1
|
Virus Elimination from Naturally Infected Field Cultivars of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) by Transgenic RNA Interference. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148020. [PMID: 35887367 PMCID: PMC9321115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue culture methods enable virus elimination from vegetatively propagated crop plants but cannot prevent new infections. Here we used a tissue culture transgenic approach for curing field cultivars of Solanum tuberosum through the stimulation of RNA interference (RNAi)-based antiviral defenses. Expression cassettes carrying inverted repeats of potato virus S (PVS, genus Carlavirus) movement or coat protein sequences were used for the transformation of potato cultivars naturally infected with PVS and/or a related carlavirus potato virus M (PVM), without or with potato virus Y (PVY, genus Potyvirus). A high proportion of transformants PCR-positive for transgenes were cured from both carlaviruses and PVY. After 3-year field trials, 22 transgenic lines representing seven cultivars remained free of any virus or became infected only with PVY. Vegetative progenies of the transgenic lines of cultivar Zeren (initially coinfected with PVS, PVM, and PVY), sampled after in vitro propagation or field trials, and other field cultivars accumulated transgene-derived 21, 22, and 24 nt small interfering (si)RNAs almost exclusively from the PVS inverted repeats. Additionally, some field progenies accumulated 21–22 nt siRNAs from the entire PVY genome, confirming PVY infection. Taken together, transgenic RNAi is effective for virus elimination from naturally infected potato cultivars and their sequence-specific immunization against new infections.
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma SK, Gupta OP, Pathaw N, Sharma D, Maibam A, Sharma P, Sanasam J, Karkute SG, Kumar S, Bhattacharjee B. CRISPR-Cas-Led Revolution in Diagnosis and Management of Emerging Plant Viruses: New Avenues Toward Food and Nutritional Security. Front Nutr 2022; 8:751512. [PMID: 34977113 PMCID: PMC8716883 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.751512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses pose a serious threat to agricultural production systems worldwide. The world's population is expected to reach the 10-billion mark by 2057. Under the scenario of declining cultivable land and challenges posed by rapidly emerging and re-emerging plant pathogens, conventional strategies could not accomplish the target of keeping pace with increasing global food demand. Gene-editing techniques have recently come up as promising options to enable precise changes in genomes with greater efficiency to achieve the target of higher crop productivity. Of genome engineering tools, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins have gained much popularity, owing to their simplicity, reproducibility, and applicability in a wide range of species. Also, the application of different Cas proteins, such as Cas12a, Cas13a, and Cas9 nucleases, has enabled the development of more robust strategies for the engineering of antiviral mechanisms in many plant species. Recent studies have revealed the use of various CRISPR-Cas systems to either directly target a viral gene or modify a host genome to develop viral resistance in plants. This review provides a comprehensive record of the use of the CRISPR-Cas system in the development of antiviral resistance in plants and discusses its applications in the overall enhancement of productivity and nutritional landscape of cultivated plant species. Furthermore, the utility of this technique for the detection of various plant viruses could enable affordable and precise in-field or on-site detection. The futuristic potential of CRISPR-Cas technologies and possible challenges with their use and application are highlighted. Finally, the future of CRISPR-Cas in sustainable management of viral diseases, and its practical utility and regulatory guidelines in different parts of the globe are discussed systematically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Om Prakash Gupta
- Division of Quality & Basic Science, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Neeta Pathaw
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, India
| | - Devender Sharma
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, India
| | - Albert Maibam
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, India
| | - Parul Sharma
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Jyotsana Sanasam
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, India
| | - Suhas Gorakh Karkute
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aphid Transmission of Potyvirus: The Largest Plant-Infecting RNA Virus Genus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070773. [PMID: 32708998 PMCID: PMC7411817 DOI: 10.3390/v12070773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Potyviruses are the largest group of plant infecting RNA viruses that cause significant losses in a wide range of crops across the globe. The majority of viruses in the genus Potyvirus are transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent, non-circulative manner and have been extensively studied vis-à-vis their structure, taxonomy, evolution, diagnosis, transmission, and molecular interactions with hosts. This comprehensive review exclusively discusses potyviruses and their transmission by aphid vectors, specifically in the light of several virus, aphid and plant factors, and how their interplay influences potyviral binding in aphids, aphid behavior and fitness, host plant biochemistry, virus epidemics, and transmission bottlenecks. We present the heatmap of the global distribution of potyvirus species, variation in the potyviral coat protein gene, and top aphid vectors of potyviruses. Lastly, we examine how the fundamental understanding of these multi-partite interactions through multi-omics approaches is already contributing to, and can have future implications for, devising effective and sustainable management strategies against aphid-transmitted potyviruses to global agriculture.