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Das S, Chowdhury C, Kumar SP, Roy D, Gosavi SW, Sen R. Microbial production of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) for versatile applications: Biotechnological strategies for green process development. Carbohydr Res 2024; 536:109039. [PMID: 38277719 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) is a commercially important amino sugar for its wide range of applications in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics and biofuel industries. In nature, GlcNAc is polymerised into chitin biopolymer, which is one of the major constituents of fungal cell wall and outer shells of crustaceans. Sea food processing industries generate a large volume of chitin as biopolymeric waste. Because of its high abundance, chitinaceous shellfish wastes have been exploited as one of the major precursor substrates of GlcNAc production, both in chemical and enzymatic means. Nevertheless, the current process of GlcNAc extraction from shellfish wastes generates poor turnover and attracts environmental hazards. Moreover, GlcNAc isolated from shellfish could not be prescribed to certain groups of people because of the allergic nature of shell components. Therefore, an alternative route of GlcNAc production is advocated. With the advancement of metabolic construction and synthetic biology, microbial synthesis of GlcNAc is gaining much attention nowadays. Several new and cutting-edge technologies like substrate co-utilization strategy, promoter engineering, and CRISPR interference system were proposed in this fascinating area. The study would put forward the potential application of microbial engineering in the production of important pharmaceuticals. Very recently, autotrophic fermentation of GlcNAc synthesis has been proposed. The metabolic engineering approaches would offer great promise to mitigate the issues of low yield and high production cost, which are major challenges in microbial bio-processes industries. Further process optimization, optimising metabolic flux, and efficient recovery of GlcNAc from culture broth, should be investigated in order to achieve a high product titer. The current study presents a comprehensive review on microbe-based eco-friendly green methods that would pave the way towards the development of future research directions in this field for the designing of a cost-effective fermentation process on an industrial setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sancharini Das
- Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, MH, 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, WB, 721302, India.
| | - Chiranjit Chowdhury
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, MH, 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, 201002, India
| | - S Pavan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, TN, 600 036, India
| | - Debasis Roy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, WB, 721302, India
| | - Suresh W Gosavi
- Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, MH, 411007, India
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, WB, 721302, India
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Thakur D, Bairwa A, Dipta B, Jhilta P, Chauhan A. An overview of fungal chitinases and their potential applications. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1031-1046. [PMID: 36752884 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, the world's second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose, is composed of β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues. It is the key structural component of many organisms, including crustaceans, mollusks, marine invertebrates, algae, fungi, insects, and nematodes. There has been a significant increase in the generation of chitinous waste from seafood businesses, resulting in a big amount of scrap. Although several organisms, such as plants, crustaceans, insects, nematodes, and animals, produce chitinases, microorganisms are promising candidates and a sustainable option that mediates chitin degradation. Fungi are the dominant group of chitinase producers among microorganisms. In fungi, chitinases are involved in morphogenesis, cell division, autolysis, chitin acquisition for nutritional purposes, and mycoparasitism. Many efficient chitinolytic fungi with potential applications have been identified in a variety of environments, including soil, water, marine wastes, and plants. The current review highlights the key sources of chitinolytic fungi and the characterization of fungal chitinases. It also discusses the applications of fungal chitinases and the cloning of fungal chitinase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Thakur
- Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aarti Bairwa
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bhawna Dipta
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Prakriti Jhilta
- Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Thakur D, Chauhan A, Jhilta P, Kaushal R, Dipta B. Microbial chitinases and their relevance in various industries. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023; 68:29-53. [PMID: 35972681 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00999-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after cellulose, is composed of β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) units. It is widely distributed in nature, especially as a structural polysaccharide in the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, and nematodes. However, the principal commercial source of chitin is the shells of marine or freshwater invertebrates. Microbial chitinases are largely responsible for chitin breakdown in nature, and they play an important role in the ecosystem's carbon and nitrogen balance. Several microbial chitinases have been characterized and are gaining prominence for their applications in various sectors. The current review focuses on chitinases of microbial origin, their diversity, and their characteristics. The applications of chitinases in several industries such as agriculture, food, the environment, and pharmaceutical sectors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Thakur
