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Hwang HH, Chien PR, Huang FC, Hung SH, Kuo CH, Deng WL, Chiang EPI, Huang CC. A Plant Endophytic Bacterium, Burkholderia seminalis Strain 869T2, Promotes Plant Growth in Arabidopsis, Pak Choi, Chinese Amaranth, Lettuces, and Other Vegetables. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081703. [PMID: 34442782 PMCID: PMC8401003 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant endophytic bacteria live inside host plants, can be isolated from surface-sterilized plant tissues, and are non-pathogenic. These bacteria can assist host plants in obtaining more nutrients and can improve plant growth via multiple mechanisms. Certain Gram-negative Burkholderia species, including rhizobacteria, bioremediators, and biocontrol strains, have been recognized for their plant-growth-promoting abilities, while other isolates have been identified as opportunistic plant or human pathogens. In this study, we observed the auxin production, siderophore synthesis, and phosphate solubilization abilities of B. seminalis strain 869T2. Our results demonstrated that strain 869T2 promoted growth in Arabidopsis, ching chiang pak choi, pak choi, loose-leaf lettuce, romaine lettuce, red leaf lettuce, and Chinese amaranth. Leafy vegetables inoculated with strain 869T2 were larger, heavier, and had more and larger leaves and longer and heavier roots than mock-inoculated plants. Furthermore, inoculations of strain 869T2 into hot pepper caused increased flower and fruit production, and a higher percentage of fruits turned red. Inoculation of strain 869T2 into okra plants resulted in earlier flowering and increased fruit weight. In conclusion, the plant endophytic bacterium Burkholderia seminalis 869T2 exerted positive effects on growth and production in several plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau-Hsuan Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (P.-R.C.); (F.-C.H.); (S.-H.H.)
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (H.-H.H.); (C.-C.H.); Tel.: +886-4-2284-0416-412 (H.-H.H.); +886-4-2284-0416-402 (C.-C.H.); Fax: +886-4-2287-4740 (H.-H.H. & C.-C.H.)
| | - Pei-Ru Chien
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (P.-R.C.); (F.-C.H.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Fan-Chen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (P.-R.C.); (F.-C.H.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Shih-Hsun Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (P.-R.C.); (F.-C.H.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Ling Deng
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - En-Pei Isabel Chiang
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (P.-R.C.); (F.-C.H.); (S.-H.H.)
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (H.-H.H.); (C.-C.H.); Tel.: +886-4-2284-0416-412 (H.-H.H.); +886-4-2284-0416-402 (C.-C.H.); Fax: +886-4-2287-4740 (H.-H.H. & C.-C.H.)
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Zhang M, Wang X, Ahmed T, Liu M, Wu Z, Luo J, Tian Y, Jiang H, Wang Y, Sun G, Li B. Identification of Genes Involved in Antifungal Activity of Burkholderia seminalis Against Rhizoctonia solani Using Tn5 Transposon Mutation Method. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100797. [PMID: 32992669 PMCID: PMC7600168 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is the causative agent of rice sheath blight disease. In a previous study, we found that the growth of R. solani was inhibited by Burkholderia seminalis strain R456. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the genes involved in the antifungal activity of B. seminalis strain R456 by using a Tn5 transposon mutation method. Firstly, we constructed a random insertion transposon library of 997 mutants, out of which 11 mutants showed the defective antifungal activity against R. solani. Furthermore, the 10 antagonism-related genes were successfully identified based on analysis of the Tn5 transposon insertion site. Indeed, this result indicated that three mutants were inserted on an indigenous plasmid in which the same insertion site was observed in two mutants. In addition, the remaining eight mutants were inserted on different genes encoding glycosyl transferase, histone H1, nonribosomal peptide synthetase, methyltransferase, MnmG, sulfate export transporter, catalase/peroxidase HPI and CysD, respectively. Compared to the wild type, the 11 mutants showed a differential effect in bacteriological characteristics such as cell growth, biofilm formation and response to H2O2 stress, revealing the complexity of action mode of these antagonism-related genes. However, a significant reduction of cell motility was observed in the 11 mutants compared to the wild type. Therefore, it can be inferred that the antifungal mechanism of the 10 above-mentioned genes may be, at least partially, due to the weakness of cell motility. Overall, the result of this study will be helpful for us to understand the biocontrol mechanism of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.Z.); (X.W.); (T.A.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.J.)
