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Hao J, Zhang X, Hu R, Lu X, Wang H, Li Y, Cheng K, Li Q. Metabolomics combined with network pharmacology reveals a role for astragaloside IV in inhibiting enterovirus 71 replication via PI3K-AKT signaling. J Transl Med 2024; 22:555. [PMID: 38858642 PMCID: PMC11163744 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astragaloside IV (AST-IV), as an effective active ingredient of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge. It has been found that AST-IV inhibits the replication of dengue virus, hepatitis B virus, adenovirus, and coxsackievirus B3. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) serves as the main pathogen in severe hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD), but there are no specific drugs available. In this study, we focus on investigating whether AST-IV can inhibit EV71 replication and explore the potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS The GES-1 or RD cells were infected with EV71, treated with AST-IV, or co-treated with both EV71 and AST-IV. The EV71 structural protein VP1 levels, the viral titers in the supernatant were measured using western blot and 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50), respectively. Network pharmacology was used to predict possible pathways and targets for AST-IV to inhibit EV71 replication. Additionally, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) was used to investigate the potential targeted metabolites of AST-IV. Associations between metabolites and apparent indicators were performed via Spearman's algorithm. RESULTS This study illustrated that AST-IV effectively inhibited EV71 replication. Network pharmacology suggested that AST-IV inhibits EV71 replication by targeting PI3K-AKT. Metabolomics results showed that AST-IV achieved these effects by elevating the levels of hypoxanthine, 2-ketobutyric acid, adenine, nicotinic acid mononucleotide, prostaglandin H2, 6-hydroxy-1 H-indole-3- acetamide, oxypurinol, while reducing the levels of PC (14:0/15:0). Furthermore, AST-IV also mitigated EV71-induced oxidative stress by reducing the levels of MDA, ROS, while increasing the activity of T-AOC, CAT, GSH-Px. The inhibition of EV71 replication was also observed when using the ROS inhibitor N-Acetylcysteine (NAC). Additionally, AST-IV exhibited the ability to activate the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and suppress EV71-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION This study suggests that AST-IV may activate the cAMP and the antioxidant stress response by targeting eight key metabolites, including hypoxanthine, 2-ketobutyric acid, adenine, nicotinic acid mononucleotide, prostaglandin H2, 6-Hydroxy-1 H-indole-3-acetamide, oxypurinol and PC (14:0/15:0). This activation can further stimulate the PI3K-AKT signaling to inhibit EV71-induced apoptosis and EV71 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinFang Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical, Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing Chronic Inflammation, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, China
- Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical, Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China.
| | - Ruixian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical, Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China
| | - Xiufeng Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical, Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical, Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China
| | - Yuanhong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical, Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical, Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China
| | - Qingshan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical, Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China.
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing Chronic Inflammation, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, 030619, China.
- Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
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2
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Yao J, Zhu Y, Zhang G, Zhou X, Shang H, Li L, Xu T. Action mechanisms and characteristics of miRNAs to regulate virus replication. Virology 2024; 590:109966. [PMID: 38100983 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have the potential to be explored as antiviral products. It is known that miRNAs have different kinds of target mRNAs and different target sites in mRNAs, and that the action-modes of miRNAs at different target sites may be different. But there is no evidence demonstrating the significance of the differences for the regulation of viruses by miRNAs, which might be crucial for the exploration of miRNA-based antiviral products. Here the experimental studies about the antiviral effects of miRNAs, with validated target mRNAs and target sites in the mRNAs, were systematically collected, based on which the mechanisms whereby miRNAs regulated virus replication were systematically reviewed. And miRNAs' down-regulation rates on target mRNAs and antiviral rates were compared among the miRNAs with different target sites, to analyze the characteristics of action-modes of miRNAs at different target sites during virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Mei Ling Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, PR China.
| | - Yating Zhu
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Mei Ling Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, PR China.
| | - Genrong Zhang
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Mei Ling Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, PR China.
| | - Xianfeng Zhou
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Mei Ling Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, PR China.
| | - Hongcai Shang
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Mei Ling Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, PR China; Shang Hongcai, Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of MOE and Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Eastern Section of the North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Longxue Li
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Mei Ling Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, PR China.
| | - Tielong Xu
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Mei Ling Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, PR China.
