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Zhang L, Li Y, Kuhn JH, Zhang K, Song Q, Liu F. Polyubiquitylated rice stripe virus NS3 translocates to the nucleus to promote cytosolic virus replication via miRNA-induced fibrillin 2 upregulation. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012112. [PMID: 38507423 PMCID: PMC10984529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses are encapsidated mobile genetic elements that rely on host cells for replication. Several cytoplasmic RNA viruses synthesize proteins and/or RNAs that translocate to infected cell nuclei. However, the underlying mechanisms and role(s) of cytoplasmic-nuclear trafficking are unclear. We demonstrate that infection of small brown planthoppers with rice stripe virus (RSV), a negarnaviricot RNA virus, results in K63-linked polyubiquitylation of RSV's nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) at residue K127 by the RING ubiquitin ligase (E3) LsRING. In turn, ubiquitylation leads to NS3 trafficking from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where NS3 regulates primary miRNA pri-miR-92 processing through manipulation of the microprocessor complex, resulting in accumulation of upregulated miRNA lst-miR-92. We show that lst-miR-92 regulates the expression of fibrillin 2, an extracellular matrix protein, thereby increasing RSV loads. Our results highlight the manipulation of intranuclear, cytoplasmic, and extracellular components by an RNA virus to promote its own replication in an insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection; Yángzhōu University; Yángzhōu, Jiāngsū Province; China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Plant Protection; Yángzhōu University; Yángzhōu, Jiāngsū Province; China
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick; Frederick, Maryland; United States of America
| | - Kun Zhang
- College of Plant Protection; Yángzhōu University; Yángzhōu, Jiāngsū Province; China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology; College of Agriculture; Food and Natural Resources; University of Missouri; Columbia, Missouri; United States of America
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Plant Protection; Yángzhōu University; Yángzhōu, Jiāngsū Province; China
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Li J, Pan W, Zhao S, Liang C. Heat shock cognate protein 70 is required for rice stripe tenuivirus accumulation and transmission in small brown planthopper. Arch Virol 2022; 167:839-848. [PMID: 35113245 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rice stripe tenuivirus (RSV) is mainly transmitted by the insect vector small brown planthopper (SBPH, Laodelphax striatellus) in a persistent-propagative manner. Virus transmission is dependent on the interplay between viral proteins and vector factors. Pc2, a nonstructural protein of RSV, plays an important role in virus transmission. However, the vector proteins that interact with Pc2 are unknown. In this study, we identified three SBPH proteins that interact with the N-terminal 381 amino acids of Pc2 (Pc2N) by using a yeast two-hybrid system (Y2H). The interaction of Pc2N with heat shock protein cognate 70 (HSC70) was studied further. HSC70 was verified to interact with RSV Pc2N by biomolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays. HSC70 colocalized with RSV Pc2N in both Sf9 cells and the hemocytes of SBPHs. Inhibition of HSC70 expression via RNA interference reduced virus levels in hemolymph and salivary glands of SBPHs and resulted in decreased virus transmission efficiency. These data provide evidence that a vector protein, HSC70, is employed by RSV to facilitate virus accumulation in the hemolymph and thereby promote virus transmission. These findings are important for a better understanding of the interactions between plant viruses and insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui Road East, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Pan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui Road East, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuling Zhao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui Road East, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changyong Liang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui Road East, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
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Hantavirus RdRp Requires a Host Cell Factor for Cap Snatching. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02088-18. [PMID: 30541836 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02088-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hantavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) snatches 5' capped mRNA fragments from the host cell transcripts and uses them as primers to initiate transcription and replication of the viral genome in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Hantavirus nucleocapsid protein (N protein) binds to the 5' caps of host cell mRNA and protects them from the attack of cellular decapping machinery. N protein rescues long capped mRNA fragments in cellular P bodies that are later processed by an unknown mechanism to generate 10- to 14-nucleotide-long capped RNA primers with a 3' G residue. Hantavirus RdRp has an N-terminal endonuclease domain and a C-terminal uncharacterized domain that harbors a binding site for the N protein. The purified endonuclease domain of RdRp nonspecifically degraded RNA in vitro It is puzzling how such nonspecific endonuclease activity generates primers of appropriate length and specificity during cap snatching. We fused the N-terminal endonuclease domain with the C-terminal uncharacterized domain of the RdRp. The resulting NC mutant, with the assistance of N protein, generated capped primers of appropriate length and specificity from a test mRNA in cells. Bacterially expressed and purified NC mutant and N protein required further incubation with the lysates of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) for the specific endonucleolytic cleavage of a test mRNA to generate capped primers of appropriate length and defined 3' terminus in vitro Our results suggest that an unknown host cell factor facilitates the interaction between N protein and NC mutant and brings the N protein-bound capped RNA fragments in close proximity to the endonuclease domain of the RdRp for specific cleavage at a precise length from the 5' cap. These studies provide critical insights into the cap-snatching mechanism of cytoplasmic viruses and have revealed potential new targets for their therapeutic intervention.IMPORTANCE Humans acquire hantavirus infection by the inhalation of aerosolized excreta of infected rodent hosts. Hantavirus infections cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), with mortality rates of 15% and 50%, respectively (1). Annually 150,000 to 200,000 cases of hantavirus infections are reported worldwide, for which there is no treatment at present. Cap snatching is an early event in the initiation of virus replication in infected hosts. Interruption in cap snatching will inhibit virus replication and will likely improve the prognosis of the hantavirus disease. Our studies provide mechanistic insight into the cap-snatching mechanism and demonstrate the requirement of a host cell factor for successful cap snatching. Identification of this host cell factor will reveal a novel therapeutic target for combating this viral illness.