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Prakriti Jhilta
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kaushal
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bhawna Dipta
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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4
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Bacterial chitinases: genetics, engineering and applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:252. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Poria V, Rana A, Kumari A, Grewal J, Pranaw K, Singh S. Current Perspectives on Chitinolytic Enzymes and Their Agro-Industrial Applications. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1319. [PMID: 34943233 PMCID: PMC8698876 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases are a large and diversified category of enzymes that break down chitin, the world's second most prevalent polymer after cellulose. GH18 is the most studied family of chitinases, even though chitinolytic enzymes come from a variety of glycosyl hydrolase (GH) families. Most of the distinct GH families, as well as the unique structural and catalytic features of various chitinolytic enzymes, have been thoroughly explored to demonstrate their use in the development of tailor-made chitinases by protein engineering. Although chitin-degrading enzymes may be found in plants and other organisms, such as arthropods, mollusks, protozoans, and nematodes, microbial chitinases are a promising and sustainable option for industrial production. Despite this, the inducible nature, low titer, high production expenses, and susceptibility to severe environments are barriers to upscaling microbial chitinase production. The goal of this study is to address all of the elements that influence microbial fermentation for chitinase production, as well as the purifying procedures for attaining high-quality yield and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Poria
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendargarh 123031, India; (V.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Anuj Rana
- Department of Microbiology (COBS & H), CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India;
| | - Arti Kumari
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendargarh 123031, India; (V.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Jasneet Grewal
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, 102-096 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Kumar Pranaw
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, 102-096 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Surender Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendargarh 123031, India; (V.P.); (A.K.)
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Recent advances in the bioprospection and applications of chitinolytic bacteria for valorization of waste chitin. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:1953-1969. [PMID: 33710379 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most abundant natural polymers on earth, chitin is a fibrous and structural polysaccharide, composed of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The biopolymer is the major structural constituent of fungi, arthropods, mollusks, nematodes, and some algae. The biodegradation of chitin is largely manifested by chitinolytic enzyme secreting organisms including bacteria, insects, and plants. Among them, bacterial chitinases represent the most promising, inexpensive, and sustainable source of proteins that can be employed for industrial-scale applications. To this end, the presented review comes at a timely moment to highlight the major sources of chitinolytic bacteria. It also discusses the potential pros and cons of prospecting bacterial chitinases that can be easily manipulated through genetic engineering. Additionally, we have elaborated the recent applications of the chitin thereby branding chitinases as potential candidates for biorefinery and biomedical research for eco-friendly and sustainable management of chitin waste in the environment.
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Essghaier B, Zouaoui M, Najjari A, Sadfi N. Potentialities and Characterization of an Antifungal Chitinase Produced by a Halotolerant Bacillus licheniformis. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:513-521. [PMID: 33392674 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The chitinases are gaining much attention based on their role in the defense against pathogen attacks and harmful insects. The partially chitinase produced by Bacillus licheniformis strain J24 exhibited a large antifungal spectrum, and the highest activity was obtained toward Fusarium species in vitro on PDA and in vivo on corn seeds. The chitinase was inducible by the presence of autoclaved Fusarium conidia in the medium culture and it was active at 70 °C and pH 7 and not affected by the tested chemical agents EDTA and SDS. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences encoding chitinase showed the close phylogenetic relation with chitinase from Bacillus paralicheniformis species. Based on the analysis of the putative domain active, the described chitinase from strain J24 was belonging to the GH family-18 and the novelty of its structure was revealed. Here the combination of functional and structural antifungal extremely chitinase proves its importance in biotechnology area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Afef Najjari
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis (FST), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najla Sadfi
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis (FST), Tunis, Tunisia
