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Hong T, Yang Y, Wang P, Zhu G, Zhu C. Pestiviruses infection: Interferon-virus mutual regulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1146394. [PMID: 36936761 PMCID: PMC10018205 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses are a class of viruses that in some cases can cause persistent infection of the host, thus posing a threat to the livestock industry. Interferons (IFNs) are a group of secreted proteins that play a crucial role in antiviral defense. In this review, on the one hand, we elaborate on how pestiviruses are recognized by the host retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), melanoma-differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) proteins to induce the synthesis of IFNs. On the other hand, we focus on reviewing how pestiviruses antagonize the production of IFNs utilizing various strategies mediated by self-encoded proteins, such as the structural envelope protein (Erns) and non-structural protein (Npro). Hence, the IFN signal transduction pathway induced by pestiviruses infection and the process of pestiviruses blockade on the production of IFNs intertwines into an intricate regulatory network. By reviewing the interaction between IFN and pestiviruses (based on studies on BVDV and CSFV), we expect to provide a theoretical basis and reference for a better understanding of the mechanisms of induction and evasion of the innate immune response during infection with these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Pengzhi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqiang Zhu, ; Congrui Zhu,
| | - Congrui Zhu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqiang Zhu, ; Congrui Zhu,
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de Martin E, Schweizer M. Fifty Shades of Erns: Innate Immune Evasion by the Viral Endonucleases of All Pestivirus Species. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020265. [PMID: 35215858 PMCID: PMC8880635 DOI: 10.3390/v14020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae, includes four historically accepted species, i.e., bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1 and -2, classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and border disease virus (BDV). A large number of new pestivirus species were identified in recent years. A common feature of most members is the presence of two unique proteins, Npro and Erns, that pestiviruses evolved to regulate the host’s innate immune response. In addition to its function as a structural envelope glycoprotein, Erns is also released in the extracellular space, where it is endocytosed by neighboring cells. As an endoribonuclease, Erns is able to cleave viral ss- and dsRNAs, thus preventing the stimulation of the host’s interferon (IFN) response. Here, we characterize the basic features of soluble Erns of a large variety of classified and unassigned pestiviruses that have not yet been described. Its ability to form homodimers, its RNase activity, and the ability to inhibit dsRNA-induced IFN synthesis were investigated. Overall, we found large differences between the various Erns proteins that cannot be predicted solely based on their primary amino acid sequences, and that might be the consequence of different virus-host co-evolution histories. This provides valuable information to delineate the structure-function relationship of pestiviral endoribonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena de Martin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Länggass-Str. 122, POB, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Länggass-Str. 122, POB, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Gong X, Chen Q, Zheng F. Identification of protein inhibitor of activated STAT 4, a novel host interacting partner that involved in bovine viral diarrhea virus growth. Virol J 2020; 17:59. [PMID: 32321515 PMCID: PMC7178618 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family and the pestivius virus group. BVDV is responsible for significant economic loss in cattle industry worldwide because of reducing reproductive performance, increasing incidence of other diseases and mortality among young stock. The core (C) protein of the Flaviviridae family member is involved in host antiviral immune response through activation of related signaling pathways that affect the viral replication. However, the influence of C protein-interaction partners in BVDV infections is poorly defined. Methods To explore C-protein-interacting partners, yeast two-hybrid was used to screen the interaction protein of C protein using bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cDNA library. The co-immunoprecipitation and confocal assays were manipulated to determine the interaction between potential partners and C protein. Knockdown and overexpression of the partner were used to examine whether the C-protein-interacting partner plays a role in BVDV proliferation and virulence. Meanwhile, qRT-PCR and western blot assays were used to investigate the effect of C protein and C-protein-interacting partner on the immune response of host cells. Results We identified protein inhibitor of activated STAT 4 (PIAS4) as a novel interacting partner of the BVDV C protein. Co-immunoprecipitation and confocal assays demonstrated a strong interaction between C protein and PIAS4. Silencing of PIAS4 with small interfering RNA suppressed C protein expression and BVDV growth, while overexpression of PISA4 increased C protein expression and BVDV growth. The overexpression of PIAS4 increased the cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, the expressions of STAT4, SOCS3, IFITM, IFN-α were negatively regulated by the expression of PIAS4. The expression of C protein suppressed the antiviral proteins expression, and the inhibition effect was enhanced by interaction of PIAS4 and C protein. These results highlighted the beneficial properties of cellular PIAS4 for BVDV protein expression and growth. Conclusions This study provides reliable clues for understanding the roles of PIAS4 in the regulation of BVDV growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Fuying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbao, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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Tao J, Li B, Shi Y, Chen J, Zhu G, Shen X, Liu H. Attenuated porcine-derived type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus as vector stably expressing viral gene. J Virol Methods 2020; 279:113842. [PMID: 32135175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) cDNA clones have been used for the expression of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) genes for immune prevention and control. However, can it be used for the expression of an allogenetic fragment? To answer this question, a BVDV chimeric virus expressing the spike (S) antigen fragment of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was constructed. Antigen S499-602 was inserted into pig-derived BVDV-2 infectious cDNA clone pASH28 in tandem by overlapping PCR, located between the seventh and eighth amino acids at the N-terminus of the capsid (C) protein of BVDV. Indirect immunofluorescence assay confirmed that the chimeric virus vASH-dS312 containing double S499-602 sequences was successfully assembled, which could react with the monoclonal antibody (MAb) against BVDV E2 and PEDV S proteins. Further western blot analysis confirmed that the exogenous S499-602 double protein could be stably expressed. Next, the chimeric virus vASH-dS312 was administered to BALB/C mice either orally or by intramuscular injection. The immunized mice were healthy and showed no signs of toxicity. IgG against BVDV and PEDV antibodies could be detected in the mice administered vASH-dS312 by intramuscular injection, which had neutralization activity against BVDV and PEDV. Thus, this study reported a new insertion site in the BVDV infectious cDNA clone that could successfully express an allogenetic antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Benqiang Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaohui Shen
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China
| | - Huili Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai, 201106, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai, 201302, China.
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