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3
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Chen W, Li J, Li J, Zhang J, Zhang J. Roles of Non-Coding RNAs in Virus-Host Interaction About Pathogenesis of Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:247. [PMID: 35834056 PMCID: PMC9281230 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02928-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) represent the largest and main transcriptome products and play various roles in the biological activity of cells and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence shows that microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA) are important ncRNAs that play vital regulatory roles during viral infection. Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) virus causes hand-foot-mouth disease, and is also associated with various serious complications and high mortality. However, there is currently no effective treatment. In this review, we focus on advances in the understanding of the modulatory role of ncRNAs during HFMD virus infection. Specifically, we discuss the generation, classification, and regulatory mechanisms of miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA in the interaction between virus and host, with a particular focus on their influence with viral replication and infection. Analysis of these underlying mechanisms can help provide a foundation for the development of ncRNA-based antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong District, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinwei Li
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong District, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong District, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong District, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong District, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Yang F, Zhang N, Chen Y, Yin J, Xu M, Cheng X, Ma R, Meng J, Du Y. Role of Non-Coding RNA in Neurological Complications Associated With Enterovirus 71. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:873304. [PMID: 35548469 PMCID: PMC9081983 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.873304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogenic virus that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Studies have reported that EV71-induced infections including aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even neurogenic pulmonary edema, can progress to severe neurological complications in infants, young children, and the immunosuppressed population. However, the mechanisms through which EV71 causes neurological diseases have not been fully explored. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are RNAs that do not code for proteins, play a key role in biological processes and disease development associated with EV71. In this review, we summarized recent advances concerning the impacts of ncRNAs on neurological diseases caused by interaction between EV71 and host, revealing the potential role of ncRNAs in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of EV71-induced neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiang Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiancai Yin
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Muchen Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruyi Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jialin Meng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yinan Du, ; Jialin Meng,
| | - Yinan Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yinan Du, ; Jialin Meng,
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5
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Consuegra I, Gasco S, Serramía MJ, Jiménez JL, Mellado MJ, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Establishment of a miRNA profile in paediatric HIV-1 patients and its potential as a biomarker for effectiveness of the combined antiretroviral therapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23477. [PMID: 34873266 PMCID: PMC8648729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs have been extensively studied in pathological conditions, including viral infections, such as those provoked by HIV-1. Several cellular and circulating miRNAs are altered during HIV-1 infection, with either beneficial effects on host defenses or enhanced virus infectivity. Blood samples were collected in sterile EDTA tubes and plasma was separated and stored, as were PBMCs. RNA was isolated and reverse-transcribed. Finally, the miRNA gene expression profile was assessed using TaqMan Array Human microRNA Card A v2.0. A comprehensive statistical analysis was performed on the results obtained. This is the first study on miRNAs in HIV-1 paediatric patients, and a miRNA profile differentiating patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) at different times after HIV-1 diagnosis was established. Thirty-four miRNAs were observed to have different expression levels between the control group and the cART group. The data indicates the need to start cART as soon as possible after the establishment of HIV-1 infection to assure the best outcome possible. Finally, the selected 34 miRNAs may be used as biomarkers for prognosis and assessing therapy effectiveness. However, more research must be conducted to establish adequate quantitative correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Consuegra
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samanta Gasco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Serramía
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Head Immunology Section, (Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón), C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Plataforma-Laboratorio (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Mellado
- General Pediatrics, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department Hospital, Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain. .,Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain. .,Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Head Immunology Section, (Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón), C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain. .,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Yang Z, Zhuo Q, Qin W, Wang J, Wang L, Tien P. MicroRNAs miR-18a and miR-452 regulate the replication of enterovirus 71 by targeting the gene encoding VP3. Virus Genes 2021; 57:318-326. [PMID: 34002325 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial in the process of host-pathogen interaction. In this study, we established a screening system for miRNAs of target genes to detect the effect of miRNAs on Enterovirus 71 (EV71) replication in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. A 3'-untranslated region (UTR) dual-luciferase assay was performed to confirm putative miRNA targets in EV71 genome. Firstly, 13 fragments of EV71 genome were inserted into the vector pMIR, and luciferase activities were analyzed to identify the putative miRNAs of target genes. The expression of the reporter protein was significantly downregulated in cells transfected with the vector containing gene VP3. Then we screened for miRNAs that might target to VP3 through online analysis software. In addition, Western blot, real-time PCR, virus titration, and morphological changes were considered to examine the effects of miRNAs on virus replication. The results suggested that miR-18a and miR-452 repress the reproduction of EV71 virus by binding to VP3. Moreover, EV71 infection also affected the expression of endogenous miR-18a and miR-452. In addition, no significant cytotoxic effects were observed. The results from this study suggest that the intracellular miRNAs may play vital roles in the host-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Yang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Qin Zhuo
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wen Qin
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Po Tien
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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7
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Zhu P, Chen S, Zhang W, Duan G, Jin Y. Essential Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Enterovirus Infection: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062904. [PMID: 33809362 PMCID: PMC7999384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are common RNA viruses that can cause various types of human diseases and conditions such as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), myocarditis, meningitis, sepsis, and respiratory disorders. Although EV infections in most patients are generally mild and self-limiting, a small number of young children can develop serious complications such as encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, myocarditis, and cardiorespiratory failure, resulting in fatalities. Established evidence has suggested that certain non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in the occurrence and progression of many human diseases. Recently, the involvement of ncRNAs in the course of EV infection has been reported. Herein, the authors focus on recent advances in the understanding of ncRNAs in EV infection from basic viral pathogenesis to clinical prospects, providing a reference basis and new ideas for disease prevention and research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (P.Z.); (S.C.); (W.Z.); (G.D.)