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Sinitsyna OA, Rubtsova EA, Sinelnikov IG, Osipov DO, Rozhkova AM, Matys VY, Bubnova TV, Nemashkalov VA, Sereda AS, Tcsherbakova LA, Sinitsyn AP. Creation of Chitinase Producer and Disruption of Micromycete Cell Wall with the Obtained Enzyme Preparation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:717-724. [PMID: 32586235 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920060097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant strain producing a complex of extracellular enzymes including chitinase from Myceliophtora thermophila was created based on the fungus Penicillium verruculosum. The activity of the enzyme preparations obtained from the cultural fluid of the producer strain was 0.55, 0.53, and 0.66 U/mg protein with chitin and chitosans with the molecular weight of 200 and 1000 kDa, respectively. The temperature optimum for the recombinant chitinase was 52-65°C; the pH optimum was 4.5-6.2, which corresponded to the published data for this class of the enzymes. The content of heterologous chitinase in the obtained enzyme preparations was 47% of total protein content in the cultural fluid. Enzyme preparations produced by the recombinant P. verruculosum XT403 strain and containing heterologous chitinase were able to degrade the mycelium of micromycetes, including phytopathogenic ones, and were very efficient in the bioconversion of microbiological industry waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Sinitsyna
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - E A Rubtsova
- Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - I G Sinelnikov
- Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - D O Osipov
- Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - A M Rozhkova
- Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - V Yu Matys
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - T V Bubnova
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - V A Nemashkalov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - A S Sereda
- Russian Research Institute of Food Biotechnology, Moscow, 111033, Russia
| | - L A Tcsherbakova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshye Vyazemy, Moscow Region, 143050, Russia
| | - A P Sinitsyn
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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Microbial and viral chitinases: Attractive biopesticides for integrated pest management. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:818-838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Zheng L, Gu C, Cao J, Li SM, Wang G, Luo YM, Guo JH. Selecting Bacterial Antagonists for Cucurbit Downy Mildew and Developing an Effective Application Method. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:628-639. [PMID: 30673494 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-17-0058-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To identify new bacterial antagonists for cucurbit downy mildew (CDM) caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, 163 bacterial isolates were recovered from different microenvironments of field-grown cucumber plants. In the greenhouse, 19 representative isolates were applied to cucumber plants as a foliar spray (FS); 7 isolates achieved the efficacy over 60% against CDM, with 5 (DS22, HS10, DP14, HP4, and DS57) identified as Bacillus pumilus, B. licheniformis, Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, respectively. Strains DP14, DS22, and HS10 were assessed for their biocontrol effect on naturally occurring CDM in 2-year field trials (2010 and 2011), in which their overall efficacy relative to that of propamocarb was 106.25 to 117.17% with foliar spray plus root drench (FS+RD) but only 70.98 to 84.03% with FS. Coincidently, DP14 and HS10 applied as root drench (RD) alone also significantly reduced CDM. Under field conditions, DP14, DS22, and HS10 all successfully colonized cucumber leaves and the rhizosphere, and also significantly increased fruit yield by 37.60 to 51.03%, as well as nutrient levels. Taken together, Enterobacter sp. DP14, B. licheniformis HS10, and B. pumilus DS22 are plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria effective in controlling CDM in the field, whose efficacy increased with FS+RD compared with FS alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Science, Huai'an Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University; Jiangsu Provincial Biogenic Pesticide Engineering Center; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education; Nanjing 210095, China; and Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Guangzhou Experimental Station; Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Chun Gu
- Jiangsu Provincial Anfeng Biogenic Pesticide Engineering Center Co., Ltd., Taicang 215400, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University; Jiangsu Provincial Biogenic Pesticide Engineering Center; and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Shi-Mo Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huai'an Normal University
| | - Guang Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Anfeng Biogenic Pesticide Engineering Center Co., Ltd
| | - Yu-Ming Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huai'an Normal University
| | - Jian-Hua Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Anfeng Biogenic Pesticide Engineering Center Co., Ltd.; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University; Jiangsu Provincial Biogenic Pesticide Engineering Center; and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University
