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Zhang H, Ren X, Chen S, Xie G, Hu Y, Gao D, Tian X, Xiao J, Wang H. Deep optimization of water quality index and positive matrix factorization models for water quality evaluation and pollution source apportionment using a random forest model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123771. [PMID: 38493866 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Effective evaluation of water quality and accurate quantification of pollution sources are essential for the sustainable use of water resources. Although water quality index (WQI) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models have been proven to be applicable for surface water quality assessments and pollution source apportionments, these models still have potential for further development in today's data-driven, rapidly evolving technological era. This study coupled a machine learning technique, the random forest model, with WQI and PMF models to enhance their ability to analyze water pollution issues. Monitoring data of 12 water quality indicators from six sites along the Minjiang River from 2015 to 2020 were used to build a WQI model for determining the spatiotemporal water quality characteristics. Then, coupled with the random forest model, the importance of 12 indicators relative to the WQI was assessed. The total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), chemical oxygen demand (CODCr), dissolved oxygen (DO), and five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) were identified as the top five significant parameters influencing water quality in the region. The improved WQI model constructed based on key parameters enabled high-precision (R2 = 0.9696) water quality prediction. Furthermore, the feature importance of the indicators was used as weights to adjust the results of the PMF model, allowing for a more reasonable pollutant source apportionment and revealing potential driving factors of variations in water quality. The final contributions of pollution sources in descending order were agricultural activities (30.26%), domestic sewage (29.07%), industrial wastewater (26.25%), seasonal factors (6.45%), soil erosion (6.19%), and unidentified sources (1.78%). This study provides a new perspective for a comprehensive understanding of the water pollution characteristics of rivers, and offers valuable references for the development of targeted strategies for water quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Xingnian Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Sikai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Guoqiang Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Yuansi Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Dongdong Gao
- Sichuan Academy of Environmental Science, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Xiaogang Tian
- Sichuan Academy of Environmental Science, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Ya'an Ecological and Environment Monitoring Center Station, Ya'an, 625000, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
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Ding F, Zhang W, Cao S, Hao S, Chen L, Xie X, Li W, Jiang M. Optimization of water quality index models using machine learning approaches. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120337. [PMID: 37473509 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
To optimize the water quality index (WQI) assessment model, this study upgraded the parameter weight values and aggregation functions. We determined the combined weights based on machine learning and game theory to improve the accuracy of the models, and proposed new aggregation functions to reduce the uncertainty of the model. A new water quality assessment system was established, and took the Chaobai River Basin as a case study. To optimize the weight, two combined weights were established based on game theory. The weight CWAE was combined by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Entropy Weight Method (EWM). The weight CWAL was combined by AHP and machine learning (LightGBM). CWAL was judged to be an optimal composite weight by comparing the coefficient of variation (CV) values and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) extracted values. To reduce the uncertainty of the model, we proposed two aggregation functions, the Sinusoidal Weighted Mean (SWM) and the Log-weighted Quadratic Mean (LQM). The three water quality assessment models (WQIS, WQIL and WQIW) were established based on the optimal weights besides. All three models had good reliability. Both WQIS and WQIW models had low eclipsing problems (25.49% and 18.63%). The accuracy of the models was ranked as WQIS > WQIW > WQIL. The uncertainty of WQIs (0.000) in assessing poor water quality was low, and so was WQIW (0.259) in assessing good water quality. Overall, the WQIS model was recommended for assessing poor water quality and the WQIW model was recommended for assessing good water quality. The assessment results of WQIS showed that the Chaobai River Basin was "slightly polluted", and the water quality upstream was better than that downstream. TN was the main pollutant in the basin, and there was slight pollution with CODMn, CODCr, BOD5, etc. There was little metal contamination, only a few months exceeded Class I. The model established in this study can provide a reference for the same type work of water quality assessment. The assessment results can provide a scientific basis for the protection of the regional water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shaohua Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shilong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Liangyao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenpan Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Mingcen Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China.
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