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Balogh O, Szilágyi E, Balogh N, Somogyi Z, Müller L. Half-life of serum anti-Müllerian hormone and changes after gonadectomy in adult female and male dogs with normal and abnormal gonads. Theriogenology 2024; 217:18-24. [PMID: 38237213 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a biomarker for the presence of gonadal tissue. Changes in serum AMH after gonadectomy are not well established, and its serum half-life is unknown in dogs. We measured serum AMH with a validated electro-chemiluminescent immunoassay in adult female (n = 12) and male (n = 7) dogs with normal gonads, as well as in dogs with gonadal pathology (ovarian remnant syndrome, ORS n = 3, testicular tumor [Leydig cell, Sertoli cell, seminoma] n = 3, unilateral abdominal cryptorchid n = 4) on the day of gonadectomy (D0), and on D3, D7, D14 (females and males), and D21, D28 (males only). Males had higher AMH concentrations than females independent of gonadal status (P < 0.001). Dogs with ORS had lower initial AMH (0.45 ± 0.43 ng/ml) than bitches with normal gonads (1.16 ± 0.44 ng/ml; P = 0.027). Cryptorchid dogs had higher initial concentrations (80.57 ± 52.81 ng/ml) than males with normal gonads (7.92 ± 2.45 ng/ml; P = 0.004), and those with testicular tumors (18.63 ± 5.04 ng/ml) were intermediate (P ≥ 0.250). AMH decreased over time (P ≤ 0.012) and was 0.01-0.04 ng/ml by D14 in females and 0.02-0.12 ng/ml by D28 in males. Serum half-life in the whole study population was 2.85 ± 0.51 days and did not differ between groups. In conclusion, serum AMH can differentiate between intact and gonadectomized status of adult dogs by 14 days after ovario(hyster)ectomy in females and by 28 days after surgical castration in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Balogh
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, USA
| | - Eszter Szilágyi
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltán Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary
| | - Linda Müller
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary; ATRC Aurigon Ltd., Dunakeszi, Hungary.
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Ferré-Dolcet L, Bordogna M, Contiero B, Fontaine C, Bedin S, Romagnoli S. Anti-Müllerian Hormone Concentrations for Determining Resumption of Sertoli Cell Function following Removal of a 4.7 mg Deslorelin Implant in Tomcats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2552. [PMID: 37627341 PMCID: PMC10451382 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Deslorelin implant use in cats is a medical alternative to surgical sterilization, and due to its prolonged efficacy, its use has shown growing interest in the veterinary community. In the case of breeding facilities, its removal is often requested for the early restoration of testicular function. As anti-Müllerian hormones (AMH) in males is dependent of testosterone secretion, its assay may determine the restoration of testicular steroid secretion. An average of 3 weeks has been already described for tomcats' testicular function resumption after implant removal, but information about AMH concentrations in deslorelin-treated tomcats is lacking. Methods: Fourteen tomcats were treated for temporary suppression of fertility with a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant, which was surgically removed after 3, 6 or 9 months (n = 6, 4 and 4 tomcats, respectively). A general clinical and reproductive check with a gonadorelin stimulation test for testosterone determination was performed before deslorelin implant administration. After implant removal, tomcats' testicles were ultrasonographically checked for volume determination every 1-2 weeks with observation of the glans penis (presence or absence of spikes) and blood collection to assay both testosterone and AMH concentrations. Results: AMH concentrations increased significantly during the deslorelin treatment from 20.95 ± 4.97 ng/mL to 82.41 ± 14.59 ng/mL (p < 0.05). Following implant removal, AMH concentrations progressively decreased to pre-treatment levels, with a value of 28.42 ± 7.98 ng/mL on the third week post-removal where testosterone secretion was again detected. Conclusions: Even if a big variability of AMH concentrations exists between male individuals, resumption of tomcats' testicular function following a deslorelin treatment can be determined by AMH assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis Ferré-Dolcet
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy (S.B.)
| | | | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy (S.B.)
| | | | - Silvia Bedin
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy (S.B.)
| | - Stefano Romagnoli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy (S.B.)