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Richa K, Tiwari IM, Devanna BN, Botella JR, Sharma V, Sharma TR. Novel Chitinase Gene LOC_Os11g47510 from Indica Rice Tetep Provides Enhanced Resistance against Sheath Blight Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:596. [PMID: 28487708 PMCID: PMC5403933 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sheath blight disease (ShB), caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, is one of the most destructive diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.), causing substantial yield loss in rice. In the present study, a novel rice chitinase gene, LOC_Os11g47510 was cloned from QTL region of R. solani tolerant rice line Tetep and used for functional validation by genetic transformation of ShB susceptible japonica rice line Taipei 309 (TP309). The transformants were characterized using molecular and functional approaches. Molecular analysis by PCR using a set of primers specific to CaMv 35S promoter, chitinase and HptII genes confirmed the presence of transgene in transgenic plants which was further validated by Southern hybridization. Further, qRT-PCR analysis of transgenic plants showed good correlation between transgene expression and the level of sheath blight resistance among transformants. Functional complementation assays confirmed the effectiveness of the chitinase mediated resistance in all the transgenic TP309 plants with varying levels of enhanced resistance against R. solani. Therefore, the novel chitinase gene cloned and characterized in the present study from the QTL region of rice will be of significant use in molecular plant breeding program for developing sheath blight resistance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamboj Richa
- National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali UniversityBanasthali, India
| | - Ila M. Tiwari
- National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - B. N. Devanna
- National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Jose R. Botella
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St LuciaQLD, Australia
| | - Vinay Sharma
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali UniversityBanasthali, India
| | - Tilak R. Sharma
- National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology InstituteMohali, India
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Kumar S, Arumugam N, Permaul K, Singh S. Chapter 5 Thermostable Enzymes and Their Industrial Applications. Microb Biotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315367880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
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Sonawane KD, Dandagal NR, Naikwadi AG, Gurav PT, Anapat SV, Nadaf NH, Jadhav DB, Waghmare SR. Intergeneric fusant development using chitinase preparation of Rhizopus stolonifer NCIM 880. AMB Express 2016; 6:114. [PMID: 27844458 PMCID: PMC5108735 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal chitinase have tremendous applications in biotech industries, with this approach we focused on extracellular chitinase from Rhizopus stolonifer NCIM 880 for the formation of fungal protoplasts. The maximum chitinase production reached after 24 h at 2.5% colloidal chitin concentration in presence of starch as an inducer. Chitinase was extracted efficiently at 65% cold acetone concentration and then purified by using DEAE-Cellulose column chromatography. Purified chitinase having molecular weight 22 kDa with single polypeptide chain was optimally active at pH 5.0 and temperature 30 °C. The purified chitinase revealed kinetic properties like Km 1.66 mg/ml and Vmax 769 mM/min. Crude chitinase extract efficiently formed protoplasts from A. niger, A. oryzae, T. viride and F. moniliforme. The formed protoplasts of A. niger and T. viride showed 70 and 66% regeneration frequency respectively. Further, intergeneric fusants were developed successfully and identified at molecular level using RNA profiling. Thus, this study could be useful for strain improvement of various fungi for biotechnological applications.
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Industrial Applications of Fungal Chitinases: An Update. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/b19347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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15
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Utilization of Chitinaceous Wastes for the Production of Chitinase. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2016; 78:27-46. [PMID: 27452164 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Marine environment is the most abundant source of chitin. Several marine organisms possess chitin in their structural components. Hence, a huge amount of chitin wastes is deposited in marine environment when such organisms shed their outer skeleton and also after their demise. Waste chitins are potential nutrient source of certain microbes. These microbes produce chitinases that hydrolyze waste chitins. These organisms thus play an important role to remove the chitin wastes from marine environment. In connection with this, chitinases are found to be most important biocatalyst for the utilization of chitin wastes. Therefore, use of chitin for chitinase production is one of the useful tools for different types of bioprocesses.
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Benadé E, Stone W, Mouton M, Postma F, Wilsenach J, Botha A. Binary Interactions of Antagonistic Bacteria with Candida albicans Under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 71:645-659. [PMID: 26566932 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We used both aerobic and anaerobic liquid co-cultures, prepared with Luria Bertani broth, to study the effect of bacteria on the survival of Candida albicans in the external environment, away from an animal host. The bacteria were represented by Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium, Enterobacter, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kluyvera ascorbata and Serratia marcescens. Under aerobic conditions, the yeast's growth was inhibited in the presence of bacterial growth; however, under anaerobic conditions, yeast and bacterial growth in co-cultures was similar to that observed for pure cultures. Subsequent assays revealed that the majority of bacterial strains aerobically produced extracellular hydrolytic enzymes capable of yeast cell wall hydrolysis, including chitinases and mannan-degrading enzymes. In contrast, except for the A. hydrophila strain, these enzymes were not detected in anaerobic bacterial cultures, nor was the antimicrobial compound prodigiosin found in anaerobic cultures of S. marcescens. When we suspended C. albicans cells in crude extracellular enzyme preparations from K. pneumoniae and S. marcescens, we detected no negative effect on yeast viability. However, we found that these preparations enhance the toxicity of prodigiosin towards the yeast, especially in combination with mannan-degrading enzymes. Analyses of the chitin and mannan content of yeast cell walls revealed that less chitin was produced under anaerobic than aerobic conditions; however, the levels of mannan, known for its low permeability, remained the same. The latter phenomenon, as well as reduced production of the bacterial enzymes and prodigiosin, may contribute to anaerobic growth and survival of C. albicans in the presence of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Benadé
