P-NC and N0-P complexes that pave the way for the rational design of new antivirals against those viruses.
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Kaboudi K, Lachheb J. Avian metapneumovirus infection in turkeys: a review on turkey rhinotracheitis. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Rüger N, Sid H, Meens J, Szostak MP, Baumgärtner W, Bexter F, Rautenschlein S. New Insights into the Host-Pathogen Interaction of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112407. [PMID: 34835532 PMCID: PMC8618481 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory pathogens are a health threat for poultry. Co-infections lead to the exacerbation of clinical symptoms and lesions. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallispeticum) and Avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV) are two avian respiratory pathogens that co-circulate worldwide. The knowledge about the host-pathogen interaction of M. gallispeticum and AMPV in the chicken respiratory tract is limited. We aimed to investigate how co-infections affect the pathogenesis of the respiratory disease and whether the order of invading pathogens leads to changes in host-pathogen interaction. We used chicken tracheal organ cultures (TOC) to investigate pathogen invasion and replication, lesion development, and selected innate immune responses, such as interferon (IFN) α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IFNλ mRNA expression levels. We performed mono-inoculations (AMPV or M. gallispeticum) or dual-inoculations in two orders with a 24-h interval between the first and second pathogen. Dual-inoculations compared to mono-inoculations resulted in more severe host reactions. Pre-infection with AMPV followed by M. gallispeticum resulted in prolonged viral replication, more significant innate immune responses, and lesions (p < 0.05). AMPV as the secondary pathogen impaired the bacterial attachment process. Consequently, the M. gallispeticum replication was delayed, the innate immune response was less pronounced, and lesions appeared later. Our results suggest a competing process in co-infections and offer new insights in disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Rüger
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (N.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Hicham Sid
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Munich, Germany;
| | - Jochen Meens
- Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Michael P. Szostak
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Frederik Bexter
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (N.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (N.R.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-8779
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Xu W, Suderman M, Koziuk J, Ojkic D, Berhane Y. Development of A recombinant nucleocapsid based indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies to avian metapneumovirus subtypes, A, B, and C. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 231:110151. [PMID: 33227621 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocapsid (N) protein is the most highly expressed of all avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) viral proteins and stimulates a substantial immune response in infected animals. Codon optimized recombinant N (rec-N) protein from aMPV subtypes A, B, and C were expressed using the baculoviral expression system in Trichoplusia ni (Tni) insect cells. A mixture of purified rec-N antigens from each subtype was used as a coating antigen and was evaluated in indirect ELISA (iELISA) to assess antibody response in serum samples collected from experimentally infected chickens and turkeys with different aMPV subtypes. Also, archived field serum samples that were collected from different poultry submissions were used. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed using chicken and turkey serum samples that were confirmed by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test for serostatus (positive n = 270, negative n = 610). The ROC analysis showed sensitivity and specificity of 97 % at a cut-off value of 0.25. The rec-N iELISA was compared with a commercial whole virus-based APV kit. The rec-N iELISA showed comparable results in detecting antibody response in aMPV infected chicken sera but was more sensitive in detecting early antibody response in aMPV infected turkey serum samples. Our results further confirm the presence of aMPV antibodies in Canadian domestic poultry populations. The developed aMPV-rec N iELISA offers a safe and valuable alternative to whole virus-based iELISA for serodiagnosis and seroepidemiological surveillance of the disease in domestic poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhong Xu
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Matthew Suderman
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Janice Koziuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1H 6R8, Canada
| | - Yohannes Berhane
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Mescolini G, Lupini C, Franzo G, Quaglia G, Legnardi M, Cecchinato M, Tucciarone CM, Blanco A, Turblin V, Biarnés M, Tatone F, Falchieri M, Catelli E. What is new on molecular characteristics of Avian metapneumovirus strains circulating in Europe? Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1314-1322. [PMID: 32794302 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, one hundred and sixteen partial G gene sequences of Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype B, obtained during routine diagnostics in different European Countries in the last few years (2014-2019), were analysed by sequence and phylogenetic analyses in order to draw an updated picture of the molecular characteristics of circulating strains. Nucleotide sequences were compared with other sequences of European and non-European aMPV-Bs collected prior to that period or retrieved from GenBank. Phylogenetic relationships among the aMPV-B strains, reconstructed using the maximum likelihood method implemented in MEGA X, demonstrated that aMPV-B has evolved in Europe from its first appearance, frequently displaying a clear relation with the geographic area of detection. The 40% of aMPV-B viruses analysed were classified as vaccine-derived strains, being phylogenetically related, and showing high nucleotide identity with live commercial vaccine strains licensed in Europe. The remaining 60% were classified as field strains since they clustered separately and showed a low nucleotide identity with vaccines and vaccine-derived strains. The phylogenetic tree showed that the virus has continued to evolve from its first appearance in the '80s since more recently detected strains belonged to clades phylogenetically distant from the older strains. Unlike vaccine-derived strains, field strains tended to cluster according to their geographic origin and irrespective of the host species where the viruses had been detected. In conclusion, the molecular characterization of aMPV-B and the differentiation between vaccines and field strains through G gene sequence analysis can be a useful tool towards correct diagnosis and should be routinely applied in order to better address the control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudia M Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Angela Blanco
- CESAC - Centre de Sanitat Avícola de Catalunya i Aragó, Reus, Spain
| | | | - Mar Biarnés
- CESAC - Centre de Sanitat Avícola de Catalunya i Aragó, Reus, Spain
| | | | | | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
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Palomino-Tapia V, Mitevski D, Inglis T, van der Meer F, Abdul-Careem MF. Molecular Characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (HEV) Obtained from Clinical Samples in Western Canada 2017-2018. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090941. [PMID: 32858877 PMCID: PMC7551992 DOI: 10.3390/v12090941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) is an immunosuppressive adenovirus that causes an acute clinical disease characterized by hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in 4-week-old turkeys and older. Recurrent incidence of secondary infections (e.g., systemic bacterial infections, cellulitis, and elevated mortality), may be associated with the presence of field-type HEV in Canadian turkey farms. We speculate that field-type HEV and vaccine/vaccine-like strains can be differentiated through analysis of the viral genomes, hexon genes, and the specific virulence factors (e.g., ORF1, E3, and fib knob domain). Nine out of sixteen spleens obtained from cases suspected of immunosuppression by HEV were analyzed. The limited data obtained showed that: (1) field-type HEV circulates in many non-vaccinated western Canadian flocks; (2) field-type HEV circulates in vaccinated flocks with increased recurrent bacterial infections; and (3) the existence of novel point mutations in hexon, ORF1, E3, and specially fib knob domains. This is the first publication showing the circulation of wild-type HEV in HEV-vaccinated flocks in Western Canada, and the usefulness of a novel procedure that allows whole genome sequencing of HEV directly from spleens, without passaging in cell culture or passaging in vivo. Further studies focusing more samples are required to confirm our observations and investigate possible vaccination failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Palomino-Tapia
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (V.P.-T.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Darko Mitevski
- Poultry Health Services, 1-4 East Lake Ave NE, Airdrie, AB T4A 2G8, Canada;
| | - Tom Inglis
- The Institute of Applied Poultry Technologies, 201–151 East Lake Blvd, Airdrie, AB T4A 2G1, Canada;
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (V.P.-T.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (V.P.-T.); (F.v.d.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-220-4462; Fax: +1-403-210-9740
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Franzo G, Legnardi M, Mescolini G, Tucciarone CM, Lupini C, Quaglia G, Catelli E, Cecchinato M. Avian Metapneumovirus subtype B around Europe: a phylodynamic reconstruction. Vet Res 2020; 51:88. [PMID: 32641149 PMCID: PMC7346485 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) has been recognized as a respiratory pathogen of turkey and chickens for a long time. Recently, a crescent awareness of aMPV, especially subtype B, clinical and economic impact has risen among European researchers and veterinarians. Nevertheless, the knowledge of its epidemiology and evolution is still limited. In the present study, the broadest available collection of partial G gene sequences obtained from European aMPV-B strains was analyzed using different phylodynamic and biostatistical approaches to reconstruct the viral spreading over time and the role of different hosts on its evolution. After aMPV-B introduction, approximatively in 1985 in France, the infection spread was relatively quick, involving the Western and Mediterranean Europe until the end of the 1990s, and then spreading westwards at the beginning of the new millennium, in parallel with an increase of viral population size. In the following period, a wider mixing among aMPV-B strains detected in eastern and western countries could be observed. Most of the within-country genetic heterogeneity was ascribable to single or few introduction events, followed by local circulation. This, combined with the high evolutionary rate herein demonstrated, led to the establishment of genetically and phenotypically different clusters among countries, which could affect the efficacy of natural or vaccine-induced immunity and should be accounted for when planning control measure implementation. On the contrary, while a significant strain exchange was proven among turkey, guinea fowl and chicken, no evidence of differential selective pressures or specific amino-acid mutations was observed, suggesting that no host adaptation is occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'emilia, BO, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Kaboudi K. Virus-induced immunosuppression in turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo): A review. Open Vet J 2019; 9:349-360. [PMID: 32042658 PMCID: PMC6971353 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i4.