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3
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Walter B. [Diagnostic utility of the anti-Mullerian hormone in companion animals]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:252-257. [PMID: 37820616 DOI: 10.1055/a-2146-6645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The anti-Mullerian hormone is a glycoprotein secreted by Sertoli cells in males and granulosa cells in females. The initial identification of this hormone in canine and feline serum was achieved in 2011. Meanwhile, a variety of studies have demonstrated its clinical significance as a tool in the endocrine diagnosis. This review summarizes the current knowledge about anti-Mullerian hormone in small animal reproduction and describes future opportunities for its diagnostic usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Walter
- Chirurgische und Gynäkologische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Özalp GR, Üstüner B, Avci G, Bari Ö, Yılmaz MM, Denk B, Aktar A. Vincristine-associated total antioxidant and oxidant status of ovaries and in vitro nuclear oocyte maturation in dogs with canine transmissible venereal tumor. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 253:107260. [PMID: 37196377 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of scheduled vincristine sulfate therapy on canine oocyte quality and nuclear oocyte maturation, associated with total antioxidant and oxidant status of ovaries and Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) concentrations in dogs with Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (CTVT). Six bitches suffering from CTVT and six healthy bitches were included in the study. Hemogram was carried out weekly. AMH measurements and ovariohysterectomy operations were performed after the termination of vincristine sulfate therapies. Tissue samples from ovaries were utilized for Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Total Anti-oxidative Status (TAS), Total Oxidative Status (TOS) measurements, and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) was calculated. Collected oocytes were evaluated for meiotic competence, after In Vitro Maturation (IVM) and parthenogenetic activation. No difference between the two groups was observed in hematologic parameters (P > 0.05). Meiotic stages of Germinal Vesicle Break Down (GVBD), Metaphase I (MI), and Metaphase II (MII) were significantly different between groups (P < 0.05). The number of oocytes reaching MII and meiotic resumption was lower in the CTVT group. Furthermore, AMH concentrations, oxidant parameters (OSI, TOS, and MDA), and antioxidant parameters (GSH, SOD, and TAS) were also statistically different between groups (P < 0.05). The results of this study show that vincristine sulfate application in the treatment of CTVT could alter oxidant/antioxidant status in ovaries. Apart from these, oocyte quality and IVM rates seem to decline related to gonadotoxicity. Moreover, AMH could be an important marker in the evaluation of oocyte qualities in bitches, as it is in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Özalp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - B Üstüner
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - G Avci
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ö Bari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - M M Yılmaz
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - B Denk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - A Aktar
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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Chotimanukul S, Goericke-Pesch S, Suwimonteerabutr J, Singlor J, Sangkrachang E, Tummaruk P, Ponglowhapan S. Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels and Estrous Monitoring of GnRH Agonist Deslorelin-Induced Estrus in Bitches: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020258. [PMID: 36670799 PMCID: PMC9855037 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to monitor estrous patterns and, more importantly, changes in anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations during the peri-ovulatory period in deslorelin-induced estrous bitches. Healthy anestrous bitches (n = 4) were used. Estrus and ovulation were monitored after deslorelin implantation. Blood samples were collected for analysis of progesterone, estradiol-17ß and AMH concentrations before implantation (day 0) and on days 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22 after implantation. Six days following treatment, all bitches showed estrus signs. Ovulation took place between days 12 and 15. Circulating AMH concentrations varied among bitches from 0.12 to 3.08 ng/mL. However, no significant differences in AMH levels (mean ± SD) were observed between day 0 and days following post-implantation (p > 0.05). There were no significant correlations between AMH and estradiol or AMH and progesterone (p > 0.05). Ultrasonographically, the number of clearly identifiable ovarian follicles was higher before ovulation and the area of ovaries increased after ovulation (p < 0.05). Except for AMH, changes in vaginal cytology, estradiol-17ß and progesterone levels observed in our study were similar to naturally occurring estrus. Large intra- and inter-individual variation in AMH were observed suggesting that AMH is currently not suitable as a canine fertility marker to monitor ovarian response to deslorelin treatment for estrus induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sroisuda Chotimanukul
- Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Research Unit for Obstetrics and Reproduction in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Reproductive Unit, Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Junpen Suwimonteerabutr
- Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jinda Singlor
- Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ekkaphot Sangkrachang
- Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Padet Tummaruk
- Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suppawiwat Ponglowhapan
- Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Research Unit for Obstetrics and Reproduction in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-(0)2218-9644
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Evci EC, Aslan S, Schäfer-Somi S, Ergene O, Sayıner S, Darbaz I, Seyrek-İntaş K, Wehrend A. Monitoring of canine pregnancy by considering Anti-Mullerian hormone, C-reactive protein, progesterone and complete blood count in pregnant and non-pregnant dogs. Theriogenology 2023; 195:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Flock U, Reese S, Otzdorff C, Klein R, Walter B. Anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations in queens throughout the estrous cycle. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 81:106749. [PMID: 35834880 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Studies in cats and dogs have proven the usefulness of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) as a diagnostic tool to determine the castration status or to diagnose ovarian remnant syndrome. Yet the secretion pattern of AMH over the estrous cycle in queens has not been investigated so far. Seven healthy sexually intact female cats were examined daily for signs of estrous behavior over a trial period of 4 months. Five queens showed regular estrous behavior, 1 queen was mated in her first heat and 1 queen never showed any signs of heat. To distinguish between inter-estrus and metestrus progesterone levels were determined. Serum samples for AMH and progesterone measurement were collected from the regular cycling queens in late anestrus, at several times during heat, inter-estrus and metestrus, from the mated queen during her first heat and during pregnancy, and in the acycling queen at various times during the trial period. The measured AMH values in anestrus were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in heat (P < 0.001), metestrus (P = 0.12) and inter-estrus (P = 0.449). In anestrus the median AMH levels were 10.26 ng/ml (range 4.96 to 22.90 ng/ml), in heat 5.97 ng/ml (range 3.32- 22.96 ng/ml), in inter-estrus 10.47 (range 3.35-22.96 ng/ml) and in metestrus 6.38 ng/ml (range 4.50-10.75 ng/ml. The pregnant cat showed median AMH concentrations of 6.47 ng/ml (range 5.60-9.80 ng/ml) during her pregnancy. The acycling queen had solely low AMH values with a median concentration of 0.39 ng/ml. In conclusion there were high variations of the AMH levels among and within the individual cats and between heat cycles in the single cat. Remarkable high AMH concentrations were measured in the younger queens of the study in their first estrous cycles and also in anestrus, when less ovarian activity is expected. Further studies are necessary to emphasize the reasons for these high AMH concentrations especially in young queens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Flock
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Christiane Otzdorff
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Ruth Klein
- Laboklin GmbH and Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, Bad Kissingen 97688, Germany
| | - Beate Walter
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, Munich 80539, Germany.
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Flock U, Fischer S, Weeger J, Reese S, Walter B. Anti-Müllerian hormone as a diagnostic tool to identify queens with ovarian remnant syndrome. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e168-e174. [PMID: 35635063 PMCID: PMC9315174 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221099195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS) is suspected when heat signs occur in spayed individuals, but further diagnostic procedures are necessary to exclude other possible oestrogen sources, such as the adrenal gland or exogenous supplementation. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), secreted by granulosa cells or Sertoli cells, serves to differentiate sexually intact from gonadectomised animals and has been described in dogs as a tool for diagnosing ORS. The aim of this study was to evaluate if AMH determination can be used to diagnose ORS in cats. METHODS AMH was measured with a chemiluminescence immunoassay in serum samples of 15 sexually intact, 9 spayed and 16 cats with a history of heat signs after spaying. Abdominal ultrasound (n = 13), vaginal smears (n = 7), progesterone measurement (n = 5) and laparotomy (n = 14) were used to determine the presence of ovarian tissue. After surgery, a histological examination of the obtained tissue was performed in the cats with suspected ORS. RESULTS In 15 cats with ORS the AMH serum concentrations were significantly higher than in spayed cats (n = 10; P = 0.025) and significantly lower than in sexually intact cats (n = 15; P = 0.001). Among the cats with ORS, the highest AMH serum concentrations were measured in the queens with cystic ovarian alterations and in one cat from which a whole ovary was obtained. The cat with the lowest AMH serum concentration had a simultaneous high progesterone serum concentration. Cats with ORS did not show any heat signs after surgical removal of the ovarian tissue. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A single determination of AMH in blood serum is a useful diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of ORS in cats, regardless of the hormonal activity of the remnant ovarian tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Flock
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stine Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jasmin Weeger
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Beate Walter