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (P.Z.); (S.C.); (W.Z.); (G.D.)
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (P.Z.); (S.C.); (W.Z.); (G.D.)
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (P.Z.); (S.C.); (W.Z.); (G.D.)
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (P.Z.); (S.C.); (W.Z.); (G.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0371-67781453
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8
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Zhu X, Wu T, Chi Y, Ge Y, Jiao Y, Zhu F, Cui L. MicroRNA-195 suppresses enterovirus A71-induced pyroptosis in human neuroblastoma cells through targeting NLRX1. Virus Res 2020; 292:198245. [PMID: 33253716 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) emerged as a leading cause of virus derived infant encephalitis in most Asian countries. Some recent studies point out the critical role of microRNA (miRNA) in the regulation of pyroptosis. However, the role of miRNAs in the regulation of EV-A71 infection-induced pyroptosis was not previously explored. In this study, we utilized microRNA array and real-time PCR to verify that miR-195 significantly down-regulate in EV-A71-infected SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. An inverse correlation of NLRX1 with miR-195 expression in EV-A71-infected SH-SY5Y cells was found. Target prediction of miR-195 showed that NLRX1 could directly interact with miR-195. Results from luciferase reporter assays, qRT-PCR and western blotting demonstrated the negative regulation between miR-195 and NLRX1. Silencing NLRX1 expression with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs-NLRX1) and over-expression of miR-195 also attenuate the EV-A71 associated pyroptosis. Our findings provided evidence showed that miR-195 can regulate EV-A71 infection-induced pyroptosis, by directly targeting NLRX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tao Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Chi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yiyue Ge
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yongjun Jiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lunbiao Cui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Younes N, Zhou L, Amatullah H, Mei SHJ, Herrero R, Lorente JA, Stewart DJ, Marsden P, Liles WC, Hu P, Dos Santos CC. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells modulate response to experimental sepsis-induced lung injury via regulation of miR-27a-5p in recipient mice. Thorax 2020; 75:556-567. [PMID: 32546573 PMCID: PMC7361025 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy mitigates lung injury and improves survival in murine models of sepsis. Precise mechanisms of therapeutic benefit remain poorly understood. Objectives To identify host-derived regulatory elements that may contribute to the therapeutic effects of MSCs, we profiled the microRNAome (miRNAome) and transcriptome of lungs from mice randomised to experimental polymicrobial sepsis-induced lung injury treated with either placebo or MSCs. Methods and results A total of 11 997 genes and 357 microRNAs (miRNAs) expressed in lungs were used to generate a statistical estimate of association between miRNAs and their putative mRNA targets; 1395 miRNA:mRNA significant association pairs were found to be differentially expressed (false discovery rate ≤0.05). MSC administration resulted in the downregulation of miR-27a-5p and upregulation of its putative target gene VAV3 (adjusted p=1.272E-161) in septic lungs. In human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, miR-27a-5p expression levels were increased while VAV3 was decreased following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) stimulation. Transfection of miR-27a-5p mimic or inhibitor resulted in increased or decreased VAV3 message, respectively. Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated specific binding of miR-27a-5p to the 3′UTR of VAV3. miR27a-5p inhibition mitigated TNF-induced (1) delayed wound closure, increased (2) adhesion and (3) transendothelial migration but did not alter permeability. In vivo, cell infiltration was attenuated by intratracheal coinstillation of the miR-27a-5p inhibitor, but this did not protect against endotoxin-induced oedema formation. Conclusions Our data support involvement of miR-27a-5p and VAV3 in cellular adhesion and infiltration during acute lung injury and a potential role for miR-27a-based therapeutics for acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Younes
- Critical Care Medicine, The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of Saint Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louis Zhou
- Critical Care Medicine, The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of Saint Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hajera Amatullah
- Critical Care Medicine, The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of Saint Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shirley H J Mei
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raquel Herrero
- Critical Care Service, Hospital Universitario de Getafe-CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Getafe, Spain
| | - Jose Angel Lorente
- Critical Care Service, Hospital Universitario de Getafe-CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Getafe, Spain
| | - Duncan J Stewart
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip Marsden
- Critical Care Medicine, The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of Saint Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Conrad Liles
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pingzhao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Claudia C Dos Santos
- Critical Care Medicine, The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of Saint Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lin CK, Tseng CK, Wu YH, Lin CY, Huang CH, Wang WH, Liaw CC, Chen YH, Lee JC. Prostasin Impairs Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor Activation to Suppress Dengue Virus Propagation. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1377-1388. [PMID: 30476206 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue virus (DENV), a common and widely spread arbovirus, causes life-threatening diseases, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. There is currently no effective therapeutic or preventive treatment for DENV infection. METHODS Next-generation sequencing analysis revealed that prostasin expression was decreased upon DENV infection. Prostasin expression levels were confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in patients with dengue fever and a DENV-infected mice model. Short hairpin RNA against EGFR and LY294002 were used to investigate the molecular mechanism. RESULTS Based on clinical studies, we first found relatively low expression of prostasin, a glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored membrane protease, in blood samples from patients with dengue fever compared with healthy individuals and a high correlation of prostasin expression and DENV-2 RNA copy number. DENV infection significantly decreased prostasin RNA levels of in vivo and in vitro models. By contrast, exogenous expression of prostasin could protect ICR suckling mice from life-threatening DENV-2 infection. Mechanistic studies showed that inhibition of DENV propagation by prostasin was due to reducing expression of epithelial growth factor receptor, leading to suppression of the Akt/NF-κB-mediated cyclooxygenase-2 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that prostasin expression is a noteworthy clinical feature and a potential therapeutic target against DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kuang Lin