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.Z.); (X.W.); (T.A.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.J.)
| | - Temoor Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.Z.); (X.W.); (T.A.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.J.)
| | - Mengju Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.Z.); (X.W.); (T.A.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.J.)
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.Z.); (X.W.); (T.A.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.J.)
| | - Jinyan Luo
- Department of Plant Quarantine, Shanghai Extension and Service Center of Agriculture Technology, Shanghai 201103, China;
| | - Ye Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.Z.); (X.W.); (T.A.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.J.)
| | - Hubiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.Z.); (X.W.); (T.A.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.J.)
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (B.L.); Tel.: +86-0571-88982412 (Y.W. & B.L.)
| | - Guochang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.Z.); (X.W.); (T.A.); (M.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.J.)
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (B.L.); Tel.: +86-0571-88982412 (Y.W. & B.L.)
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Romero-Gutiérrez KJ, Dourado MN, Garrido LM, Olchanheski LR, Mano ET, Dini-Andreote F, Valvano MA, Araújo WL. Phenotypic traits of Burkholderia spp. associated with ecological adaptation and plant-host interaction. Microbiol Res 2020; 236:126451. [PMID: 32146294 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia species have different lifestyles establishing mutualist or pathogenic associations with plants and animals. Changes in the ecological behavior of these bacteria may depend on genetic variations in response to niche adaptation. Here, we studied 15 Burkholderia strains isolated from different environments with respect to genetic and phenotypic traits. By Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) these isolates fell into 6 distinct groups. MLSA clusters did not correlate with strain antibiotic sensitivity, but with the bacterial ability to produce antimicrobial compounds and control orchid necrosis. Further, the B. seminalis strain TC3.4.2R3, a mutualistic bacterium, was inoculated into orchid plants and the interaction with the host was evaluated by analyzing the plant response and the bacterial oxidative stress response in planta. TC3.4.2R3 responded to plant colonization by increasing its own growth rate and by differential gene regulation upon oxidative stress caused by the plant, while reducing the plant's membrane lipid peroxidation. The bacterial responses to oxidative stress were recapitulated by bacterial exposure to the herbicide paraquat. We suggest that the ability of Burkholderia species to successfully establish in the rhizosphere correlates with genetic variation, whereas traits associated with antibiotic resistance are more likely to be categorized as strain specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karent J Romero-Gutiérrez
- Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuella N Dourado
- Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro M Garrido
- Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Olchanheski
- Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Emy T Mano
- Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Dini-Andreote
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, University Park, PA, USA; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Miguel A Valvano
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Welington L Araújo
- Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Araújo WL, Creason AL, Mano ET, Camargo-Neves AA, Minami SN, Chang JH, Loper JE. Genome Sequencing and Transposon Mutagenesis of Burkholderia seminalis TC3.4.2R3 Identify Genes Contributing to Suppression of Orchid Necrosis Caused by B. gladioli. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:435-446. [PMID: 26959838 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-16-0047-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
From a screen of 36 plant-associated strains of Burkholderia spp., we identified 24 strains that suppressed leaf and pseudobulb necrosis of orchid caused by B. gladioli. To gain insights into the mechanisms of disease suppression, we generated a draft genome sequence from one suppressive strain, TC3.4.2R3. The genome is an estimated 7.67 megabases in size, with three replicons, two chromosomes, and the plasmid pC3. Using a combination of multilocus sequence analysis and phylogenomics, we identified TC3.4.2R3 as B. seminalis, a species within the Burkholderia cepacia complex that includes opportunistic human pathogens and environmental strains. We generated and screened a library of 3,840 transposon mutants of strain TC3.4.2R3 on orchid leaves to identify genes contributing to plant disease suppression. Twelve mutants deficient in suppression of leaf necrosis were selected and the transposon insertions were mapped to eight loci. One gene is in a wcb cluster that is related to synthesis of extracellular polysaccharide, a key determinant in bacterial-host interactions in other systems, and the other seven are highly conserved among Burkholderia spp. The fundamental information developed in this study will serve as a resource for future research aiming to identify mechanisms contributing to biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welington L Araújo
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Allison L Creason
- 2 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology; and
- 3 Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A
| | - Emy T Mano
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline A Camargo-Neves
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- 4 Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | - Sonia N Minami