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Ivaldi F, Ogdon C, Khan FA. A rare case of vulvar discharge associated with exogenous oestrogen exposure in a spayed Weimaraner bitch. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1872-1876. [PMID: 35622883 PMCID: PMC9514459 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This report documents a rare case of vulvar discharge associated with exogenous oestrogen exposure in a large‐breed dog. Case description A 4‐year‐old spayed Weimaraner bitch was presented for evaluation of inappetence and intermittent sanguineous vulvar discharge. Physical examination, vaginal cytology, haematological, and ultrasonographic findings were indicative of a uterine stump pyometra. A celiotomy was performed, and the uterine stump appeared grossly cystic and thickened. Histopathological evaluation of the removed uterine stump and ovarian pedicles revealed cystic endometrial hyperplasia and no ovarian tissue. Fifteen days after surgery, the patient presented again with a sanguineous vulvar discharge. Vaginal cytology revealed predominantly superficial cells, indicating oestrogen influence. Further questioning of the owner revealed the long‐term use of a topical oestrogen cream by a member of the household. Serial examinations were performed, and the cytology remained uniform, with predominantly superficial cells, indicating continued oestrogen influence. Progesterone and anti‐Müllerian hormone tests were negative, which made the presence of ectopic ovarian tissue unlikely. These results coupled with the history of topical oestrogen cream use in the household suggested that the patient's clinical signs were most likely due to exogenous oestrogen exposure. After the owner implemented various recommendations made to prevent the exposure, the clinical signs resolved completely. Conclusions This case demonstrates that although rare, exogenous oestrogen exposure can be a cause of vulvar discharge in a large‐breed spayed bitch. Therefore, regardless of the breed, exogenous oestrogen exposure must be included in the list of differential diagnoses for all clinical presentations associated with oestrogenic influence in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ivaldi
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, Grenada
| | - Camille Ogdon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, Grenada
| | - Firdous A Khan
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, Grenada
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Walter B, Flock U, Leykam C, Otzdorff C, Simmet K, Hecht W, Kempker L, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Reese S. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentration as a diagnostic tool to identify testicular tissue in canine disorders of sexual development. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 78:106654. [PMID: 34509739 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) may have their origin in alterations of the chromosomal, gonadal or phenotypic sex. Affected animals are usually presented because of ambiguous external genitalia, seldom because of reproductive disorders. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is secreted in the gonads with higher amounts in males than in females and can be used to identify gonadal tissue in sexually normally developed dogs. The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic potential of serum AMH to identify testicular tissue in 11 dogs with DSD. The diagnostic procedures applied were: determination of the phenotypic sex (n = 11), genital ultrasound (n = 9), determination of the SRY gene (n = 11), karyogram (n = 6), gonadectomy (n = 11), pathohistology of the gonads (n = 10), serum AMH measurement (n = 11). 39 female dogs described in a previous study and 19 male dogs with a normal spermiogram served as controls for the AMH serum concentrations in sexually intact dogs. The 11 dogs with DSD were classified as 7 XY DSD and 4 XX DSD. Presumptive testes were obtained in 10 dogs and 1 dog had an ovotestis combined with a testis. Mean serum AMH values of the dogs with DSD were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in male and female controls. The upper limit of the AMH test (≥ 23ng/ml) was reached in 6 dogs. High AMH concentrations have been described previously in cryptorchid dogs. 1 dog with a male phenotype and 2 with a female phenotype had AMH values within the range of the male controls, although all of them had cryptorchid testes. A Poodle, in which epididymis were identified but no definitive gonads, had an AMH concentration of the lower limit of the test (≤ 0.01 ng/ml), comparable to previously described castrated dogs. This study indicates that serum AMH levels are a useful diagnostic tool to identify testicular tissue in dogs with DSD and suggests the possible use of AMH to diagnose testicular dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Walter
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - U Flock
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Leykam
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Otzdorff
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K Simmet
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - W Hecht
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - L Kempker
- Laboklin GmbH & Co.KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | | | - S Reese
- Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Ganz S, Wehrend A. Uptake of exogenous estrogen as a differential diagnosis of ovarian-remnant-syndrome in a bitch: a case report. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:225. [PMID: 34172052 PMCID: PMC8235845 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical signs of heat in bitches that have been previously spayed are often associated with the presence of ovarian remnant syndrome. The inclusion of exogenous estrogens as a differential diagnosis in this regard is often ignored and may lead to misinterpretation of the case. Case presentation Herein, we report a case of exogenous estrogen exposure over several months to a 6.5-year-old spayed crossbred bitch, weighing 8.4 kg. The bitch presented in the clinic because of suspected ovarian remnant syndrome. Castration was performed within the first 6 months after birth. Important endocrine parameters measured at the first appointment were Anti-Müllerian hormone (< 0.01 ng/mL), progesterone (0.36 ng/mL), estradiol-17ß (20.7 pg/mL), and luteinizing hormone (< 0.1 ng/mL). After an extensive conversation with the owner, it was revealed that she was using an estrogen spray because of severe menopausal symptoms. After the owner stopped using this spray, the symptoms of the bitch disappeared. Conclusion Therefore, the uptake of estrogens should be a differential diagnosis for symptoms of the ovarian remnant syndrome. A detailed anamnesis is crucial to identify the source of estrogen in the environment of the affected bitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ganz
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals with Ambulatory Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals with Ambulatory Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Place NJ, Cheraskin JL, Hansen BS. Evaluation of combined assessments of serum anti-Müllerian hormone and progesterone concentrations for the diagnosis of ovarian remnant syndrome in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:1067-1072. [PMID: 30986154 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.9.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the usefulness of combined assessments of serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and progesterone (P4) concentrations for diagnosis of ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS) in dogs. DESIGN Prospective case series. ANIMALS 602 bitches that had previously undergone ovariohysterectomy or ovariectomy without hysterectomy and that were being evaluated for ORS. PROCEDURES Serum AMH and P4 concentrations were measured in a single serum sample obtained from each of the 602 dogs; results were classified as positive, negative, or inconclusive. Following AMH testing, submitting veterinarians were offered reimbursement for shipping and histologic evaluation of any tissue removed during treatment of dogs for which serum samples had been assessed. RESULTS Tissue samples were provided from 53 of 55 dogs that underwent surgical abdominal exploration. Of 48 dogs with histologically confirmed ORS, 25 were positive for both AMH and P4 and 23 were positive for AMH or P4 or test results were inconclusive. No dogs with histologically confirmed ORS were negative for both AMH and P4. Tissue samples that included no ovarian tissue were obtained from 5 dogs that were positive for both AMH and P4. In 2 dogs that were negative for both AMH and P4, no ovarian remnant was identified and no tissue was removed at the time of exploratory surgery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that combined determination of AMH and P4 concentrations in a single serum sample can be an effective diagnostic test for spayed dogs suspected to have ORS. Histologic analysis of excised tissues to assess the completeness of surgical treatment in dogs with ORS is warranted.
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Walter B. Anti-Müllerian hormone in dogs and cats reproduction. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55 Suppl 2:26-31. [PMID: 32031297 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein secreted by Sertoli cells in males and granulosa cells in females. It has first been determined in blood serum of dogs and cats by Place et al. in 2011 with the use of a human-based ELISA test. Meanwhile, different immunoassays have been validated for AMH determination in animals and a variety of studies have demonstrated the clinical significance of AMH. This review summarizes the current knowledge about AMH in dogs and cats and describes future opportunities for its diagnostic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Walter
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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14
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Bergman D, Larsson A, Hansson-Hamlin H, Ström Holst B. Investigation of interference from canine anti-mouse antibodies in hormone immunoassays. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48 Suppl 1:59-69. [PMID: 31318069 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine anti-mouse antibodies are a potential source of immunoassay interference, but erroneous immunoassay results are not always easily identifiable. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a marker for the presence of gonads in dogs, but elevated AMH concentrations in neutered dogs could also be caused by antibody interference. For other assays, a discrepant result obtained after antibody precipitation might indicate antibody interference. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate if canine anti-mouse antibodies are a source of erroneous results in the AMH assay and if antibody precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a useful tool for detecting antibody interference in a variety of immunoassays used in the veterinary clinical laboratory. METHODS Twenty-nine positive and 25 negative samples for anti-mouse antibodies were analyzed for AMH, canine total thyroxine (TT4 ), canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and progesterone before and after treatment with PEG. Results that differed by more than four SDs from the intra-assay coefficients of variation were considered discrepant. Elevated AMH concentrations in neutered dogs with anti-mouse antibodies and no visible gonads present were considered evidence of interference. RESULTS Evidence of antibody interference was found in two samples analyzed for AMH. The presence of anti-mouse antibodies did not lead to a higher proportion of discrepant results after PEG treatment for any of the immunoassays. The overall incidence of discrepant results for healthy controls was very high (73%). CONCLUSIONS Canine anti-mouse antibodies are a source of erroneous AMH results. Antibody precipitation with PEG is not a useful tool for detecting interference caused by such antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bergman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helene Hansson-Hamlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bodil Ström Holst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Karakas Alkan K, Ceylan A, Alkan H, Ozen D, Bayraktaroglu AG, Kaymaz M. Immunohistochemical and qPCR determination of the expression and serum level of anti-Müllerian hormone in pre-pubertal, intact and ovarian remnant syndrome detected bitches. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:979-986. [PMID: 31050839 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the serum concentrations, ovarian presence and expression of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in pre-pubertal, bitches with signs of ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS) and intact bitches. In addition, we aimed to verify the suitability of serum AMH concentrations for diagnostic purposes in sterilized bitches and/or in suspected cases of ORS in the field of veterinary medicine. For this purpose, 36 healthy female dogs divided into six groups: proestrus, oestrus, dioestrus, anoestrus, pre-pubertal and ORS. Serum AMH concentrations were determined by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, and ovarian presence and distribution of AMH was confirmed by immunohistochemical and qPCR techniques. According to the results of qPCR, while the expression values of AMH were at the highest concentrations in the proestrus and oestrus, there was a statistically significant decrease in these values at the later stages of the cycle (p < 0.05). According to hormone analysis, the serum AMH values of the ORS group had decreased significantly compared with the proestrus and oestrus (p < 0.05). Although serum AMH levels of ORS group were increased compared with anestrus and pre-pubertal groups, this increase was statistically non-significant (p > 0.05). Immunohistochemically, AMH expression was first observed in the granulosa cells of primordial follicles in folliculogenesis. Expression values were the highest in the proestrous and oestrus groups, but values from bitches in later stages of the cycle were statistically significant decrease in comparison with these groups (p < 0.05). As a result, AMH concentration and expression were found to be higher in proestrus and oestrus than in other periods (p < 0.05). In addition, the measurable level of AMH concentration in bitches with ORS is an indication that it can be used in the diagnosis of ORS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Karakas Alkan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ceylan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Alkan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Dogukan Ozen
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alev Gurol Bayraktaroglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kaymaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Walter B, Feulner H, Otzdorff C, Klein R, Reese S, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Changes in anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations in bitches throughout the oestrous cycle. Theriogenology 2019; 127:114-119. [PMID: 30685686 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies in female dogs proved the measurement of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) as a diagnostic tool to distinguish ovarioectomized from intact females or to diagnose ovarian remnant syndrome. Furthermore, its usability to diagnose a granulosa cell tumour and predict litter size was also investigated in female dogs. Although serum AMH was previously shown to increase during the transition from anoestrus to pro-oestrus in dogs, changes in AMH concentration over the entire oestrous cycle have not yet been determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the secretion pattern of AMH throughout the oestrous cycle in non-pregnant bitches. As a preliminary step, we tested our assay by measuring AMH concentrations in serum samples of 19 intact bitches (10 in anoestrus, 3 in pro-oestrus, 3 in oestrus, 3 in metoestrus) and 19 spayed females of different age and breed. For the main study, 20 healthy female dogs were examined (10 Beagles, and 10 Labrador crossbreeds, body weight 10-28 kg, age 1-6 years) during a normal oestrous cycle. Serum samples were collected in late anoestrus, at several times during pro-oestrus and oestrus, as well as 28 days and 4.5 months after ovulation. Blood collection was combined with a gynaecological examination including progesterone measurement. Serum concentration of AMH was determined using a chemiluminescence immunoassay validated for dog serum. In the preliminary test, intact bitches in various stages of the oestrous cycle had significantly higher serum AMH levels (0.19-1.45 ng/ml) than spayed females (0.01-0.06 ng/ml, P < 0.001). In cycling Beagle and Labrador crossbreed bitches participating in our main study, AMH concentrations were between 0.09 and 2.65 ng/ml with higher AMH concentrations in Beagles but overall high inter-individual and intra-individual variation. The highest AMH values were reached in the last three weeks before the onset of heat until six days before ovulation, and the lowest AMH concentrations were recorded during preovulatory oestrus in 6, metoestrus in 7 or anoestrus in 7 dogs. Serum AMH concentrations increased significantly from late anoestrus up to six days before ovulation and decreased significantly over the last three days before ovulation. A further significant decrease occurred from the last days of oestrus to metoestrus and mid anoestrus. This study shows that the used AMH assay can clearly distinguish between intact and spayed females and that the serum AMH pattern over the oestrous cycle is similar in all bitches, but with high variation among the breeds and among and within bitches. These changes in the AMH concentration are a challenge in timing serum sample collection and interpreting AMH values in bitches. Further studies are necessary to emphasize the factors influencing the AMH concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Walter