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Kai Tseng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Sepsis Research Center, Center for Dengue Fever Control and Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hao Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Sepsis Research Center, Center for Dengue Fever Control and Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Weng-Hung Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chuang Liaw
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung
| | - Yen-Hsu Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Sepsis Research Center, Center for Dengue Fever Control and Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, HsinChu.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.,PhD program in Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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11
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Wu J, Gu J, Shen L, Fang D, Zou X, Cao Y, Wang S, Mao L. Exosomal MicroRNA-155 Inhibits Enterovirus A71 Infection by Targeting PICALM. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2925-2935. [PMID: 31853228 PMCID: PMC6909958 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.36388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) that is associated with neurological complications. Researchers have shown that exosomes containing host cellular microRNA (miRNA) can modulate the recipient's cellular response during viral infection. However, it is unclear how exosomal miRNAs regulate this response during EV-A71 infection. In this study, we used an exosomal miRNA chip to show that microRNA-155 (miR-155) was markedly enriched in exosomes after EV-A71 infection. Moreover, exosomal miR-155 efficaciously inhibited EV-A71 infection by targeting phosphatidylinositol clathrin assembly protein (PICALM) in recipient cells. Importantly, we confirmed that exosomal miR-155 reduced EV-A71 infection severity in vivo. Additionally, miR-155 levels in throat swabs from EV-A71-infected patients were higher than in those from healthy individuals. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that exosomal miR-155 plays a role in host-pathogen interactions by mediating EV-A71 infection via the repression of PICALM; these results provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Shen
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daihua Fang
- Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xinran Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuwen Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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12
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Lin JY, Kung YA, Shih SR. Antivirals and vaccines for Enterovirus A71. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:65. [PMID: 31481071 PMCID: PMC6720414 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is an important emerging virus posing a threat to children under five years old. EV-A71 infection in infants or young children can cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, or severe neurological complications. However, there are still no effective antivirals for treatment of these infections. In this review, we summarize the antiviral compounds developed to date based on various targets of the EV-A71 life cycle. Moreover, development of a vaccine would be the most effective approach to prevent EV-A71 infection. Therefore, we also summarize the development and clinical progress of various candidate EV-A71 vaccines, including inactivated whole virus, recombinant VP1 protein, synthetic peptides, viral-like particles, and live attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Kung
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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13
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Sun Y, Feng L, Li J, Xu H, Mei X, Feng L, Sun H, Gao J, Zhang X. miR-545 promoted enterovirus 71 replication via directly targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15686-15697. [PMID: 30697739 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a small, nonenveloped icosahedral RNA virus and is the predominant causative pathogen of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) are reported to play important roles in the pathogenesis of EV71 replication. This study investigated the role of miR-545 in the EV71 replication and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. We showed that miR-545 was upregulated in the EV71-infected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells and rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Overexpression of miR-545 promoted the viral replication of EV71 and attenuated the inhibitory effects of EV71 on cell viability in HEK293 and RD cells; while knockdown of miR-545 significantly suppressed the EV71 replication in these two cell lines. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-545 directly targeted the 3'untranslated region of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in HEK293 cells. Furthermore, miR-545 negatively regulated the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of PTEN and TRAF6. The mRNA and protein expression of PTEN and TRAF6 was also suppressed by EV71 infection, which was attenuated by miR-545 knockdown in HEK293 cells. Overexpression of PTEN and TRAF6 both suppressed the EV71 replication in HKE293 cells, and also attenuated the enhanced effects of miR-545 overexpression on the EV71 replication in HEK293 cells. Collectively, our study for the first time showed that miR-545 had an enhanced effect on the EV71 replication in HEK293 and RD cells. Further mechanistic results indicated that miR-545 promoted EV71 replication at least partly via targeting PTEN and TRAF6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Basic Medicine College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Long Feng
- Basic Medicine College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huaming Xu
- Basic Medicine College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xue Mei
- Basic Medicine College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lingyan Feng
- Medical College, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huijuan Sun
- Basic Medicine College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jianfeng Gao
- Basic Medicine College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Basic Medicine College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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14
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Slonchak A, Clarke B, Mackenzie J, Amarilla AA, Setoh YX, Khromykh AA. West Nile virus infection and interferon alpha treatment alter the spectrum and the levels of coding and noncoding host RNAs secreted in extracellular vesicles. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:474. [PMID: 31182021 PMCID: PMC6558756 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles secreted by the cells that mediate intercellular transfer of molecules and contribute to transduction of various signals. Viral infection and action of pro-inflammatory cytokines has been shown to alter molecular composition of EV content. Transfer of antiviral proteins by EVs is thought to contribute to the development of inflammation and antiviral state. Altered incorporation of selected host RNAs into EVs in response to infection has also been demonstrated for several viruses, but not for WNV. Considering the medical significance of flaviviruses and the importance of deeper knowledge about the mechanisms of flavivirus-host interactions we assessed the ability of West Nile virus (WNV) and type I interferon (IFN), the main cytokine regulating antiviral response to WNV, to alter the composition of EV RNA cargo. RESULTS We employed next generation sequencing to perform transcriptome-wide profiling of RNA cargo in EVs produced by cells infected with WNV or exposed to IFN-alpha. RNA profile of EVs secreted by uninfected cells was also determined and used as a reference. We found that WNV infection significantly changed the levels of certain host microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) and mRNAs incorporated into EVs. Treatment with IFN-alpha also altered miRNA and mRNA profiles in EV but had less profound effect on sncRNAs. Functional classification of RNAs differentially incorporated into EVs upon infection and in response to IFN-alpha treatment demonstrated association of enriched in EVs mRNAs and miRNAs with viral processes and pro-inflammatory pathways. Further analysis revealed that WNV infection and IFN-alpha treatment changed the levels of common and unique mRNAs and miRNAs in EVs and that IFN-dependent and IFN-independent processes are involved in regulation of RNA sorting into EVs during infection. CONCLUSIONS WNV infection and IFN-alpha treatment alter the spectrum and the levels of mRNAs, miRNAs and sncRNAs in EVs. Differentially incorporated mRNAs and miRNAs in EVs produced in response to WNV infection and to IFN-alpha treatment are associated with viral processes and host response to infection. WNV infection affects composition of RNA cargo in EVs via IFN-dependent and IFN-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Slonchak
- The Australian Infectious Diseases Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, MBS building 76, Cooper Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Brian Clarke
- The Australian Infectious Diseases Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, MBS building 76, Cooper Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 GNF, UK
| | - Jason Mackenzie
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Alberto Anastacio Amarilla
- The Australian Infectious Diseases Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, MBS building 76, Cooper Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yin Xiang Setoh
- The Australian Infectious Diseases Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, MBS building 76, Cooper Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- The Australian Infectious Diseases Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, MBS building 76, Cooper Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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15
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Zhao Q, Xiong Y, Xu J, Chen S, Li P, Huang Y, Wang Y, Chen WX, Wang B. Host MicroRNA hsa-miR-494-3p Promotes EV71 Replication by Directly Targeting PTEN. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:278. [PMID: 30234021 PMCID: PMC6130220 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellular processes are driven by spatially and temporally regulated microRNAs (miRNAs)-dependent signaling events. Substantial evidence collected over the years indicates that miRNAs are pivotal regulators that contribute to the initiation and development of EV71-related disorders. Importantly, so far, no clinical trial has been undertaken to address the effect of miRNAs on EV71-related diseases. In this study, we show that EV71 infection results in up-regulation of hsa-miR-494-3p levels, and that EV71-induced hsa-miR-494-3p impacts PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by targeting PTEN. However, very little is known about the relationship between hsa-miR-494-3p and EV71 infection. The overall goal of the study is to get a better insight into whether or not hsa-miR-494-3p is involved in the EV71 infection. We found that the EV71 infection induces cellular apoptosis, and that this process can be counteracted by the over-expression of hsa-miR-494-3p mimics. We also present evidence that cell lines deficient in hsa-miR-494-3p are more sensitive to EV71-induced cell death than the corresponding control cells. Collectively, these findings confirm and extend the pervious observation suggesting that disturbances in miRNAs expression can influence EV71 propagation. In addition, they lend strong support to the ideas that hsa-miR-494-3p-mediated signaling pathway plays an important role in the EV71 replication, and that this may have profound implications on our views on EV71-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingru Xu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Institute of Microbiology, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Pu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunying Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Xian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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16
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Abstract
During the last years, it has become evident that miRNAs are important players in almost all physiological and pathological processes, including viral infections. Enterovirus infections range from mild to severe acute infections concerning several organ systems and are also associated with chronic diseases. In this review, we summarize the findings on the impact of acute and persistent enterovirus infection on the expression of cellular miRNAs. Furthermore, the currently available data on the regulation of cellular or viral targets by the dysregulated miRNAs are reviewed. Finally, a translational perspective, namely the use of miRNAs as biomarkers of enterovirus infection and as antiviral strategy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Engelmann
- a Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, University of Lille , Lille , France
| | - Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou
- a Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, University of Lille , Lille , France
| | - Antoine Bertin
- a Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, University of Lille , Lille , France
| | - Famara Sane
- a Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, University of Lille , Lille , France
| | - Didier Hober
- a Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, University of Lille , Lille , France
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17
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Antiviral and Inflammatory Cellular Signaling Associated with Enterovirus 71 Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040155. [PMID: 29597291 PMCID: PMC5923449 DOI: 10.3390/v10040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection has become a major threat to global public health, especially in infants and young children. Epidemiological studies have indicated that EV71 infection is responsible for severe and even fatal cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Accumulated evidence indicates that EV71 infection triggers a plethora of interactive signaling pathways, resulting in host immune evasion and inflammatory response. This review mainly covers the effects of EV71 infection on major antiviral and inflammatory cellular signal pathways. EV71 can activate cellular signaling networks including multiple cell surface and intracellular receptors, intracellular kinases, calcium flux, and transcription factors that regulate antiviral innate immunity and inflammatory response. Cellular signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of host innate immune and inflammatory pathogenesis. Elucidation of antiviral and inflammatory cellular signaling pathways initiated by EV71 will not only help uncover the potential mechanisms of EV71 infection-induced pathogenesis, but will also provide clues for the design of therapeutic strategies against EV71 infection.
