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López-Lorenzo G, Díaz-Cao JM, Prieto A, López-Novo C, López CM, Díaz P, Rodríguez-Vega V, Díez-Baños P, Fernández G. Environmental distribution of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) in swine herds with natural infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14816. [PMID: 31616055 PMCID: PMC6794300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the aetiological agent of PCV2-Systemic Disease (PCV2-SD) and PCV2-Subclinical Infection (PCV2-SI). PCV2 is highly resistant to environmental conditions, being able to remain in the farm environment and thus represent a risk for infection maintenance. The aim of this study was to identify, under field conditions, the possible critical points in the environment of non-vaccinated farrow-to-weaning swine farms where PCV2 could accumulate and persist. For that, environmental samples from five swine farms with PCV2-SD or PCV2-SI were taken and analysed by qPCR, including different farm areas, farm personnel and management implements. PCV2 DNA was detected in the environment of all farms (42.9% of positive samples). Overall, the PCV2-SD herd seemed to present more positive samples and higher viral loads than the PCV2-SI herds. At individual farm level, weaning areas appeared to be the most contaminated facilities. In addition, PCV2 was found at high levels in most samples from farm workers, especially work boots, suggesting that they may play a role in within-farm transmission. In addition, PCV2 was detected in areas without animals the like warehouses, offices and farm perimeter. Therefore, this study is helpful to improve measures to reduce within-farm PCV2 dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo López-Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Díaz-Cao
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Prieto
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Cynthia López-Novo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ceferino Manuel López
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Díez-Baños
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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Kawashima Y, Takahashi H, Shimoo M, Tamamura Y, Ishikawa Y, Kadota K. Eosinophilic granuloma with Splendore-Hoeppli material caused by Mannheimia granulomatis in a calf. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1075-8. [PMID: 26947171 PMCID: PMC4937147 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A large subcutaneous mass, formed on the left lower jaw of a 4-month-old Japanese Black male calf, was
partially excised for histological and bacteriological examinations. Antibiotic treatment resulted in a good
prognosis. Bacteria isolated from the excised material were characterized by weak hemolysis and positive
reactions for catalase and oxidase, and were 99% identical to Mannheimia granulomatis
strains. The presence of the leukotoxin gene product was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction
amplification. Histological examination showed that the excised material was composed of dense fibrous
connective tissue with sparsely distributed eosinophilic granulomas or abscesses. These foci frequently
contained Splendore-Hoeppli material with rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria. Except for the absence of
lymphangitis and the presence of basophils and mast cells, the histology of this lesion resembled that of
lechiguana associated with coinfection of M. granulomatis and Dermatobia
hominis. Leukotoxin was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry within Splendore-Hoeppli material and
was judged to be responsible for its formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuto Kawashima
- Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen, Kawanishi, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan
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