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Wendy Stone
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marnel Mouton
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Ferdinand Postma
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Jac Wilsenach
- Virtual Consulting Engineers (Pty.) Ltd., Groenkloof, South Africa
| | - Alfred Botha
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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Song C, Schmidt R, de Jager V, Krzyzanowska D, Jongedijk E, Cankar K, Beekwilder J, van Veen A, de Boer W, van Veen JA, Garbeva P. Exploring the genomic traits of fungus-feeding bacterial genus Collimonas. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1103. [PMID: 26704531 PMCID: PMC4690342 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collimonas is a genus belonging to the class of Betaproteobacteria and consists mostly of soil bacteria with the ability to exploit living fungi as food source (mycophagy). Collimonas strains differ in a range of activities, including swimming motility, quorum sensing, extracellular protease activity, siderophore production, and antimicrobial activities. RESULTS In order to reveal ecological traits possibly related to Collimonas lifestyle and secondary metabolites production, we performed a comparative genomics analysis based on whole-genome sequencing of six strains representing 3 recognized species. The analysis revealed that the core genome represents 43.1 to 52.7% of the genomes of the six individual strains. These include genes coding for extracellular enzymes (chitinase, peptidase, phospholipase), iron acquisition and type II secretion systems. In the variable genome, differences were found in genes coding for secondary metabolites (e.g. tripropeptin A and volatile terpenes), several unknown orphan polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS), nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene clusters, a new lipopeptide and type III and type VI secretion systems. Potential roles of the latter genes in the interaction with other organisms were investigated. Mutation of a gene involved in tripropeptin A biosynthesis strongly reduced the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, while disruption of a gene involved in the biosynthesis of the new lipopeptide had a large effect on the antifungal/oomycetal activities. CONCLUSIONS Overall our results indicated that Collimonas genomes harbour many genes encoding for novel enzymes and secondary metabolites (including terpenes) important for interactions with other organisms and revealed genomic plasticity, which reflect the behaviour, antimicrobial activity and lifestylesof Collimonas spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxu Song
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruth Schmidt
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands.
| | - Victor de Jager
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands.
| | - Dorota Krzyzanowska
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG&MUG, Kladki 24, Gdansk, 80-822, Poland.
| | - Esmer Jongedijk
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands.
| | - Katarina Cankar
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anouk van Veen
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands.
| | - Wietse de Boer
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes A van Veen
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands.
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands.
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18
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Mondal M, Chatterjee NS. Role of Vibrio cholerae exochitinase ChiA2 in horizontal gene transfer. Can J Microbiol 2015; 62:201-9. [PMID: 26849349 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae exochitinase ChiA2 plays a key role in acquisition of nutrients by chitin hydrolysis in the natural environment as well as in pathogenesis in the intestinal milieu. In this study we demonstrate the importance of ChiA2 in horizontal gene transfer in the natural environment. We found that the expression of ChiA2 and TfoX, the central regulator of V. cholerae horizontal gene transfer, varied with changes in environmental conditions. The activity of ChiA2 was also dependent on these conditions. In 3 different environmental conditions tested here, we observed that the supporting environmental condition for maximum expression and activity of ChiA2 was 20 °C, pH 5.5, and 100 mmol/L salinity in the presence of chitin. The same condition also induced TfoX expression and was favorable for horizontal gene transfer in V. cholerae. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that ChiA2 released a significant amount of (GlcNAc)2 from chitin hydrolysis under the favorable condition. We hypothesized that under the favorable environmental condition, ChiA2 was upregulated and maximally active to produce a significant amount of (GlcNAc)2 from chitin. The same environmental condition also induced tfoX expression, followed by its translational activation by the (GlcNAc)2 produced, leading to efficient horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Mondal
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India.,Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
| | - Nabendu Sekhar Chatterjee
