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Buse HY, Ji P, Gomez-Alvarez V, Pruden A, Edwards MA, Ashbolt NJ. Effect of temperature and colonization of Legionella pneumophila and Vermamoeba vermiformis on bacterial community composition of copper drinking water biofilms. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:773-788. [PMID: 28097816 PMCID: PMC5481522 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how the water-based pathogen, Legionella pneumophila (Lp), and associated free-living amoeba (FLA) hosts change or are changed by the microbial composition of drinking water (DW) biofilm communities. Thus, this study characterized the bacterial community structure over a 7-month period within mature (> 600-day-old) copper DW biofilms in reactors simulating premise plumbing and assessed the impact of temperature and introduction of Lp and its FLA host, Vermamoeba vermiformis (Vv), co-cultures (LpVv). Sequence and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses indicated a correlation between LpVv introduction and increases in Legionella spp. levels at room temperature (RT), while at 37°C, Lp became the dominant Legionella spp. qPCR analysis suggested Vv presence may not be directly associated with Lp biofilm growth at RT and 37°C, but may contribute to or be associated with non-Lp legionellae persistence at RT. Two-way PERMANOVA and PCoA revealed that temperature was a major driver of microbiome diversity. Biofilm community composition also changed over the seven-month period and could be associated with significant shifts in dissolved oxygen, alkalinity and various metals in the influent DW. Hence, temperature, biofilm age, DW quality and transient intrusions/amplification of pathogens and FLA hosts may significantly impact biofilm microbiomes and modulate pathogen levels over extended periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Y Buse
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc c/o US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Drive NG-16, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Pan Ji
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Vicente Gomez-Alvarez
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc c/o US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Drive NG-16, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Amy Pruden
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Marc A Edwards
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
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Molecular analysis of dominant species in Listeria monocytogenes-positive biofilms in the drains of food processing facilities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3165-75. [PMID: 26658820 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes exhibits symbiotic codependence with the dominant commensal bacteria, which may help it avoid being removed or inactivated by disinfectants in local environments. In this study, we investigated L. monocytogenes-positive biofilms at food production facilities, and the dominant bacterial species of the biofilms were identified to determine the properties of the microbiological background. For this purpose, the ISO 11290 method was used for the detection and isolation of L. monocytogenes, and the species were further identified based on 16S rRNA and hly genes. 16S rRNA gene-based cloning, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis were combined to evaluate the dominant bacteria of the drain biofilms. Out of 100 drain samples, 8 were naturally contaminated with L. monocytogenes. Three molecular methods consistently showed that Pseudomonas psychrophila, Pseudomonas sp., and Klebsiella oxytoca were dominant species in 3Q, 5Q, and 6Q samples; Aeromonas hydrophila and Klebsiella sp. were significantly dominant in 1-2, 1-3, and 3-2 samples; A. hydrophila and K. oxytoca were dominant in the 2-3 sample; and A. hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp. were prominent in the 3-3 sample. Different biofilms from the same plant shared common bands, suggesting that similar bacteria can be found and can be dominant in different biofilms. This study provides a better understanding of the dominant compositions in these bacterial communities. Further studies to determine the mechanism of co-culture with L. monocytogenes will be of critical importance in predicting effective disinfection strategies.
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Microbial analysis of in situ biofilm formation in drinking water distribution systems: implications for monitoring and control of drinking water quality. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3301-11. [PMID: 26637423 PMCID: PMC4786615 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) is influenced by the source water, the supply infrastructure and the operation of the system. A holistic approach was used to advance knowledge on the development of mixed species biofilms in situ, by using biofilm sampling devices installed in chlorinated networks. Key physico-chemical parameters and conventional microbial indicators for drinking water quality were analysed. Biofilm coverage on pipes was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The microbial community structure, bacteria and fungi, of water and biofilms was assessed using pyrosequencing. Conventional wisdom leads to an expectation for less microbial diversity in groundwater supplied systems. However, the analysis of bulk water showed higher microbial diversity in groundwater site samples compared with the surface water site. Conversely, higher diversity and richness were detected in biofilms from the surface water site. The average biofilm coverage was similar among sites. Disinfection residual and other key variables were similar between the two sites, other than nitrates, alkalinity and the hydraulic conditions which were extremely low at the groundwater site. Thus, the unexpected result of an exceptionally low diversity with few dominant genera (Pseudomonas and Basidiobolus) in groundwater biofilm samples, despite the more diverse community in the bulk water, is attributed to the low-flow hydraulic conditions. This finding evidences that the local environmental conditions are shaping biofilm formation, composition and amount, and hence managing these is critical for the best operation of DWDS to safeguard water quality.