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18
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Chang Z, Wang Y, Bian L, Liu Q, Long JE. Enterovirus 71 antagonizes the antiviral activity of host STAT3 and IL-6R with partial dependence on virus-induced miR-124. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:3008-3025. [PMID: 29120300 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has caused major outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease. EV71 infections increase the production of many host cytokines and pro-inflammatory factors, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and COX-2. Some of these molecules could stimulate the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which plays a key role in regulating host immune responses and several viral diseases. However, the role of STAT3 in EV71 infection remains unknown. This study found that the phosphorylation levels of STAT3 (pY705-STAT3) are closely related to EV71 infection. Further experiments revealed that STAT3 exerts an anti-EV71 activity. However, the antiviral activity of STAT3 is partially antagonized by EV71-induced miR-124, which directly targets STAT3 mRNA. Similarly, IL-6R, the α-subunit of the IL-6 receptor complex, exhibits anti-EV71 activity and is directly targeted by the virus-induced miR-124. These results indicate that EV71 can evade host IL-6R- and STAT3-mediated antiviral activities by EV71-induced miR-124. This suggests that controlling miR-124 and the downstream targets, IL-6R and STAT3, might benefit the antiviral treatment of EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangmei Chang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Liang Bian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jian-Er Long
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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19
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Pandey A, Sahu AR, Wani SA, Saxena S, Kanchan S, Sah V, Rajak KK, Khanduri A, Sahoo AP, Tiwari AK, Mishra B, Muthuchelvan D, Mishra BP, Singh RK, Gandham RK. Modulation of Host miRNAs Transcriptome in Lung and Spleen of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Infected Sheep and Goats. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1146. [PMID: 28694795 PMCID: PMC5483481 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is one of the highly contagious viral disease, characterized by fever, sore mouth, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, and pneumonia, primarily affecting sheep and goats. Reports suggested variable host response in goats and sheep and this host response vis-a-vis the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has not been investigated. Here, miRNAs were sequenced and proteomics data were generated to identify the role of differentially expressed miRNA (DEmiRNA) in PPR virus (PPRV) infected lung and spleen tissues of sheep and goats. In lungs, 67 and 37 DEmiRNAs have been identified in goats and sheep, respectively. Similarly, in spleen, 50 and 56 DEmiRNAs were identified in goats and sheep, respectively. A total of 20 and 11 miRNAs were found to be common differentially expressed in both the species in PPRV infected spleen and lung, respectively. Six DEmiRNAs—miR-21-3p, miR-1246, miR-27a-5p, miR-760-3p, miR-320a, and miR-363 were selected based on their role in viral infections, apoptosis, and fold change. The target prediction analysis of these six selected DEmiRNAs from the proteome data generated, revealed involvement of more number of genes in lung and spleen of goats than in sheep. On gene ontology analysis of host target genes these DEmiRNAs were found to regulate several immune response signaling pathways. It was observed that the pathways viz. T cell receptor signaling, Rap1 signaling, Toll-like receptor signaling, and B cell receptor signaling governed by DEmiRNAs were more perturbed in goats than in sheep. The data suggests that PPRV-induced miR-21-3p, miR-320a, and miR-363 might act cooperatively to enhance viral pathogenesis in the lung and spleen of sheep by downregulating several immune response genes. The study gives an important insight into the molecular pathogenesis of PPR by identifying that the PPRV—Izatnagar/94 isolate elicits a strong host response in goats than in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Pandey
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, BareillyIndia
| | - Amit R Sahu
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, BareillyIndia
| | - Sajad A Wani
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, BareillyIndia
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, BareillyIndia
| | - Sonam Kanchan
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, BareillyIndia
| | - Vaishali Sah
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, BareillyIndia
| | - Kaushal K Rajak
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, BareillyIndia
| | - Alok Khanduri
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, BareillyIndia
| | - Aditya P Sahoo
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, BareillyIndia
| | - Ashok K Tiwari
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, BareillyIndia
| | - Bina Mishra
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, BareillyIndia
| | - D Muthuchelvan
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, NainitalIndia
| | - Bishnu P Mishra
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, BareillyIndia
| | - Raj K Singh
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, BareillyIndia
| | - Ravi K Gandham
- Computational Biology and Genomics Facility Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, BareillyIndia
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20