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India.,Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33 C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
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19
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You J, Yang SZ, Mu BZ. Structural characterization of lipopeptides fromEnterobactersp. strain N18 reveals production of surfactin homologues. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia You
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Institute of Applied Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Shi-Zhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Institute of Applied Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Bo-Zhong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Institute of Applied Chemistry; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
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20
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Halder SK, Maity C, Jana A, Ghosh K, Das A, Paul T, Mohapatra PKD, Pati BR, Mondal KC. Chitinases biosynthesis by immobilized Aeromonas hydrophila SBK1 by prawn shells valorization and application of enzyme cocktail for fungal protoplast preparation. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 117:170-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Meruvu H, Donthireddy SRR. Purification and Characterization of an Antifungal Chitinase from Citrobacter freundii str. nov. haritD11. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:196-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Swiontek Brzezinska M, Jankiewicz U, Burkowska A. Purification and characterization of Streptomyces albidoflavus antifungal components. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683813050025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Swiontek Brzezinska M, Jankiewicz U, Burkowska A, Walczak M. Chitinolytic microorganisms and their possible application in environmental protection. Curr Microbiol 2013; 68:71-81. [PMID: 23989799 PMCID: PMC3889922 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a review of the latest research findings on the applications of microbial chitinases to biological control. Microorganisms producing these enzymes can inhibit the growth of many fungal diseases that pose a serious threat to global crop production. Currently, efforts are being made to discover producers of chitinolytic enzymes. The potential exists that natural biofungicides will replace chemical fungicides or will be used to supplement currently used fungicides, which would reduce the negative impact of chemicals on the environment and support the sustainable development of agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Swiontek Brzezinska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland,
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24
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Fish processing wastes for microbial enzyme production: a review. 3 Biotech 2013; 3:255-265. [PMID: 28324586 PMCID: PMC3723863 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-012-0099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishery processing industries generate large amounts of by-products. The disposal of these wastes represents an increasing environmental and health problem. To avoid wasting these by-products, various disposal methods have been applied including, ensilation, fermentation, hydrolysate and fish oil production. Interestingly, fish by-products provide an excellent nutrient source for microbial growth useful in enzyme production process, which is largely governed by the cost related to the growth media. Fish wastes (heads, viscera, chitinous material, wastewater, etc.) were prepared and tested as growth substrates for microbial enzymes production such as protease, lipase, chitinolytic and ligninolytic enzymes. This new approach described in this review can reduce environmental problems associated with waste disposal and, simultaneously, lower the cost of microbial enzyme production.
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25
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Nematicidal enzymes from microorganisms and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7081-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Swiontek Brzezinska M, Jankiewicz U, Lisiecki K. Optimization of cultural conditions for the production of antifungal chitinase by Streptomyces sporovirgulis. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683813020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Annamalai N, Veeramuthu Rajeswari M, Vijayalakshmi S, Balasubramanian T. Purification and characterization of chitinase from Alcaligenes faecalis AU02 by utilizing marine wastes and its antioxidant activity. ANN MICROBIOL 2011; 61:801-807. [PMID: 22131949 PMCID: PMC3213332 DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine waste is an abundant renewable source for the recovery of several value added metabolites with potential industrial applications. This study describes the production of chitinase on marine waste, with the subsequent use of the same marine waste for the extraction of antioxidants. A chitinase-producing bacterium isolated from seafood effluent was identified as Alcaligenes faecalis AU02. Optimal chitinase production was obtained in culture conditions of 37°C for 72 h in 100 ml medium containing 1% shrimp and crab shell powder (1:1) (w/v), 0.1% K(2)HPO(4), and 0.05% MgSO(4)·7H(2)O. The molecular weight of chitinase was determined by SDS-PAGE to be 36 kDa. The optimum pH, temperature, pH stability, and thermal stability of chitinase were about 8, 37°C, 5-12, and 40-80°C, respectively. The antioxidant activity of A. faecalis AU02 culture supernatant was determined through scavenging ability on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as 84%, and the antioxidant compound was characterized by TLC and its FT-IR spectrum. The present study proposed that marine wastes can be utilized to generate a high-value-added product and that pharmacological studies can extend its use to the field of medicine.
