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Wei B, Luo X, Zhou ZY, Hu GA, Li L, Lin HW, Wang H. Discovering the secondary metabolic potential of Saccharothrix. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108295. [PMID: 38052345 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Rare actinomycetes are highly valued as potential sources of novel bioactive secondary metabolites. Among these rare actinomycetes, the genus Saccharothrix is particularly noteworthy due to its ability to produce a diverse range of bioactive secondary metabolites. With the continuous sequencing of bacterial genomes and the rapid development of bioinformatics technologies, our knowledge of the secondary metabolic potential of Saccharothrix can become more comprehensive, but this space has not been reviewed or explored. This review presents a detailed overview of the chemical structures and bioactivities of 138 Saccharothrix-derived secondary metabolites, which are classified into five distinct groups based on their biosynthetic pathways. Furthermore, we delve into experimentally characterized biosynthetic pathways of nine bioactive metabolites. By utilizing a combination of cheminformatic and bioinformatic approaches, we attempted to establish connections between the metabolite families and the biosynthetic gene cluster families encoded by Saccharothrix strains. Our analysis provides a comprehensive perspective on the secondary metabolites that can be linked to corresponding BGCs and highlights the underexplored biosynthetic potential of Saccharothrix. This review also provides guidance for the targeted discovery and biosynthesis of novel natural products from Saccharothrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xian Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhen-Yi Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Gang-Ao Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lei Li
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Hou-Wen Lin
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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2
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Gribble GW. Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds-A Comprehensive Review. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 121:1-546. [PMID: 37488466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26629-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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3
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Formulation of biofungicides based on Streptomyces caeruleatus strain ZL-2 spores and efficacy against Rhizoctonia solani damping-off of tomato seedlings. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:629. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Microbiological Aspects of Unique, Rare, and Unusual Fatty Acids Derived from Natural Amides and Their Pharmacological Profile. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the proposed review, the pharmacological profile of unique, rare, and unusual fatty acids derived from natural amides is considered. These amides are produced by various microorganisms, lichens, and fungi. The biological activity of some natural fatty acid amides has been determined by their isolation from natural sources, but the biological activity of fatty acids has not been practically studied. According to QSAR data, the biological activity of fatty acids is shown, which demonstrated strong antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory activities. Moreover, some fatty acids have shown rare activities such as antidiabetic, anti-infective, anti-eczematic, antimutagenic, and anti-psoriatic activities. For some fatty acids that have pronounced biological properties, 3D graphs are shown that show a graphical representation of unique activities. These data are undoubtedly of both theoretical and practical interest for chemists, pharmacologists, as well as for the pharmaceutical industry, which is engaged in the synthesis of biologically active drugs.
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5
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Giri AS, Golder AK, Chakma S. Kinetics, degradation mechanisms and antibiotic activity reduction of chloramphenicol in aqueous solution by UV/H 2O 2 process. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:524-537. [PMID: 34388117 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the aim was to explore the effectiveness of the UV/H2O2 photolysis (UVP) process in terms of antimicrobial activity reduction and increasing the mean oxidation number of carbon (MONC) under the degradation of chloramphenicol (CHPL) drug. CHPL degradation kinetics and the effects of foreign anions on CHPL degradation were explored in this study. The order of the inhibition effect was found as Cl- > NO3- > HCO3- due to their different in HO• radical scavenging capacity. A pseudo-first-order model for CHPL degradation was well established, and the rate constant (kobs) was 2.93 × 10-2 min-1 (R2 = 0.98) in UVP. Thirteen intermediate products were detected in MS-chromatogram and were identified through different proposed degradation pathways. The cleavage of the amide side chain in CHPL was more effective in CHPL degradation due to an electrophilic attacks by HO. radicals on it. The inactivation rates of E. coli were decreased due to the reduction of -NO2 group into -NH2 functional group in CHPL that leads to the production of low toxic compounds on CHPL degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardhendu Sekhar Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Animes Kumar Golder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sankar Chakma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
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6
