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Ali SS, Al-Tohamy R, Mohamed TM, Mahmoud YAG, Ruiz HA, Sun L, Sun J. Could termites be hiding a goldmine of obscure yet promising yeasts for energy crisis solutions based on aromatic wastes? A critical state-of-the-art review. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:35. [PMID: 35379342 PMCID: PMC8981686 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be produced from a range of organic and renewable feedstock including fresh or vegetable oils, animal fats, and oilseed plants. In recent years, the lignin-based aromatic wastes, such as various aromatic waste polymers from agriculture, or organic dye wastewater from textile industry, have attracted much attention in academia, which can be uniquely selected as a potential renewable feedstock for biodiesel product converted by yeast cell factory technology. This current investigation indicated that the highest percentage of lipid accumulation can be achieved as high as 47.25% by an oleaginous yeast strain, Meyerozyma caribbica SSA1654, isolated from a wood-feeding termite gut system, where its synthetic oil conversion ability can reach up to 0.08 (g/l/h) and the fatty acid composition in yeast cells represents over 95% of total fatty acids that are similar to that of vegetable oils. Clearly, the use of oleaginous yeasts, isolated from wood-feeding termites, for synthesizing lipids from aromatics is a clean, efficient, and competitive path to achieve "a sustainable development" towards biodiesel production. However, the lacking of potent oleaginous yeasts to transform lipids from various aromatics, and an unknown metabolic regulation mechanism presented in the natural oleaginous yeast cells are the fundamental challenge we have to face for a potential cell factory development. Under this scope, this review has proposed a novel concept and approach strategy in utilization of oleaginous yeasts as the cell factory to convert aromatic wastes to lipids as the substrate for biodiesel transformation. Therefore, screening robust oleaginous yeast strain(s) from wood-feeding termite gut system with a set of the desirable specific tolerance characteristics is essential. In addition, to reconstruct a desirable metabolic pathway/network to maximize the lipid transformation and accumulation rate from the aromatic wastes with the applications of various "omics" technologies or a synthetic biology approach, where the work agenda will also include to analyze the genome characteristics, to develop a new base mutation gene editing technology, as well as to clarify the influence of the insertion position of aromatic compounds and other biosynthetic pathways in the industrial chassis genome on the expressional level and genome stability. With these unique designs running with a set of the advanced biotech approaches, a novel metabolic pathway using robust oleaginous yeast developed as a cell factory concept can be potentially constructed, integrated and optimized, suggesting that the hypothesis we proposed in utilizing aromatic wastes as a feedstock towards biodiesel product is technically promising and potentially applicable in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh S. Ali
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 China
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | - Rania Al-Tohamy
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 China
| | - Tarek M. Mohamed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | | | - Héctor A. Ruiz
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila Mexico
| | - Lushan Sun
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 China
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Lubbers RJM, Dilokpimol A, Nousiainen PA, Cioc RC, Visser J, Bruijnincx PCA, de Vries RP. Vanillic acid and methoxyhydroquinone production from guaiacyl units and related aromatic compounds using Aspergillus niger cell factories. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:151. [PMID: 34344380 PMCID: PMC8336404 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aromatic compounds vanillin and vanillic acid are important fragrances used in the food, beverage, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Currently, most aromatic compounds used in products are chemically synthesized, while only a small percentage is extracted from natural sources. The metabolism of vanillin and vanillic acid has been studied for decades in microorganisms and many studies have been conducted that showed that both can be produced from ferulic acid using bacteria. In contrast, the degradation of vanillin and vanillic acid by fungi is poorly studied and no genes involved in this metabolic pathway have been identified. In this study, we aimed to clarify this metabolic pathway in Aspergillus niger and identify the genes involved. RESULTS Using whole-genome transcriptome data, four genes involved in vanillin and vanillic acid metabolism were identified. These include vanillin dehydrogenase (vdhA), vanillic acid hydroxylase (vhyA), and two genes encoding novel enzymes, which function as methoxyhydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase (mhdA) and 4-oxo-monomethyl adipate esterase (omeA). Deletion of these genes in A. niger confirmed their role in aromatic metabolism and the enzymatic activities of these enzymes were verified. In addition, we demonstrated that mhdA and vhyA deletion mutants can be used as fungal cell factories for the accumulation of vanillic acid and methoxyhydroquinone from guaiacyl lignin units and related aromatic compounds. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights into the fungal aromatic metabolic pathways involved in the degradation of guaiacyl units and related aromatic compounds. The identification of the involved genes unlocks new potential for engineering aromatic compound-producing fungal cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie J M Lubbers
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paula A Nousiainen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Răzvan C Cioc
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Visser
