Single-pot conversion of cephalosporin C to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid in the absence of hydrogen peroxide

One-pot conversion of cephalosporin C by using an optimized two-enzyme process

Setup of a low cost one-pot enzymatic system to directly convert cephalosporin C into 7-aminocephalosporanic acid with high purity.

Structure of a class III engineered cephalosporin acylase: comparisons with class I acylase and implications for differences in substrate specificity and catalytic activity

The crystal structure of the wild-type form of glutaryl-7-ACA (7-aminocephalosporanic acid) acylase from Pseudomonas N176 and a double mutant of the protein (H57βS/H70βS) that displays enhanced catalytic efficiency on cephalosporin C over glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid has been determined. The structures show a heterodimer made up of an α-chain (229 residues) and a β-chain (543 residues) with a deep cavity, which constitutes the active site. Comparison of the wild-type and mutant structures provides insights into the molecular reasons for the observed enhanced specificity on cephalosporin C over glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid and offers the basis to evolve a further improved enzyme variant. The nucleophilic catalytic serine residue, Ser1β, is situated at the base of the active site cavity. The electron density reveals a ligand covalently bound to the catalytic serine residue, such that a tetrahedral adduct is formed. This is proposed to mimic the transition state of the enzyme for both the maturation step and the catalysis of the substrates. A view of the transition state configuration of the enzyme provides important insights into the mechanism of substrate binding and catalysis.

Double knockout of β-lactamase and cephalosporin acetyl esterase genes from Escherichia coli reduces cephalosporin C decomposition

The phenomenon of CPC decomposition occurs in Escherichia coli JM105/pMKC-sCPCacy during the one-step enzymatic conversion of cephalosporin C (CPC) into 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) by CPC acylase (sCPCAcy) for synthesis of cephalosporin antibiotics. E. coli JM105/pMKC-sCPCacy can constitutively produce sCPCacy as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein (MBP). Control experiments verified that the cell lysis solution from the host E. coli JM105 resulted in CPC decomposition by approximately 15%. Two miscellaneous enzymes, β-lactamase (AmpC) and cephalosporin acetyl esterase (Aes), are believed to play a major role in the degradation of CPC. Using the Red recombination system, the genes ampC, aes or both ampC and aes were knocked out from the chromosome of E. coli JM105 to generate the engineers: E. coli JM105(ΔampC), E. coli JM105(Δaes) and E. coli JM105(ΔampC, Δaes). The CPC decomposition was reduced to 12.2% in E. coli JM105(Δaes), 1.3% in E. coli JM105(ΔampC), and even undetectable in ampC-aes double knockout cells of E. coli JM105(ΔampC, Δaes). When catalyzed by crude MBP-sCPCAcy isolated from E. coli JM105(ΔampC, Δaes)/pMKC-sCPCacy (3377U·l(-1)), the CPC utilization efficiency increased to 98.4% from the original 88.7%. Similar results were obtained for the ampC-aes double knockout host derived from E. coli JM109(DE3) and the CPC utilization efficiency enhanced to 99.3% in the catalysis of crude sCPCAcy harvested from E. coli JM109(DE3, ΔampC, Δaes)/pET28-sCPCacy.