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression is characterized by a dysfunction of humoral and/or cellular immune response leading to increase of susceptibility to secondary infections, increase of mortality and morbidity, poor productivity, and welfare and vaccination failures. Humoral immune response depression is due to perturbation of soluble factors, as complement and chemokines in innate immunity and antibodies or cytokines in adaptive immunity. At the cellular immune response, immunosuppression is the consequence of the dysfunction of T-cells, B-cells, heterophils, monocytes, macrophages, and natural Killer cells. Immunosuppression in turkeys can be caused by numerous, non-infectious, and infectious agents, having variable pathological and molecular mechanisms. Interactions between them are very complex. This paper reviews the common viruses inducing clinical and sub-clinical immunosuppression in turkeys, and enteric and neoplastic viruses in particular, as well as the interactions among them. The evaluation of immunosuppression is currently based on classical approach; however, new technique such as the microarray technology is being developed to investigate immunological mediator’s genes detection. Controlling of immunosuppression include, in general, biosecurity practices, maintaining appropriate breeding conditions and vaccination of breeders and their progeny. Nevertheless, few vaccines are available against immunosuppressive viruses in turkey’s industry. The development of new control strategies is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Kaboudi
- Department of Poultry Farming and Pathology, National Veterinary Medicine School, University of Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Bhuiyan ZA, Ali MZ, Moula MM, Bary MA, Arefin N, Giasuddin M, Khan ZUM. Seroprevalence of major avian respiratory diseases in broiler and sonali chicken in selected areas of Bangladesh. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:561-566. [PMID: 31819887 PMCID: PMC6882717 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to investigate different respiratory diseases in broiler and sonali birds in some selected districts of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods We were collected a total of 460 blood samples from 46 farms with 36 broiler farms and 10 sonali farms (cross-breed) from 2015 to 2017. All the collected serum samples were tested for determining specific antibodies of avian rhinotracheitis (ART) virus, infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus, infectious bronchitis (IBV) virus, and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) infection using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results The overall seropositivity was highest in ORT (45.9%), followed by IBV (37.6%), ART (2.6%), and ILT (0.4%). Out of 360 broiler samples, highest seropositivity was recorded in ORT (43.3%) and lowest in IBV (31.4%). Surprisingly, no broiler samples were found positive for ART and ILT. In case of sonali, the seropositivity was highest in IBV (60%) and lowest in ILT (2%). With respect to types of birds and age groups, the seropositive percentage of all four pathogens was found higher in sonali than broiler. Between two age groups of sonali, the seropositive percentage of ART (12%), ORT (55%), ILT (2%), and IBV (60%) was highest at 21-60 weeks of age compared to 5-20 weeks of age. However, based on location, the seropositive of ORT and IBV was highest in Jamalpur (63.3%) and Fulbariya and Trishal (50%) and lowest in Sreepur (16.7%) and Jamalpur (3.3%). Conclusion The four pathogens are ubiquitous in nature for the sonali chickens, and the prevalence of ORT and IBV was the most prevalent viruses in the study areas. This study indicates a need for improved surveillance and characterization of ORT and ART circulating in all types of poultry in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Ahmed Bhuiyan
- Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka1341, Bangladesh.,These two authors contributed equally
| | - Md Zulfekar Ali
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka1341, Bangladesh.,These two authors contributed equally
| | | | - Md Akramul Bary
- Central Poultry Laboratory, Nourish Poultry and Hatchery Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nishat Arefin
- Quality Assurance Department, International Beverage Private Limited, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Giasuddin
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka1341, Bangladesh
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Dhama K, Gowthaman V, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Sachan S, Kumar MA, Palanivelu M, Malik YS, Singh RK, Munir M. Haemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys - current knowledge. Vet Q 2017; 37:31-42. [PMID: 28024457 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1277281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), an adenovirus associated with acute haemorrhagic gastro-intestinal disease of 6-11-week old turkeys predominantly hampers both humoral and cellular immunity. Affected birds are more prone to secondary complications (e.g. colibacillosis and clostridiosis) and failure to mount an effective vaccine-induced immune response. HEV belongs to the new genus Siadenovirus. Feco-oral transmission is the main route of entry of the virus and it mainly colonizes bursa, intestine and spleen. Both naturally occurring virulent and avirulent strains of HEVs are serologically indistinguishable. Recent findings revealed that ORF1, E3 and fib genes are the key factors affecting virulence. The adoption of suitable diagnostic tools, proper vaccination and biosecurity measures have restrained the occurrence of disease epidemics. For diagnostic purposes, the best source of HEV is either intestinal contents or samples from spleen. For rapid detection highly sensitive and specific tests such as quantitative real-time PCR based on Taq man probe has been designed. Avirulent strains of HEV or MSDV can be effectively used as live vaccines. Novel vaccines include recombinant hexon protein-based subunit vaccines or recombinant virus-vectored vaccines using fowl poxvirus (FPV) expressing the native hexon of HEV. Notably, subunit vaccines and recombinant virus vectored vaccines altogether offer high protection against challenge or field viruses. Herein, we converse a comprehensive analysis of the HEV genetics, disease pathobiology, advancements in diagnosis and vaccination along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Vasudevan Gowthaman