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rubio J, Sánchez E, Tricon D, Montes C, Eyquard JP, Chague A, Aguirre C, Prieto H, Decroocq V. Silencing of one copy of the translation initiation factor eIFiso4G in Japanese plum (Prunus salicina) impacts susceptibility to Plum pox virus (PPV) and small RNA production. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:440. [PMID: 31640557 PMCID: PMC6806492 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, host factors encoded by susceptibility (S) genes are indispensable for viral infection. Resistance is achieved through the impairment or the absence of those susceptibility factors. Many S genes have been cloned from model and crop species and a majority of them are coding for members of the eukaryotic translation initiation complex, mainly eIF4E, eIF4G and their isoforms. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of those translation initiation factors in susceptibility of stone fruit species to sharka, a viral disease due to Plum pox virus (PPV). RESULTS For this purpose, hairpin-inducing silencing constructs based on Prunus persica orthologs were used to generate Prunus salicina (Japanese plum) 4E and 4G silenced plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and challenged with PPV. While down-regulated eIFiso4E transgenic Japanese plums were not regenerated in our conditions, eIFiso4G11-, but not the eIFiso4G10-, silenced plants displayed durable and stable resistance to PPV. We also investigated the alteration of the si- and mi-RNA profiles in transgenic and wild-type Japanese plums upon PPV infection and confirmed that the newly generated small interfering (si) RNAs, which are derived from the engineered inverted repeat construct, are the major contributor of resistance to sharka. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that S gene function of the translation initiation complex isoform is conserved in Prunus species. We discuss the possibilities of using RNAi silencing or loss-of-function mutations of the different isoforms of proteins involved in this complex to breed for resistance to sharka in fruit trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rubio
- Biotechnology Laboratory, La Platina Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Santa Rosa 11610, La Pintana, Santiago Chile
- Agronomical Sciences Doctoral Program, Campus Sur, University of Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago Chile
- Present address: Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Providencia, Chile
| | - Evelyn Sánchez
- Biotechnology Laboratory, La Platina Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Santa Rosa 11610, La Pintana, Santiago Chile
- Present address: Integrative Genomics Doctoral Program, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 575, Huechuraba, Santiago Chile
| | - David Tricon
- INRA, UMR 1332 BFP, Equipe de virologie, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1332 BFP, CS20032, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Christian Montes
- Biotechnology Laboratory, La Platina Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Santa Rosa 11610, La Pintana, Santiago Chile
- Present address: Genetics and Genomics Doctoral Program, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011–1079 USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Eyquard
- INRA, UMR 1332 BFP, Equipe de virologie, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1332 BFP, CS20032, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Aurélie Chague
- INRA, UMR 1332 BFP, Equipe de virologie, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1332 BFP, CS20032, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Carlos Aguirre
- Biotechnology Laboratory, La Platina Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Santa Rosa 11610, La Pintana, Santiago Chile
| | - Humberto Prieto
- Biotechnology Laboratory, La Platina Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Santa Rosa 11610, La Pintana, Santiago Chile
| | - Véronique Decroocq
- INRA, UMR 1332 BFP, Equipe de virologie, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1332 BFP, CS20032, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Worrall EA, Bravo-Cazar A, Nilon AT, Fletcher SJ, Robinson KE, Carr JP, Mitter N. Exogenous Application of RNAi-Inducing Double-Stranded RNA Inhibits Aphid-Mediated Transmission of a Plant Virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:265. [PMID: 30930914 PMCID: PMC6429036 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are difficult to control, and they decrease both the quality and yield of crops, thus threatening global food security. A new approach that uses topical application of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to induce antiviral RNA-interference has been shown to be effective at preventing virus infection in a range of plants following mechanical inoculation. In this study, topical application of dsRNA was effective against mechanical inoculation and