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Mi Z, Dai Y, Xie S, Chen C, Zhang X. Impact of disinfection on drinking water biofilm bacterial community. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 37:200-205. [PMID: 26574105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Disinfectants are commonly applied to control the growth of microorganisms in drinking water distribution systems. However, the effect of disinfection on drinking water microbial community remains poorly understood. The present study investigated the impacts of different disinfectants (chlorine and chloramine) and dosages on biofilm bacterial community in bench-scale pipe section reactors. Illumina MiSeq sequencing illustrated that disinfection strategy could affect both bacterial diversity and community structure of drinking water biofilm. Proteobacteria tended to predominate in chloraminated drinking water biofilms, while Firmicutes in chlorinated and unchlorinated biofilms. The major proteobacterial groups were influenced by both disinfectant type and dosage. In addition, chloramination had a more profound impact on bacterial community than chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Mi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yu Dai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuguang Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Chao Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Wu H, Zhang J, Mi Z, Xie S, Chen C, Zhang X. Biofilm bacterial communities in urban drinking water distribution systems transporting waters with different purification strategies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1947-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhu Z, Wu C, Zhong D, Yuan Y, Shan L, Zhang J. Effects of Pipe Materials on Chlorine-resistant Biofilm Formation Under Long-term High Chlorine Level. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:1564-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Buse HY, Lu J, Lu X, Mou X, Ashbolt NJ. Microbial diversities (16S and 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing) and environmental pathogens within drinking water biofilms grown on the common premise plumbing materials unplasticized polyvinylchloride and copper. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 88:280-95. [PMID: 24490699 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Drinking water (DW) biofilm communities influence the survival of opportunistic pathogens, yet knowledge about the microbial composition of DW biofilms developed on common in-premise plumbing material is limited. Utilizing 16S and 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing, this study characterized the microbial community structure within DW biofilms established on unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) and copper (Cu) surfaces and the impact of introducing Legionella pneumophila (Lp) and Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Mature (> 1 year old) biofilms were developed before inoculation with sterilized DW (control, Con), Lp, or Lp and A. polyphaga (LpAp). Comparison of uPVC and Cu biofilms indicated significant differences between bacterial (P = 0.001) and eukaryotic (P < 0.01) members attributable to the unique presence of several family taxa: Burkholderiaceae, Characeae, Epistylidae, Goniomonadaceae, Paramoebidae, Plasmodiophoridae, Plectidae, Sphenomonadidae, and Toxariaceae within uPVC biofilms; and Enterobacteriaceae, Erythrobacteraceae, Methylophilaceae, Acanthamoebidae, and Chlamydomonadaceae within Cu biofilms. Introduction of Lp alone or with A. polyphaga had no effect on bacterial community profiles (P > 0.05) but did affect eukaryotic members (uPVC, P < 0.01; Cu, P = 0.001). Thus, established DW biofilms host complex communities that may vary based on substratum matrix and maintain consistent bacterial communities despite introduction of Lp, an environmental pathogen.
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Lu P, Chen C, Wang Q, Wang Z, Zhang X, Xie S. Phylogenetic diversity of microbial communities in real drinking water distribution systems. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-012-0230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Douterelo I, Sharpe RL, Boxall JB. Influence of hydraulic regimes on bacterial community structure and composition in an experimental drinking water distribution system. WATER RESEARCH 2013. [PMID: 23182667 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms formed on the inner-pipe surfaces of drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) can alter drinking water quality, particularly if they are mechanically detached from the pipe wall to the bulk water, such as due to changes in hydraulic conditions. Results are presented here from applying 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene to investigate the influence of different hydrological regimes on bacterial community structure and to study the potential mobilisation of material from the pipe walls to the network using a full scale, temperature-controlled experimental pipeline facility accurately representative of live DWDS. Analysis of pyrosequencing and water physico-chemical data showed that habitat type (water vs. biofilm) and hydraulic conditions influenced bacterial community structure and composition in our experimental DWDS. Bacterial community composition clearly differed between biofilms and bulk water samples. Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were the most abundant phyla in biofilms while Alphaproteobacteria was predominant in bulk water samples. This suggests that bacteria inhabiting biofilms, predominantly species belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Zooglea and Janthinobacterium, have an enhanced ability to express extracellular polymeric substances to adhere to surfaces and to favour co-aggregation between cells than those found in the bulk water. Highest species richness and diversity were detected in 28 days old biofilms with this being accentuated at highly varied flow conditions. Flushing altered the pipe-wall bacterial community structure but did not completely remove bacteria from the pipe walls, particularly under highly varied flow conditions, suggesting that under these conditions more compact biofilms were generated. This research brings new knowledge regarding the influence of different hydraulic regimes on the composition and structure of bacterial communities within DWDS and the implication that this might have on drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Douterelo