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28
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Characteristics of cold-adaptive endochitinase from Antarctic bacterium Sanguibacter antarcticus KOPRI 21702. Enzyme Microb Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Identification and Characterization of a Chitinase-Produced Bacillus Showing Significant Antifungal Activity. Curr Microbiol 2009; 58:528-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 12/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Salam M, Dahiya N, Sharma R, Soni SK, Hoondal GS, Tewari R. Cloning, characterization and expression of the chitinase gene of Enterobacter sp. NRG4. Indian J Microbiol 2008; 48:358-64. [PMID: 23100735 PMCID: PMC3476779 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-008-0044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A chitinase producing bacterium Enterobacter sp. NRG4, previously isolated in our laboratory, has been reported to have a wide range of applications such as anti-fungal activity, generation of fungal protoplasts and production of chitobiose and N-acetyl D-glucosamine from swollen chitin. In this paper, the gene coding for Enterobacter chitinase has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The structural portion of the chitinase gene comprised of 1686 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence of chitinase has high degree of homology (99.0%) with chitinase from Serratia marcescens. The recombinant chitinase was purified to near homogeneity using His-Tag affinity chromatography. The purified recombinant chitinase had a specific activity of 2041.6 U mg(-1). It exhibited similar properties pH and temperature optima of 5.5 and 45°C respectively as that of native chitinase. Using swollen chitin as a substrate, the K(m), k(cat) and catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) values of recombinant chitinase were found to be 1.27 mg ml(-1), 0.69 s(-1) and 0.54 s(-1)M(-1) respectively. Like native chitinase, the recombinant chitinase produced medicinally important N-acetyl D-glucosamine and chitobiose from swollen chitin and also inhibited the growth of many fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Salam
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - N. Dahiya
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - R. Sharma
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - S. K. Soni
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - G. S. Hoondal
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - R. Tewari
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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31
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Fritsche K, de Boer W, Gerards S, van den Berg M, van Veen JA, Leveau JHJ. Identification and characterization of genes underlying chitinolysis in Collimonas fungivorans Ter331. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 66:123-35. [PMID: 18671744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Through a combinatorial approach of plasposon mutagenesis, genome mining, and heterologous expression, we identified genes contributing to the chitinolytic phenotype of bacterium Collimonas fungivorans Ter331. One of five mutants with abolished ability to hydrolyze colloidal chitin carried its plasposon in the chiI gene coding for an extracellular endochitinase. Two mutants were affected in the promoter of chiP-II coding for an outer-membrane transporter of chitooligosaccharides. The remaining two mutations were linked to chitobiose/N-acetylglucosamine uptake. Thus, our model for the Collimonas chitinolytic system assumes a positive feedback regulation of chitinase activity by chitin degradation products. A second chitinase gene, chiII, coded for an exochitinase that preferentially released chitobiose from chitin analogs. Genes hexI and hexII showed coding resemblance to N-acetylglucosaminidases, and the activity of purified HexI protein towards chitin analogs suggested its role in converting chitobiose to N-acetylglucosamine. The hexI gene clustered with chiI, chiII, and chiP-II in one locus, while chitobiose/N-acetylglucosamine uptake genes colocalized in another. Both loci contained genes for conversion of N-acetylglucosamine to fructose-6-phosphate, confirming that C. fungivorans Ter331 features a complete chitin pathway. No link could be established between chitinolysis and antifungal activity of C. fungivorans Ter331, suggesting that the bacterium's reported antagonism towards fungi relies on other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Fritsche
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Heteren, The Netherlands
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32
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Jami Al A K, Tabatabaei M, Fathi Naja M, Shahverdi A, Faramarzi M, Zarrini G, Behravan J. Optimization of Medium and Cultivation Conditions for Chitinase Production by the Newly Isolated: Aeromonas sp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2008.266.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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33
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Dahiya N, Tewari R, Hoondal GS. Biotechnological aspects of chitinolytic enzymes: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 71:773-82. [PMID: 16249876 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2005] [Revised: 09/04/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitin and chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) have an immense potential. Chitinolytic enzymes have wide-ranging applications such as preparation of pharmaceutically important chitooligosaccharides and N-acetyl D-glucosamine, preparation of single-cell protein, isolation of protoplasts from fungi and yeast, control of pathogenic fungi, treatment of chitinous waste, and control of malaria transmission. In this review, we discuss the occurrence and structure of chitin, the types and sources of chitinases, their mode of action, chitinase production, as well as molecular cloning and protein engineering of chitinases and their biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Dahiya
- Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Ashaf Ali Marg, J.N.U. Campus, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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