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C A Bruijnincx
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Lubbers RJM, Dilokpimol A, Visser J, Mäkelä MR, Hildén KS, de Vries RP. A comparison between the homocyclic aromatic metabolic pathways from plant-derived compounds by bacteria and fungi. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107396. [PMID: 31075306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds derived from lignin are of great interest for renewable biotechnical applications. They can serve in many industries e.g. as biochemical building blocks for bioplastics or biofuels, or as antioxidants, flavor agents or food preservatives. In nature, lignin is degraded by microorganisms, which results in the release of homocyclic aromatic compounds. Homocyclic aromatic compounds can also be linked to polysaccharides, tannins and even found freely in plant biomass. As these compounds are often toxic to microbes already at low concentrations, they need to be degraded or converted to less toxic forms. Prior to ring cleavage, the plant- and lignin-derived aromatic compounds are converted to seven central ring-fission intermediates, i.e. catechol, protocatechuic acid, hydroxyquinol, hydroquinone, gentisic acid, gallic acid and pyrogallol through complex aromatic metabolic pathways and used as energy source in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Over the decades, bacterial aromatic metabolism has been described in great detail. However, the studies on fungal aromatic pathways are scattered over different pathways and species, complicating a comprehensive view of fungal aromatic metabolism. In this review, we depicted the similarities and differences of the reported aromatic metabolic pathways in fungi and bacteria. Although both microorganisms share the main conversion routes, many alternative pathways are observed in fungi. Understanding the microbial aromatic metabolic pathways could lead to metabolic engineering for strain improvement and promote valorization of lignin and related aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie J M Lubbers
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Jaap Visser
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kristiina S Hildén
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland.
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Lanfranchi E, Trajković M, Barta K, de Vries JG, Janssen DB. Exploring the Selective Demethylation of Aryl Methyl Ethers with a
Pseudomonas
Rieske Monooxygenase. Chembiochem 2018; 20:118-125. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lanfranchi
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB)University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9726 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Present address: School of Food and Nutritional Science SciencesUniversity College Cork College Road Cork T12 YN60 Republic of Ireland
| | - Miloš Trajković
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB)University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9726 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Katalin Barta
- Synthetic Organic ChemistryStratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9726 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. de Vries
- Synthetic Organic ChemistryStratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9726 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Dick B. Janssen
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB)University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9726 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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Bernini R, Barontini M, Mosesso P, Pepe G, Willför SM, Sjöholm RE, Eklund PC, Saladino R. A selective de-O-methylation of guaiacyl lignans to corresponding catechol derivatives by 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX). The role of the catechol moiety on the toxicity of lignans. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2367-77. [DOI: 10.1039/b822661j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Providenti MA, O'Brien JM, Ruff J, Cook AM, Lambert IB. Metabolism of isovanillate, vanillate, and veratrate by Comamonas testosteroni strain BR6020. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:3862-9. [PMID: 16707678 PMCID: PMC1482911 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01675-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Comamonas testosteroni strain BR6020, metabolism of isovanillate (iVan; 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate), vanillate (Van; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate), and veratrate (Ver; 3,4-dimethoxybenzoate) proceeds via protocatechuate (Pca; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate). A 13.4-kb locus coding for the catabolic enzymes that channel the three substrates to Pca was cloned. O demethylation is mediated by the phthalate family oxygenases IvaA (converts iVan to Pca and Ver to Van) and VanA (converts Van to Pca and Ver to iVan). Reducing equivalents from NAD(P)H are transferred to the oxygenases by the class IA oxidoreductase IvaB. Studies using whole cells, cell extracts, and reverse transcriptase PCR showed that degradative activity and expression of vanA, ivaA, and ivaB are inducible. In succinate- and Pca-grown cells, there is negligible degradative activity towards Van, Ver, and iVan and little to no expression of vanA, ivaA, and ivaB. Growth on Van or Ver results in production of oxygenases with activity towards Van, Ver, and iVan and expression of vanA, ivaA, and ivaB. With iVan-grown cultures, ivaA and ivaB are expressed, and in assays with whole cells, production of the iVan oxygenase is observed, but there is little activity towards Van or Ver. In cell extracts, though, Ver metabolism is observed, which suggests that the system mediating iVan uptake in whole cells does not mediate Ver uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Providenti
- Institute of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6.
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