- Pennine Water Group, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Mappin Street, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
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Petropavlovskii A, Sillanpää M. Removal of micropollutants by biofilms: current approaches and future prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2013.865794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Aizenberg-Gershtein Y, Vaizel-Ohayon D, Halpern M. Structure of bacterial communities in diverse freshwater habitats. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:326-35. [DOI: 10.1139/w11-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The structures and dynamics of bacterial communities from raw source water, groundwater, and drinking water before and after filtration were studied in four seasons of a year, with culture-independent methods. Genomic DNA from water samples was analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction – denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis system and by cloning of the 16S rRNA gene. Water samples exhibited complex denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis genetic profiles composed of many bands, corresponding to a great variety of bacterial taxa. The bacterial communities of different seasons from the four sampling sites clustered into two major groups: (i) water before and after filtration, and (ii) source water and groundwater. Phylogenetic analyses of the clones from the autumn sampling revealed 13 phyla, 19 classes, and 155 operational taxonomic units. Of the clones, 66% showed less than 97% similarities to known bacterial species. Representatives of the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were found at all four sampling sites. Species belonging to the phylum Firmicutes were an important component of the microbial community in filtered water. Representatives of Enterobacteriaceae were not detected, indicating the absence of fecal pollution in the drinking water. Differences were found in the bacterial populations that were sampled from the same sites in different seasons. Each water habitat had a unique bacterial profile. Drinking water harbors diverse and dynamic microbial communities, part of which may be active and resilient to chlorine disinfection. This study provides, for the first time, basic data for uncultivable drinking water bacteria in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Aizenberg-Gershtein
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Dalit Vaizel-Ohayon
- Nesin Central Laboratory, Mekorot National Water Co. Ltd., Jordan District, P.O. Box 610, Nazareth-Illit 17105, Israel
| | - Malka Halpern
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
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Tiirola M, Lahtinen T, Vuento M, Oker-Blom C. Early succession of bacterial biofilms in paper machines. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 36:929-37. [PMID: 19390885 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Formation of biofilms causes severe problems in paper machines, and hence financial costs. It would be preferable to prevent attachment of the primary-colonizing bacteria than to control the growth of secondary communities, which are sheltered by exopolysaccharide slime layers. We have therefore investigated the early succession of paper-machine biofilms by incubating stainless-steel test coupons in the process water-flow lines in two paper machines operating in slightly alkaline conditions in temperatures (45 and 49 degrees C) supporting thermophilic microbes. Microbial succession was profiled using length heterogeneity analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes (LH-PCR) and linking the sequence data of the created 16S rRNA gene libraries to the dominant LH-PCR peaks. Although the bacterial fingerprints obtained from the attached surface communities varied slightly in different samples, the biomarker signals of the dominating primary-colonizing bacterial groups remained high over time in each paper machine. Most of the 16S rRNA gene copies in the early biofilms were assigned to the genera Rhodobacter, Tepidimonas, and Cloacibacterium. The dominance of these sequence types decreased in the developing biofilms. Finally, as phylogenetically identical primary-colonizers were detected in the two different paper mills, the machines evidently had similar environmental conditions for bacterial growth and potentially a common source of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Tiirola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Berry D, Xi C, Raskin L. Microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2006; 17:297-302. [PMID: 16701992 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The supply of clean drinking water is a major, and relatively recent, public health milestone. Control of microbial growth in drinking water distribution systems, often achieved through the addition of disinfectants, is essential to limiting waterborne illness, particularly in immunocompromised subpopulations. Recent inquiries into the microbial ecology of distribution systems have found that pathogen resistance to chlorination is affected by microbial community diversity and interspecies relationships. Research indicates that multispecies biofilms are generally more resistant to disinfection than single-species biofilms. Other recent findings are the increased survival of the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila when present inside its protozoan host Hartmannella vermiformis and the depletion of chloramine disinfectant residuals by nitrifying bacteria, leading to increased overall microbial growth. Interactions such as these are unaccounted for in current disinfection models. An understanding of the microbial ecology of distribution systems is necessary to design innovative and effective control strategies that will ensure safe and high-quality drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Berry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-2125, USA
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