aphid-mediated inoculation with the potyvirus bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). Topical application of dsRNAs targeting either the coding region of the potyviral nuclear inclusion b (NIb) protein (BCMVNIb-dsRNA) or the coat protein (CP) coding region (BCMVCP-dsRNA) protected Nicotiana benthamiana and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plants against mechanical inoculation with BCMV. BCMVCP-dsRNA was selected for subsequent aphid transmission experiments. BCMVCP-dsRNA was loaded onto layered double hydroxide nanoparticles to form BCMVCP-BioClay which is a more stable formulation for delivering dsRNA than naked dsRNA. BCMVCP-BioClay was shown to be successful in protecting plants against BCMV transmission by the aphid Myzus persicae. Spraying detached N. benthamiana leaves with BCMVCP-BioClay 5 days prior to exposure to viruliferous aphids protected the leaves from infection by BCMV. Importantly, spraying of intact N. benthamiana and cowpea plants with BCMVCP-BioClay 5 days prior to exposure to viruliferous aphids protected plants of both species from BCMV infection. This study demonstrates that topical application of dsRNA using BioClay protects plants from aphid-mediated virus transmission, which is an important first step toward developing practical application of this approach in crop protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Worrall
- Centre of Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance of Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ana Bravo-Cazar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander T. Nilon
- Centre of Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance of Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Fletcher
- Centre of Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance of Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karl E. Robinson
- Centre of Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance of Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Neena Mitter,
| | - Neena Mitter
- Centre of Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance of Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Neena Mitter,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ali S, Ahmad Nasir I, Rafiq M, Javed Butt S, Ihsan F, Qayyum Rao A, Husnain T. Sugarcane Mosaic Virus-Based Gene Silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 15:260-267. [PMID: 29845078 PMCID: PMC5903913 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Potyvirus-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is used for knocking down the expression of a target gene in numerous plant species. Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is a monopartite, positive single strand RNA virus. Objectives: pBINTRA6 vector was modifi ed by inserting a gene segment of SCMV in place of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) genome part 1 (TRV1 or RNA1) and the two nonstructural proteins of TRV2(RNA2). Materials and Methods: SCMV construct was inoculated into 3-4 weeks Nicotiana benthamiana plant leaves either by using a needleless syringe or applying pricking with a toothpick. Results: The construct (SCMV-RNA2) successfully induced post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of the target genes GFP and ChlI through agroinoculation proving that SCMV is a substitute of the RNA1, which plays a pivotal role in the systemic gene silencing. 2-3-weeks of post inoculation, target genes' silencing was observed in the newly developed noninoculated leaves. Conclusions: The newly developed construct expresses the knocked down of the endogenous as well as exogenous genes and only four weeks are required for the transient expression of the gene silencing based on SCMV-VIGS system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajed Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Sialkot Campus, Sialkot, Pakistan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Idrees Ahmad Nasir
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Javed Butt
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Sialkot Campus, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Ihsan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum Rao
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sánchez E, Tricon D, Mora R, Quiroz D, Decroocq V, Prieto H. A fast and efficient protocol for small RNA extraction in Japanese plum and other Prunus species. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
8
|
Pooggin MM. RNAi-mediated resistance to viruses: a critical assessment of methodologies. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 26:28-35. [PMID: 28753441 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, RNA interference (RNAi)-based antiviral defense is mediated by multigenic families of Dicer-like enzymes generating small interfering (si)RNAs from double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced during replication and/or transcription of RNA and DNA viruses, and Argonaute enzymes binding viral siRNAs and targeting viral RNA and DNA for siRNA-directed posttranscriptional and transcriptional silencing. Successful viruses are able to suppress or evade the production or action of viral siRNAs. In antiviral biotech approaches based on RNAi, transgenic expression or non-transgenic delivery of dsRNA cognate to a target virus pre-activates or boosts the natural plant antiviral defenses. Design of more effective antiviral RNAi strategies requires better understanding of viral siRNA biogenesis and viral anti-silencing strategies in virus-infected plants.