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Djinni I, Defant A, Kecha M, Mancini I. Actinobacteria Derived from Algerian Ecosystems as a Prominent Source of Antimicrobial Molecules. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E172. [PMID: 31581466 PMCID: PMC6963827 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinobacteria, in particular "rare actinobacteria" isolated from extreme ecosystems, remain the most inexhaustible source of novel antimicrobials, offering a chance to discover new bioactive metabolites. This is the first overview on actinobacteria isolated in Algeria since 2002 to date with the aim to present their potential in producing bioactive secondary metabolites. Twenty-nine new species and one novel genus have been isolated, mainly from the Saharan soil and palm groves, where 37.93% of the most abundant genera belong to Saccharothrix and Actinopolyspora. Several of these strains were found to produce antibiotics and antifungal metabolites, including 17 new molecules among the 50 structures reported, and some of these antibacterial metabolites have shown interesting antitumor activities. A series of approaches used to enhance the production of bioactive compounds is also presented as the manipulation of culture media by both classical methods and modeling designs through statistical strategies and the associations with diverse organisms and strains. Focusing on the Algerian natural sources of antimicrobial metabolites, this work is a representative example of the potential of a closely combined study on biology and chemistry of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtissem Djinni
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia 06000, Algeria.
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy.
| | - Andrea Defant
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy.
| | - Mouloud Kecha
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia 06000, Algeria.
| | - Ines Mancini
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy.
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Lahoum A, Sabaou N, Bijani C, Bouras N, Pont F, Snini SP, Mathieu F. Antimicrobial activities of novel bipyridine compounds produced by a new strain of Saccharothrix isolated from Saharan soil. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 27:56-65. [PMID: 30662307 PMCID: PMC6323153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The actinobacterium strain ABH26 closely related to Saccharothrix xinjiangensis, isolated from an Algerian Saharan soil sample, exhibited highly antagonist activity against Gram-positive bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi. Its ability to produce antimicrobial compounds was investigated using several solid culture media. The highest antimicrobial activity was obtained on Bennett medium. The antibiotics secreted by strain ABH26 on Bennett medium were extracted by methanol and purified by reverse-phase HPLC using a C18 column. The chemical structures of the compounds were determined after spectroscopic (1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY and 1H-13C HMBC spectra), and spectrometric (mass spectrum) analyses. Two new cyanogriside antibiotics named cyanogriside I (1) and cyanogriside J (2), were characterized along with three known caerulomycins, caerulomycin A (3), caerulomycin F (4) and caerulomycinonitrile (5). This is the first report of cyanogrisides and caerulomycins production by a member of the Saccharothrix genus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of these antibiotics were determined against pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhadi Lahoum
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger, Algeria
| | - Nasserdine Sabaou
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger, Algeria
| | - Christian Bijani
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC), CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Noureddine Bouras
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger, Algeria.,Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre, Université de Ghardaïa, BP 455, Ghardaïa 47000, Algeria
| | - Frédéric Pont
- Proteomics Group, Centre de de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR1037, Toulouse, France
| | - Selma P Snini
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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8
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Driche EH, Sabaou N, Bijani C, Zitouni A, Pont F, Mathieu F, Badji B. Streptomyces sp. AT37 isolated from a Saharan soil produces a furanone derivative active against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:105. [PMID: 28466299 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel actinobacterium strain, named AT37, showed a strong activity against some multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus MRSA ATCC 43300, other clinical isolates of MRSA and vancomycin resistant S. aureus VRSA S1. The strain AT37 was isolated from a Saharan soil by a dilution agar plating method using chitin-vitamin agar medium supplemented with rifampicin. The morphological and chemical studies indicated that this strain belonged to the genus Streptomyces. Its 16S rRNA gene sequence was determined and a database search indicated that it was closely associated with the type strain of Streptomyces novaecaesareae NBRC 13368T with 99.6% of similarity. However, the comparison of the morphological and the physiological characteristics of the strain with those of the nearest species showed significant differences. The strain AT37 secreted the antibiotic optimally during mid-stationary phase of growth. One active compound (AT37-1) was extracted from the culture broth with dichloromethane, separated on silica gel plates and purified by HPLC. Based on spectroscopic analysis of UV-Visible, infrared, and 1H and 13C NMR spectra and spectrometric analysis, the chemical structure of the compound AT37-1 was identified as 5-[(5E,7E,11E)-2,10-dihydroxy-9,11-dimethyl-5,7,11-tridecatrien-1-yl]-2-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-3(2H)-furanone. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC50) of this compound showed significant activity against multidrug-resistant S. aureus with 15-30 and 10-15 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Hadj Driche
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Kouba, Alger, Algeria
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Hassiba Benbouali de Chlef, Hay Salem, Chlef, 02000, Algeria
| | - Nasserdine Sabaou
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Kouba, Alger, Algeria.