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Zhou B, Chu M, Xu S, Chen X, Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhang F, Han S, Yin J, Peng B, He X, Liu W. Hsa-let-7c-5p augments enterovirus 71 replication through viral subversion of cell signaling in rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:7. [PMID: 28101327 PMCID: PMC5237547 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-017-0135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes severe hand, foot and mouse disease, accompanied by neurological complications. During the interaction between EV71 and the host, the virus subverts host cell machinery for its own replication. However, the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in this process remain obscure. Results In this study, we found that the miRNA hsa-let-7c-5p was significantly upregulated in EV71-infected rhabdomyosarcoma cells. The overexpression of hsa-let-7c-5p promoted replication of the virus, and the hsa-let-7c-5p inhibitor suppressed viral replication. Furthermore, hsa-let-7c-5p targeted mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) and inhibited its expression. Interestingly, downregulation of MAP4K4 expression led to an increase in EV71 replication. In addition, MAP4K4 knockdown or transfection with the hsa-let-7c-5p mimic led to activation of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway, whereas the hsa-let-7c-5p inhibitor inhibited activation of this pathway. Moreover, EV71 infection promoted JNK pathway activation to facilitate viral replication. Conclusions Our data suggested that hsa-let-7c-5p facilitated EV71 replication by inhibiting MAP4K4 expression, which might be related to subversion of the JNK pathway by the virus. These results may shed light on a novel mechanism underlying the defense of EV71 against cellular responses. In addition, these findings may facilitate the development of new antiviral strategies for use in future therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13578-017-0135-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingfei Zhou
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China ; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Min Chu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Shanshan Xu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Yongjuan Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Fengfeng Zhang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Song Han
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Jun Yin
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China ; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China ; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China ; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
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Ho BC, Yang PC, Yu SL. MicroRNA and Pathogenesis of Enterovirus Infection. Viruses 2016; 8:v8010011. [PMID: 26751468 PMCID: PMC4728571 DOI: 10.3390/v8010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no currently available specific antiviral therapies for non-polio Enterovirus infections. Although several vaccines have entered clinical trials, the efficacy requires further evaluation, particularly for cross-strain protective activity. Curing patients with viral infections is a public health problem due to antigen alterations and drug resistance caused by the high genomic mutation rate. To conquer these limits in the development of anti-Enterovirus treatments, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between Enterovirus and host cells is urgently needed. MicroRNA (miRNA) constitutes the biggest family of gene regulators in mammalian cells and regulates almost a half of all human genes. The roles of miRNAs in Enterovirus pathogenesis have recently begun to be noted. In this review, we shed light on recent advances in the understanding of Enterovirus infection-modulated miRNAs. The impacts of altered host miRNAs on cellular processes, including immune escape, apoptosis, signal transduction, shutdown of host protein synthesis and viral replication, are discussed. Finally, miRNA-based medication provides a promising strategy for the development of antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Ching Ho
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Chang-Te Street, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Chang-Te Street, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Center for Optoelectronic Biomedicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
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Klinge CM. miRNAs regulated by estrogens, tamoxifen, and endocrine disruptors and their downstream gene targets. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 3:273-97. [PMID: 25659536 PMCID: PMC4523495 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (22 nucleotides), single-stranded, non-coding RNAs that form complimentary base-pairs with the 3' untranslated region of target mRNAs within the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and block translation and/or stimulate mRNA transcript degradation. The non-coding miRBase (release 21, June 2014) reports that human genome contains ∼ 2588 mature miRNAs which regulate ∼ 60% of human protein-coding mRNAs. Dysregulation of miRNA expression has been implicated in estrogen-related diseases including breast cancer and endometrial cancer. The mechanism for estrogen regulation of miRNA expression and the role of estrogen-regulated miRNAs in normal homeostasis, reproduction, lactation, and in cancer is an area of great research and clinical interest. Estrogens regulate miRNA transcription through estrogen receptors α and β in a tissue-specific and cell-dependent manner. This review focuses primarily on the regulation of miRNA expression by ligand-activated ERs and their bona fide gene targets and includes miRNA regulation by tamoxifen and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in breast cancer and cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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23
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Enterovirus 71 induces autophagy by regulating has-miR-30a expression to promote viral replication. Antiviral Res 2015; 124:43-53. [PMID: 26515789 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), the etiological agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, has increasingly become a public health challenge around the world. Previous studies reported that EV71 infection can induce autophagic machinery to enhance viral replication in vitro and in vivo, but did not address the underlying mechanisms. Increasing evidence suggests that autophagy, in a virus-specific manner, may function to degrade viruses or facilitate viral replication. In this study, we reported that EV71 infection of human epidermoid carcinoma (Hep2) and African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) induced autophagy, which is beneficial for viral replication. Our investigation of the mechanisms revealed that EV71 infection resulted in the reduction of cellular miR-30a, which led to the inhibition of Beclin-1, a key autophagy-promoting gene that plays important roles at the early phase of autophagosome formation. We provided further evidence that by modulating cellular miR-30a level through either overexpression or inhibition, one can inhibit or promote EV71 replication, respectively, through regulating autophagic activity.