Collapse
|
9
|
Synthesis of an artificial Vitis vinifera miRNA 319e using overlapping long primers and its application for gene silencing. J Biotechnol 2016; 233:200-10. [PMID: 27411902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The conserved mechanism of action of micro-RNAs (miRNAs) as regulators of gene expression has allowed the use of artificial miRNAs (amiRNAs) as a powerful tool for candidate gene evaluation in plants. Based on the use of a Vitis vinifera miRNA molecule (i.e., vvi-miR319e), the present work presents a new methodology for designing artificial miR319e precursors (pre-amiR319e). As a proof of concept, we silenced the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants. This methodology includes a two-step PCR reaction in which overlapping long primers allow for the complete generation of pre-amiR319e-GFP molecules that are adequate for recombination into Gateway vectors with no further requirements. The seed region in amiRNA was directed against the 3'-end portion of the GFP gene. Three groups of transformed N. benthamiana plants were generated: GFP-, amiR319e-GFP-, and GFP plus miR319e-GFP-expressing vectors. A similar group of wild-type plants was included. Confocal microscopy evaluation of these groups revealed strong silencing of the GFP phenotype in the double GFP plus amiR319e-GFP group. The molecular characterization of silenced plants was achieved via modified 5'RACE of the GFP mRNA and revealed the occurrence of a partial, 3'-end GFP mRNA molecule that was generated in planta. In addition, large-scale small RNA sequencing confirmed the occurrence of the expected 21-nt miR319e-GFP species and other 22- and 24-nt species that exhibited sequence relationships with the expected amiRNA. These results highlight the possibility of using vvi-MIR319 as a template for the generation of single amiRNAs as a tool for gene silencing in plants.
Collapse
|
10
|
Fuentes A, Carlos N, Ruiz Y, Callard D, Sánchez Y, Ochagavía ME, Seguin J, Malpica-López N, Hohn T, Lecca MR, Pérez R, Doreste V, Rehrauer H, Farinelli L, Pujol M, Pooggin MM. Field Trial and Molecular Characterization of RNAi-Transgenic Tomato Plants That Exhibit Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Geminivirus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:197-209. [PMID: 26713353 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-15-0181-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a widely used approach to generate virus-resistant transgenic crops. However, issues of agricultural importance like the long-term durability of RNAi-mediated resistance under field conditions and the potential side effects provoked in the plant by the stable RNAi expression remain poorly investigated. Here, we performed field trials and molecular characterization studies of two homozygous transgenic tomato lines, with different selection markers, expressing an intron-hairpin RNA cognate to the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) C1 gene. The tested F6 and F4 progenies of the respective kanamycin- and basta-resistant plants exhibited unchanged field resistance to TYLCV and stably expressed the transgene-derived short interfering RNA (siRNAs) to represent 6 to 8% of the total plant small RNAs. This value outnumbered the average percentage of viral siRNAs in the nontransformed plants exposed to TYLCV-infested whiteflies. As a result of the RNAi transgene expression, a common set of up- and downregulated genes was revealed in the transcriptome profile of the plants selected from either of the two transgenic events. A previously unidentified geminivirus causing no symptoms of viral disease was detected in some of the transgenic plants. The novel virus acquired V1 and V2 genes from TYLCV and C1, C2, C3, and C4 genes from a distantly related geminivirus and, thereby, it could evade the repressive sequence-specific action of transgene-derived siRNAs. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms of siRNA-directed antiviral silencing in transgenic plants and highlight the applicability limitations of this technology as it may alter the transcriptional pattern of nontarget genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Fuentes
- 1 Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, calle 31 entre 158 y 190, Cubanacan Playa, Apdo 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Natacha Carlos
- 1 Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, calle 31 entre 158 y 190, Cubanacan Playa, Apdo 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Yoslaine Ruiz
- 1 Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, calle 31 entre 158 y 190, Cubanacan Playa, Apdo 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Danay Callard
- 1 Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, calle 31 entre 158 y 190, Cubanacan Playa, Apdo 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Yadira Sánchez
- 1 Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, calle 31 entre 158 y 190, Cubanacan Playa, Apdo 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - María Elena Ochagavía
- 1 Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, calle 31 entre 158 y 190, Cubanacan Playa, Apdo 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Jonathan Seguin
- 2 University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- 3 FASTERIS SA, Ch. Du Pont-du-Centenaire 109, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland; and
| | - Nachelli Malpica-López
- 2 University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hohn
- 2 University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Rita Lecca
- 4 Functional Genomics Center ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/Y32 H80, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rosabel Pérez
- 1 Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, calle 31 entre 158 y 190, Cubanacan Playa, Apdo 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Vivian Doreste
- 1 Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, calle 31 entre 158 y 190, Cubanacan Playa, Apdo 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Hubert Rehrauer
- 4 Functional Genomics Center ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190/Y32 H80, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Farinelli
- 3 FASTERIS SA, Ch. Du Pont-du-Centenaire 109, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland; and
| | - Merardo Pujol
- 1 Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, calle 31 entre 158 y 190, Cubanacan Playa, Apdo 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Mikhail M Pooggin
- 2 University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|