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Lu L, Wu S, Jiang J, Liang J, Zhou X, Wu J. Whole genome deep sequencing revealed host impact on population structure, variation and evolution of Rice stripe virus. Virology 2018; 524:32-44. [PMID: 30142571 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput deep sequencing and variant detection showed that variations of Rice stripe virus (RSV) populations obtained from small brown planthopper-transmitted rice plants and sap-inoculated N. benthamiana plants were single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion-deletions (InDels). The SNPs were more uniform across RSV genome, but InDels occurred mainly in the intergenic regions (IRs) and in the 5' or 3' noncoding regions. There were no clear patterns of InDels, although the inserted sequences were all from virus itself. Six, one, and one non-synonymous substitutions were respectively observed in the RdRP ORF, IR and the movement protein ORF. These non-synonymous substitutions were found to be stable, resulting in new consensus sequences in the NBL11 RSV population. Furthermore, the numbers of SNPs and InDels in RSV genome from N. benthamiana plants were much higher than that from O. sativa plants. These differences are likely caused by selection pressures generated by different host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| | - Sanling Wu
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- Kaifeng Xiangfu Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Kaifeng, Henan 475100, PR China.
| | - Jingting Liang
- Department of Applied Biological Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
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Kim H, Cho WK, Lian S, Kim KH. Identification of residues or motif(s) of the rice stripe virus NS3 protein required for self-interaction and for silencing suppressor activity. Virus Res 2017; 235:14-23. [PMID: 28392445 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) is an important pathogen of rice. The RSV genome consists of four single-stranded RNA segments that encode seven viral proteins. A previous report found that NS3 is a viral suppressor of RNA silencing and self interacts. Using a model that predicts protein structure, we identified amino acid residues or motifs, including four α-helix motifs, required for NS3 self-interaction. We then used yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays to study the interactions between full-length NS3 and its truncated and alanine substitution mutants. Y2H and BiFC results showed that the N-terminal region of NS3 is essential for self-interaction. All α-helix deletion mutants and substitution mutants lost the ability to self-interact. To identify the relationship between NS3 self-interaction and silencing suppressor activity, we used a GFP silencing system in Nicotiana benthamiana with Agrobacterium-mediated transient overexpression of each mutated NS3 protein. All of the deletion and the α-helix substitution mutants that had lost the ability to self-interact also lost their silencing suppressor ability. The substitution of amino acids with alanine at positions 70-75, 76-83, and 173-177, however, resulted in mutants that were able to self-interact but were unable to function as silencing suppressors. These results suggest that RSV requires NS3 self-interaction to suppress RNA silencing and to thereby counter host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangil Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyong Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sen Lian
- College of Crop Protection and Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Model-based structural and functional characterization of the Rice stripe tenuivirus nucleocapsid protein interacting with viral genomic RNA. Virology 2017; 506:73-83. [PMID: 28359901 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rice stripe tenuivirus (RSV) is a filamentous, negative-strand RNA virus causing severe diseases on rice in Asian countries. The viral particle is composed predominantly of a nucleocapsid protein (NP) and genomic RNA. However, the molecular details of how the RSV NP interacts with genomic RNA during particle assembly remain largely unknown. Here, we modeled the NP-RNA complex and show that polar amino acids within a predicted groove of NP are critical for RNA binding and protecting the RNA from RNase digestion. RSV NP formed pentamers, hexamers, heptamers, and octamers. By modeling the higher-order structures, we found that oligomer formation was driven by the N-terminal amino arm of the NP. Deletion of this arm abolished oligomerization; the N-terminally truncated NP was less able to interact with RNA and protect RNA than was the wild type. These findings afford valuable new insights into molecular mechanism of RSV NPs interacting with genomic RNA.
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