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Wu J, Shen L, Chen J, Xu H, Mao L. The role of microRNAs in enteroviral infections. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19:510-6. [PMID: 26342975 PMCID: PMC9427576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Enterovirus, a member of the Picornavirus family, are RNA viruses that can cause poliomyelitis, hand-food-mouth disease, viral meningitis or meningoencephalitis, viral myocarditis and so on. MicroRNAs are a class of highly conserved, small noncoding RNAs recognized as important regulators of gene expression. Recent studies found that MicroRNAs play a significant role in the infection of Enterovirus, such as enterovirus 71, coxsackievirus B3 and other Enterovirus. Enteroviral infection can alter the expression of cellular MicroRNAs, and cellular MicroRNAs can modulate viral pathogenesis and replication by regulating the expression level of viral or host's genes. Herein, this review summarizes the role of MicroRNAs in enteroviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang First People's Hospital, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.
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25
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Kok CC. Therapeutic and prevention strategies against human enterovirus 71 infection. World J Virol 2015; 4:78-95. [PMID: 25964873 PMCID: PMC4419123 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i2.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) is the cause of hand, foot and mouth disease and associated neurological complications in children under five years of age. There has been an increase in HEV71 epidemic activity throughout the Asia-Pacific region in the past decade, and it is predicted to replace poliovirus as the extant neurotropic enterovirus of highest global public health significance. To date there is no effective antiviral treatment and no vaccine is available to prevent HEV71 infection. The increase in prevalence, virulence and geographic spread of HEV71 infection over the past decade provides increasing incentive for the development of new therapeutic and prevention strategies against this emerging viral infection. The current review focuses on the potential, advantages and disadvantages of these strategies. Since the explosion of outbreaks leading to large epidemics in China, research in natural therapeutic products has identified several groups of compounds with anti-HEV71 activities. Concurrently, the search for effective synthetic antivirals has produced promising results. Other therapeutic strategies including immunotherapy and the use of oligonucleotides have also been explored. A sound prevention strategy is crucial in order to control the spread of HEV71. To this end the ultimate goal is the rapid development, regulatory approval and widespread implementation of a safe and effective vaccine. The various forms of HEV71 vaccine designs are highlighted in this review. Given the rapid progress of research in this area, eradication of the virus is likely to be achieved.
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Xun M, Ma CF, Du QL, Ji YH, Xu JR. Differential expression of miRNAs in enterovirus 71-infected cells. Virol J 2015; 12:56. [PMID: 25889836 PMCID: PMC4416288 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major etiological pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and can cause severe cerebral and pulmonary complications and even fatality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNA molecules, play an important role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and thereby influencing various physiological and pathological processes. Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs act as key effector molecules in the complicated pathogen-host interactions. However, the roles of miRNAs in EV71 infection and pathogenesis are not well understood. Methods To identify special miRNAs involved in EV71 infection, a microarray assay was performed to study the expression pattern of miRNAs in EV71-infected human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells) and uninfected RD cells. We further predicted the putative target genes for the dysregulated miRNAs using the online bioinformatic algorithms (TargetScan, miRanda and PicTar) and carried out functional annotation including GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis for miRNA predicted targets. Then, the results of microarray were further confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Results Totally, 45 differentially expressed miRNAs ware identified by microarray, among which 36 miRNAs were up-regulated and 9 were down-regulated. 7166 predicted target genes for the dysregulated miRNAs were revealed by using TargetScan in conjunction with miRanda and PicTar. The GO annotation suggested that predicted targets of miRNAs were enriched into the category of signal transduction, regulation of transcription, metabolic process, protein phosphorylation, apoptotic process and immune response. KEGG pathway analysis suggested that these predicted target genes were involved in many important pathways, mainly including endocytosis and focal adhesion, MAPK signaling pathway, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, melanogenesis and ErbB signaling pathway. The expression levels of 8 most differentially up-regulated miRNAs and 3 most differentially down-regulated miRNAs were confirmed by qRT-PCR. The expressions of hsa-miR-4530, hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-6125, hsa-miR-494-3p, hsa-miR-638, hsa-miR-6743-5p, hsa-miR-4459 and hsa-miR-4443 detected by qRT-PCR were consistent with the microarray data. Conclusion These results might extend our understanding to the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs underlying the pathogenesis of EV71 infection, thus strengthening the preventative and therapeutic strategies of HFMD caused by EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chao-Feng Ma
- Department of Viral Diseases Laboratory, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Quan-Li Du
- Department of Viral Diseases Laboratory, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yan-Hong Ji
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ji-Ru Xu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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