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Sion E, Ab-Rahim S, Muhamad M. Trends on Human Norovirus Virus-like Particles (HuNoV-VLPs) and Strategies for the Construction of Infectious Viral Clones toward In Vitro Replication. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1447. [PMID: 37511822 PMCID: PMC10381778 DOI: 10.3390/life13071447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Most acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks and sporadic cases in developing countries are attributable to infection by human norovirus (HuNoV), the enteric virus mainly transmitted via fecal-contaminated water. However, it has been challenging to study HuNoV due to the lack of suitable systems to cultivate and replicate the virus, hindering the development of treatments and vaccines. Researchers have been using virus-like particles (VLPs) and infectious viral clones to overcome this challenge as alternatives to fresh virus isolates in various in vitro and ex vivo models. VLPs are multiprotein structures that mimic the wild-type virus but cannot replicate in host cells due to the lack of genetic materials for replication, limiting downstream analysis of the virus life cycle and pathogenesis. The development of in vitro cloning systems has shown promise for HuNoV replication studies. This review discusses the approaches for constructing HuNoV-VLPs and infectious viral clones, the techniques involved, and the challenges faced. It also highlights the relationship between viral genes and their protein products and provides a perspective on technical considerations for producing efficient HuNoV-VLPs and infectious viral clones, which could substitute for native human noroviruses in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilly Sion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharaniza Ab-Rahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mudiana Muhamad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
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Li C, Zhang L, Chen X, Jiang D, Hu J, Guo J, Ding J, Jiao X, Bao W, Li Y. Evaluation of the genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus as a stable viral vector for foreign gene expression. Antiviral Res 2023:105652. [PMID: 37301446 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of the flavivirus genome to accommodate and express a heterologous gene of interest has become an attractive approach for gene delivery and the development of viral-vectored vaccines. However, due to the inherent genetic instability of the flavivirus genomes, the construction of recombinant viruses carrying a foreign gene could be problematic and heavily resistant. In this study, the possibility of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) as a stable flavivirus vector for the expression of a foreign gene was assessed using reverse genetics. The full-length cDNA genome of genotype I (GI) JEV inherently possessed excellent stability and manipulability in a bacterial host, while mutations and deletions accumulated in the cDNA genomes of genotype Ⅲ (GⅢ) JEV strains. Using the GI JEV as backbones, we generate a panel of recombinant viruses expressing various foreign genes. All recombinant viruses exhibited excellent genetic stability and efficiently express foreign genes for at least ten serial passages in vitro. In application, a convenient, rapid and reliable image-based assay for neutralizing antibody testing and antiviral drug discovery was established with a mCherry-reporter recombinant virus (rBJ-mCherry). Meanwhile, the recombinant viruses expressing the antigens of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) or Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) could effectively induce antibody responses to the JEV vector and foreign antigens in a mouse vaccination model. Therefore, GI JEV strains could serve as viral vectors accommodating the expression of large foreign genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Linjie Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Daoyuan Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jingbo Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jinyao Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jingjing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xue Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Novel reverse genetics of genotype I and III Japanese encephalitis viruses assembled through transformation associated recombination in yeast: The reporter viruses expressing a green fluorescent protein for the antiviral screening assay. Antiviral Res 2022; 197:105233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li C, Di D, Huang H, Wang X, Xia Q, Ma X, Liu K, Li B, Shao D, Qiu Y, Li Z, Wei J, Ma Z. NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations are responsible for differences in interferon α/β induction and co-contribute to the replication advantage of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I over genotype III in ducklings. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008773. [PMID: 32881988 PMCID: PMC7494076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype I (GI) replicates more efficiently than genotype III (GIII) in birds, and this difference is considered to be one of the reasons for the JEV genotype shift. In this study, we utilized duck embryo fibroblasts and domestic ducklings as in vitro and in vivo models of a JEV amplifying avian host to identify the viral determinants of the differing replication efficiency between the GI and GIII strains in birds. GI strains induced significantly lower levels of interferon (IFN)-α and β production than GIII strains, an effect orrelated with the enhanced replication efficiency of GI strains over GIII strains. By using a series of chimeric viruses with exchange of viral structural and non-structural (NS) proteins, we identified NS5 as the viral determinant of the differences in IFN-α and β induction and replication efficiency between the GI and III strains. NS5 inhibited IFN-α and β production induced by poly(I:C) stimulation and harbored 11 amino acid variations, of which the NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations were identified to co-contribute to the differences in IFN-α and β induction and replication efficiency between the strains. The NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations resulted in alterations in the number of hydrogen bonds formed with neighboring residues, which were associated with the different ability of the GI and GIII strains to inhibit IFN-α and β production. Our findings indicated that the NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations enabled GI strains to inhibit IFN-α and β production more efficiently than GIII strains for antagonism of the IFN-I mediated antiviral response, thereby leading to the replication and host adaption advantages of GI strains over GIII strains in birds. These findings provide new insight into the molecular basis of the JEV genotype shift. The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) transmission cycle is maintained by mosquitoes and amplification hosts (pigs and birds). In areas without large pig populations, birds play a major role in the maintenance of the JEV transmission cycle. The shift in the dominant JEV genotype from genotype III (GIII) to genotype I (GI) is occurring in most countries in Asia. GI strains replicates more efficiently than GIII strains in birds, and this difference has been considered one of the reasons for the JEV genotype shift. By using a series of chimeric viruses with exchange of viral structural and non-structural (NS) proteins, we demonstrated that NS5 is the viral determinant of the differences in replication efficiencies between the GI and III strains in birds. Furthermore, the NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations were identified to co-contribute to the differences in type I interferon (IFN-I) induction and replication efficiency between the strains. Our findings suggested that the NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations enable GI strains to inhibit IFN-I production more efficiently than GIII strains, thus resulting in antagonism of the IFN-I mediated antiviral response and consequently conferring a replication and host adaption advantage to GI strains over GIII strains in birds. These findings provide new insight into the molecular basis of the JEV genotype shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Di Di
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qiqi Xia
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JW); (ZM)
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JW); (ZM)
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Acidity/Alkalinity of Japanese Encephalitis Virus E Protein Residue 138 Alters Neurovirulence in Mice. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00108-18. [PMID: 30158291 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00108-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) envelope (E) protein, as one of mediators of virus entry into host cells, plays a critical role in determining virulence. The Glu-to-Lys mutation of residue 138 in E protein (E138) plays an important role in attenuating JEV vaccine strain SA14-14-2. However, it is not clear how E138 attenuates JEV. Here, we demonstrate that the Glu-to-Arg mutation of E138 also determines the attenuation of JEV strain 10S3. Likewise, for its parent strain (HEN0701), a virulence strain, the mutations of E138 are responsible for virulence alteration. Furthermore, we demonstrated that mutations of alkaline residues in E138 contributed to the attenuation of neurovirulence; in contrast, mutations of acidic residues enhanced the neurovirulence of the strains. Moreover, acidity in residue E47 had a similar effect on neurovirulence. Furthermore, the alkaline E138 residue enhanced susceptibility to heparin inhibition in vitro and limited JEV diffusion in mouse brain. These results suggest that the acidity/alkalinity of the E138 residue plays an important role in neurovirulence determination.IMPORTANCE The E protein is the only glycoprotein in mature JEV, and it plays an important role in viral neurovirulence. E protein mutations attenuate JEV neurovirulence through unclear mechanisms. Here, we discovered that E138 is a predominant determinant of JEV neurovirulence. We demonstrated that the alkalinity/acidity of E138 determines JEV neurovirulence. These data contribute to the characterization of the E protein and the rational development of novel JEV vaccines.
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