- 4 Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | - Jeff H Chang
- 2 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology; and
- 3 Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A
- 5 Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University; and
| | - Joyce E Loper
- 2 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology; and
- 3 Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A
- 6 USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A
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Li B, Ibrahim M, Ge M, Cui Z, Sun G, Xu F, Kube M. Transcriptome analysis of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae cultivated in vivo and co-culture with Burkholderia seminalis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5698. [PMID: 25027476 PMCID: PMC4099980 DOI: 10.1038/srep05698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Response of bacterial pathogen to environmental bacteria and its host is critical for understanding of microbial adaption and pathogenesis. Here, we used RNA-Seq to comprehensively and quantitatively assess the transcriptional response of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae strain RS-1 cultivated in vitro, in vivo and in co-culture with rice rhizobacterium Burkholderia seminalis R456. Results revealed a slight response to other bacteria, but a strong response to host. In particular, a large number of virulence associated genes encoding Type I to VI secretion systems, 118 putative non-coding RNAs, and 7 genomic islands (GIs) were differentially expressed in vivo based on comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses. Furthermore, the loss of virulence for knockout mutants of 11 differentially expressed T6SS genes emphasized the importance of these genes in bacterial pathogenicity. In addition, the reliability of expression data obtained by RNA-Seq was supported by quantitative real-time PCR of the 25 selected T6SS genes. Overall, this study highlighted the role of differentially expressed genes in elucidating bacterial pathogenesis based on combined analysis of RNA-Seq data and knockout of T6SS genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China [2]
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China [2]
| | - Mengyu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhouqi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guochang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Michael Kube
- Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Wang Y, Liu S, Mao X, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Chai R, Qiu H, Wang J, Du X, Li B, Sun G. Identification and characterization of rhizosphere fungal strain MF-91 antagonistic to rice blast and sheath blight pathogens. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1480-90. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y.L. Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou China
| | - S.Y. Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou China
| | - X.Q. Mao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou China
| | - Z. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou China
| | - H. Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou China
| | - R.Y. Chai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou China
| | - H.P. Qiu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou China
| | - J.Y. Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou China
| | - X.F. Du
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou China
| | - B. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology; Institute of Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - G.C. Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou China
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Liu H, Tian W, Li B, Wu G, Ibrahim M, Tao Z, Wang Y, Xie G, Li H, Sun G. Antifungal effect and mechanism of chitosan against the rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:2291-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-1035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Diversity of potential pathogenicity and biofilm formation among Burkholderia cepacia complex water, clinical, and agricultural isolates in China. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2113-23. [PMID: 22806034 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A collection of 70 Burkholderia cepacia complex isolates, recovered from clinical, water, and agricultural resources in China in our previous studies, were tested to assess their potential pathogenicity and association of biofilm formation with pathogenicity. The pathogenicity was tested in the alternative infection models alfalfa, detached lettuce midrib, Galleria mellonella (wax moth), rat agar bead, and lettuce intact leaves. Severe to moderate pathogenicity were observed for isolates of clinical and water origin compared to agricultural isolates, with the exception of a few clinical isolates exhibiting reduced pathogenicity. Virulent isolates persisted in rat lungs until 21 days post infection causing histopathological changes like inflammation, while in lettuce midrib tissues invasion, localization, and replication of bacteria were observed. Biofilm formation ability was also documented in high frequency among water and clinical virulent isolates compared to agricultural isolates. Although variations in pathogenicity were observed for a few isolates, results obtained from different model systems including lettuce were consistent. Our studies indicate that water and clinical isolates showed severe virulence and strong biofilm formation ability compared to agricultural isolates. The results also show lettuce as a promising infection model not only to study the pathogenicity factors used by Bcc bacteria but also for characterization the in vivo transcriptional profile for different niches adaptation of this opportunistic pathogen.
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