| | - Christian Bijani
- Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, 205, route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Abdelghani Zitouni
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Kouba, Alger, Algeria
| | - Frédéric Pont
- Proteomics Group, INSERM UMR1037, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, LGC, UMR 5503 (CNRS/INPT/UPS), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Boubekeur Badji
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Kouba, Alger, Algeria.
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9
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Lahoum A, Verheecke-Vaessen C, Bouras N, Sabaou N, Mathieu F. Taxonomy of mycelial actinobacteria isolated from Saharan soils and their efficiency to reduce aflatoxin B1 content in a solid-based medium. ANN MICROBIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-017-1253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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10
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Ibeyaima A, Dwivedi AK, Saini N, Gupta S, Sarethy IP. Saccharothrix sp. TD-093 from the Thar Desert, India: Metabolite Fingerprinting of Antimicrobial Compounds and in silico Analysis. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:334-343. [PMID: 28120024 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During a screening program for actinomycetes from underexplored and arid Thar Desert (India), TD-093 was isolated. The isolate was characterized based on 16S rDNA sequencing. Aqueous and organic solvent extracts of culture supernatant were investigated for antimicrobial activity. Bioactive fractions, after column chromatography separation, were subjected to GC-MS analysis. Based on 16S rDNA sequence result, isolate TD-093 showed nearest match to Saccharothrix (96%) and is a potential new species. Aqueous and organic solvent extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Escherichia coli as well as clinical isolates (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii). GC-MS metabolite fingerprinting resulted in 32 compounds belonging to fatty acid, hydrocarbon, alcohol, aldehyde, amide, ester, ketone, disulfide, and nitrile chemical groups. Combination analyses of the compounds based on retention time, similarity index, mass ion spectra, and retention indices-observed and calculated, showed that many of the compounds could be presumed to be novel. Further, four compounds showed retention indices that have not been documented in databases. In silico analysis (using software Prediction of Activity of Spectra for Substances) of compounds predicted by GC-MS data showed that 21 compounds had potential antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahongshangbam Ibeyaima
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida, 201307, India
| | - Anuj Kumar Dwivedi
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida, 201307, India
| | - Narendra Saini
- Department of Microbiology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Vaishali, 201012, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida, 201307, India
| | - Indira P Sarethy
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida, 201307, India.
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Bouznada K, Bouras N, Mokrane S, Chaabane Chaouch F, Zitouni A, Pötter G, Spröer C, Klenk HP, Sabaou N. Saccharothrix ghardaiensis sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from Saharan soil. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 110:399-405. [PMID: 27915411 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The taxonomic position of a new Saccharothrix strain, designated MB46T, isolated from a Saharan soil sample collected in Mzab region (Ghardaïa province, South Algeria) was established following a polyphasic approach. The novel microorganism has morphological and chemical characteristics typical of the members of the genus Saccharothrix and formed a phyletic line at the periphery of the Saccharothrix espanaensis subcluster in the 16S rRNA gene dendrograms. Results of the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that strain MB46T shares high degrees of similarity with S. espanaensis DSM 44229T (99.2%), Saccharothrix variisporea DSM 43911T (98.7%) and Saccharothrix texasensis NRRL B-16134T (98.6%). However, the new strain exhibited only 12.5-17.5% DNA relatedness to the neighbouring Saccharothrix spp. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics, 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons and DNA-DNA hybridizations, strain MB46T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Saccharothrix, for which the name Saccharothrix ghardaiensis sp. nov. (type strain MB46T = DSM 46886T = CECT 9046T) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Bouznada
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Noureddine Bouras
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Algiers, Algeria
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre, Université de Ghardaïa, BP 455, 47000, Ghardaïa, Algeria
| | - Salim Mokrane
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fawzia Chaabane Chaouch
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Abdelghani Zitouni
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Gabriele Pötter
- DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Nasserdine Sabaou
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Algiers, Algeria.