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Hans Feulner
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Christiane Otzdorff
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth Klein
- Laboklin GmbH & Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
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Hill JR, Wilkinson J, Mallyon J, Anderson ST. Low sensitivity of a test for anti-Mullerian hormone to assess presence of ovaries in prepubertal bitches. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:356-359. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JR Hill
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton Campus 4343, Queensland Australia
| | - J Wilkinson
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton Campus 4343, Queensland Australia
| | - J Mallyon
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton Campus 4343, Queensland Australia
| | - ST Anderson
- School of Biomedical Science; University of Queensland; St Lucia, QLD Australia
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18
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Walter B, Coelfen A, Jäger K, Reese S, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Aupperle-Lellbach H. Anti-Muellerian hormone concentration in bitches with histopathologically diagnosed ovarian tumours and cysts. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:784-792. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Walter
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - A Coelfen
- Laboklin GmbH & Co.KG; Bad Kissingen Germany
| | - K Jäger
- Laboklin GmbH & Co.KG; Bad Kissingen Germany
| | - S Reese
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Department of Veterinary Sciences; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - A Meyer-Lindenberg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
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Diel de Amorim M, Lerer A, Durzi T, Foster RA, Gartley CJ. Identification of ectopic ovotestis in a dog with XX ovotesticular, SRY-negative, disorder of sexual development. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:822-825. [PMID: 29575379 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 1-year-old, previously spayed phenotypic female Poodle/Soft-coated Wheaten Terrier (Whoodle) cross was presented for a suspected ovarian remnant. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration was below the detection limit (<1 ng/ml Witness® LH), and serum progesterone concentration was elevated in the chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA; 20 ng/ml), consistent with dioestrus and presence of ovarian tissue. Transabdominal ultrasound revealed a retroperitoneal soft tissue structure suspected to be a gonad. On exploratory laparotomy, a gonad was removed from the cranial retroperitoneum, cranial to the right kidney, after ligation of its primary blood supply. Histological examination proved the gonad to be an ovotestis. Subsequent cytogenetics revealed a 78 XX karyotype, thus confirming the diagnosis of ectopic ovotestis in a XX ovotesticular, SRY-negative, disorder of sexual development in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Diel de Amorim
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - A Lerer
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - T Durzi
- Smith Lane Animal Hospital, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - R A Foster
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - C J Gartley
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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20
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Brückner M. Laparoscopy for the treatment of ovarian remnant syndrome in four dogs and two cats. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2017; 44:86-92. [DOI: 10.15654/tpk-150328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Objective: To describe the clinical workup and laparoscopic treatment of ovarian remnant syndrome in dogs and cats. Material and methods: After confirming the diagnosis with some or all of the following tests – vaginoscopy with cytology, hormonal tests, and ultrasound – laparoscopic removal of the ovarian remnants was performed. A three-portal technique was used in the four dogs and a two-portal technique in the two cats. Results: All patients recovered well and were discharged the same day. No post-operative complications occurred in any patient. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Overall, in the hands of an experienced laparoscopic surgeon, laparoscopic removal of ovarian remnants appears to be a safe procedure in dogs and cats. In addition, laparoscopy offers the advantages of excellent visualization and a reduced morbidity for the patient. Careful case selection and complete pre-operative workup to rule out co-morbidities or underlying neoplasia are important. As with any laparoscopy the surgeon should always be prepared to convert to an open laparotomy if necessary.