- b Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory , Veterinary College and Research Institute , Namakkal , Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- c Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Microbiology , DUVASU , Mathura , India
| | - Swati Sachan
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - M Asok Kumar
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - M Palanivelu
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- e Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- f Director, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Muhammad Munir
- g Avian Viral Diseases Programme Compton Laboratory , Berkshire , UK
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Alkie TN, Guenther R, Rautenschlein S. Molecular Characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Viruses (HEV) Detected in HEV-Vaccinated Commercial Turkey Flocks in Germany. Avian Dis 2017; 61:96-101. [PMID: 28301232 DOI: 10.1637/11506-092916-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite the application of live hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) vaccines, HEV field outbreaks are suspected to still occur in turkey flocks in Germany. Increasing secondary bacterial infections in HEV-vaccinated flocks suggest that vaccines may be losing efficacy or, possibly, that vaccine strains are causing disease. Thus, the goal of the current study was to investigate the diversity of HEV isolates from fattening turkey flocks between 2008 and 2012 by characterizing the open reading frame (ORF)1 gene at its 5' and 3' ends. Analyses of ORF1 sequences of field isolates and comparison with sequences present in databases revealed that in many cases (13 out of 16 samples), vaccine (avirulent) strains were present. In addition, data indicated the circulation of suspected virulent field isolates and these isolates (3 out of 16) cluster with an early isolate from Germany in the 1980s, but show some mutations in the predicted amino acid (aa) sequences of ORF1 compared to the early isolate. These virulent isolates clearly differ from the spleen-derived avirulent Domermuth vaccine strain used in Germany. In this study, a unique isolate was identified and showed unusual nucleotide mutations that resulted in aa exchanges at the 5' end of ORF1 between aa positions 34 and 174. This genetic drift suggests evolution of HEV including virulent and vaccine-derived strains in the field. This may lead to evasion of vaccinal immunity by drifted viruses and/or an increase in the virulence of field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru Negash Alkie
- A Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.,B Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald Guenther
- C Heidemark GmbH, Veterinary Laboratory, 39340 Haldensleben, Germany
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- A Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Cecchinato M, Catelli E, Lupini C, Ricchizzi E, Prosperi S, Naylor C. Reversion to virulence of a subtype B avian metapneumovirus vaccine: Is it time for regulators to require availability of vaccine progenitors? Vaccine 2014; 32:4660-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abdel-Azeem AAS, Franzo G, Dalle Zotte A, Drigo M, Catelli E, Lupini C, Martini M, Cecchinato M. First evidence of avian metapneumovirus subtype A infection in turkeys in Egypt. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:1093-7. [PMID: 24756465 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) infection has been reported in most regions of the world, to date, only subtype B has been detected in Egypt. At the end of November 2013, dry oropharyngeal swabs were collected during an outbreak of respiratory diseases in a free-range, multi-age turkey dealer farm in Northern Upper Egypt. The clinical signs that appeared when turkeys were 3 weeks-old were characterized by ocular and nasal discharge and swelling of sinuses. aMPV of subtype A was detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In order to confirm the results and obtain more information on the molecular characteristics of the virus, F and G protein genes were partially sequenced and compared with previously published sequences deposited in GenBank by using BLAST. Subtype of the strain was confirmed by sequencing of partial F and G protein genes. The highest percentages of identity were observed when G sequence of the Egyptian strain was compared with the sequence of an aMPV-A isolated in Nigeria (96.4 %) and when the F sequence was compared with strains isolated respectively in Italy and in UK (97.1 %). Moreover, the alignment of the sequences with commercial subtype A vaccine or vaccine-derived strains showed differences in the Egyptian strain that indicate its probable field origin. The detection of aMPV in the investigated turkey flock highlights some relevant epidemiological issues regarding the role that multi-age farms and dealers may play in perpetuating aMPV infection within and among farms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of aMPV subtype A in Egypt.
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