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21
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Alm H, Holst BS. Identifying ovarian tissue in the bitch using anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) or luteinizing hormone (LH). Theriogenology 2017; 106:15-20. [PMID: 29028571 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reliable methods for determining whether or not a bitch has ovarian tissue present are needed for cases with unknown neutering status. Vaginal cytology consistent with heat is indicative of functional ovarian tissue. Other methods are required when the bitch is not presented in suspected heat. Progesterone can be analyzed during 2 months after suspected heat. During other stages, assays for the analyses of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) have been used. The AMH assay is expected to give detectable concentrations (positive) in bitches with ovarian tissue, and the LH assay should give negative results in intact bitches, except during the pre-ovulatory LH peak. The aim of the present study was to study the diagnostic efficiency for detecting ovarian tissue in bitches using an AMH assay developed for human samples, and a semi-quantitative rapid immune migration (RIM™) LH assay developed for use in dogs. An AMH concentration of ≥0.1 μg/L, and an LH concentration of ≤1 μg/L, was set as the cut-off for presence of ovarian tissue. Client or staff owned bitches were included (N = 125). There were 73 intact bitches that were classified as being in heat (N = 25); in luteal phase (N = 12); or in anestrus (N = 36), and 52 spayed bitches that showed no clinical signs of estrogen influence. In total 64 of the 73 intact bitches (88%) were correctly identified using AMH, and 70/73 (96%) intact bitches were correctly identified using the LH assay. Excluding bitches in heat, the corresponding figures were 42/48 (88%) for AMH and 48/48 (100%) for LH. Of the 52 spayed bitches, 51 (98%) were correctly identified using the AMH assay and 49 (94%) were correctly identified using the LH assay. In this population, the predictive value of a positive AMH for intact bitches was 98%, and of a negative AMH for spayed bitches was 85%. Excluding bitches in heat, the predictive value of a negative LH test for intact bitches was 94%, and the predictive value of a positive LH test for identifying spayed bitches was 100%. It was concluded that analyses of AMH and LH are useful for detecting ovarian tissue in bitches, but that low concentrations of AMH may be obtained in intact bitches, classifying them as spayed. For LH, bitches in suspected estrus should not be tested to avoid the pre-ovulatory LH-surge, that otherwise may cause intact bitches being incorrectly identified as spayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Alm
- Tyresö Djurklinik, Öringevägen 1, SE-13549 Tyresö, Sweden; Anicura Regional Animal Hospital Bagarmossen, Ljusnevägen 17, 128 48 Bagarmossen, Sweden.
| | - Bodil S Holst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Snoeck F, Sarrazin S, Wydooghe E, Van Soom A. Age and anti-Müllerian hormone levels predict the success of in vitro maturation of cat oocytes. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52 Suppl 2:98-102. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Snoeck
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S Sarrazin
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - E Wydooghe
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - A Van Soom
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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23
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Hollinshead FK, Walker C, Hanlon DW. Determination of the normal reference interval for anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in bitches and use of AMH as a potential predictor of litter size. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52 Suppl 2:35-40. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- FK Hollinshead
- Glenbred; Matamata Veterinary Services Ltd; Matamata New Zealand
| | - C Walker
- New Zealand Veterinary Pathology Ltd; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - DW Hanlon
- Glenbred; Matamata Veterinary Services Ltd; Matamata New Zealand
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24
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Holst BS. Diagnostic possibilities from a serum sample-Clinical value of new methods within small animal reproduction, with focus on anti-Müllerian hormone. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52 Suppl 2:303-309. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- BS Holst
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
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25
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Pir Yagci I, Pekcan M, Polat IM, Kalender H, Macun HC. Does serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels always discriminate presence of the ovaries in adult bitches? Comparison of two ELISA kits. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 51:910-915. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Pir Yagci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kırıkkale University; Kırıkkale Turkey
| | - M Pekcan
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ankara University; Ankara Turkey
| | - IM Polat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kırıkkale University; Kırıkkale Turkey
| | - H Kalender
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kırıkkale University; Kırıkkale Turkey
| | - HC Macun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kırıkkale University; Kırıkkale Turkey
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27
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Nagashima JB, Hansen BS, Songsasen N, Travis AJ, Place NJ. Anti-Müllerian Hormone in the Domestic Dog during the Anestrus to Oestrous Transition. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 51:158-64. [PMID: 26708613 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The reproductive cycle of the domestic dog features a long period of relative ovarian inactivity or anestrus. The mechanism of anestrous termination/oestrous resumption is not yet fully understood, which presents a challenge to the development of oestrous induction protocols. In this study, we assess the possibility that anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) might play a role in this transition by characterizing its patterns of expression in the circulation during the transition from anestrus to oestrous and in all stages of ovarian follicular growth. Serum samples from five beagles (2.0-4.5 years) were collected three times per week at least 30 days prior to the onset of oestrous and assessed for AMH concentrations. Serum AMH concentration increased significantly during the transition from anestrus to proestrus and then declined back to the anestrous baseline beginning on day -4 before the luteinizing hormone surge, which was determined by changes in serum progesterone concentrations. Cortical sections of ovaries from females undergoing routine ovariohysterectomy (aged 8 months-5 years, n = 4) were evaluated for AMH by immunohistochemistry. Pre-antral and small antral follicles were most strongly immunoreactive for AMH. These data suggest that the increase in the number of antral follicles is associated with the rise in serum AMH as the anestrous period comes to an end. The rise in AMH might be useful in predicting the onset of oestrus and therefore assist with the optimization of oestrous induction protocols and possibly other assisted reproductive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Nagashima
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - B S Hansen
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - N Songsasen
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - A J Travis
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - N J Place
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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