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Bouznada K, Bouras N, Mokrane S, Chaabane Chaouch F, Zitouni A, Pötter G, Spröer C, Klenk HP, Sabaou N. Saccharothrix isguenensis sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from desert soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:4785-4790. [PMID: 27535702 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel actinobacterial strain, designated MB27T, was isolated from a Saharan soil sample collected in Mzab region (Ghardaïa province, South Algeria). Strain MB27T was characterized following a polyphasic taxonomic approach. This strain produced a branched and fragmented substrate mycelium, which was found to have a yellowish orange colour. A white scanty aerial mycelium was produced on most media tested. Chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic studies clearly demonstrated that strain MB27T belongs to the family Pseudonocardiaceae and is closely related to the genus Saccharothrix. Cell-wall hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid but not glycine, and whole-cell hydrolysates contained galactose, glucose, ribose and small amounts of mannose and rhamnose. The detected phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. Mycolic acids were not detected while the predominant fatty acid was iso-branched hexadecanoate (iso-C16 : 0). The major menaquinone was MK-9(H4). Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that strain MB27T shairs the highest degree of similarity with Saccharothrix ecbatanensis DSM 45486T (99.8%), Saccharothrix hoggarensis DSM 45457T (99.3 %), Saccharothrix longispora DSM 43749T (98.6 %) and Saccharothrix yanglingensis DSM 45665T (98.6 %). However, it exhibited only 11-42 % DNA-DNA relatedness to the neighbouring Saccharothrixspecies. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics, 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons and DNA-DNA hybridization, strain MB27T is shown to represent a novel species of the genus Saccharothrix, for which the name Saccharothrix isguenensis sp. nov. (type strain MB27T=DSM 46885T=CECT 9045T) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Bouznada
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Noureddine Bouras
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Algiers, Algeria.,Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre, Université de Ghardaïa, BP 455, Ghardaïa 47000, Algeria
| | - Salim Mokrane
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fawzia Chaabane Chaouch
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Abdelghani Zitouni
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Gabriele Pötter
- DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Nasserdine Sabaou
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Algiers, Algeria
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Alshaibani MM, Jalil J, Sidik NM, Edrada-Ebel R, Zin NM. Isolation and characterization of cyclo-(tryptophanyl-prolyl) and chloramphenicol from Streptomyces sp. SUK 25 with antimethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus activity. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:1817-27. [PMID: 27330275 PMCID: PMC4896468 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Zingiber spectabile, commonly known as Beehive Ginger, is used as an ethnobotanical plant in many countries as an appetizer or to treat stomachache, toothache, muscle sprain, and as a cure for swelling, sores and cuts. This is the first report of isolation of Streptomyces strain from the root of this plant. Strain Universiti Kebangsaan 25 (SUK 25) has a very high activity to produce secondary metabolites against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates due to acquired multidrug resistance genes and causes medication failure in some clinical cases worldwide. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence exhibited that the most closely related strain was Streptomyces omiyaensis NBRC 13449T (99.0% similarity). Aim This study was conducted to carry out the extraction, identification, and biological evaluation of active metabolites isolated from SUK 25 against three MRSA strains, namely, MRSA ATCC 43300, MRSA ATCC 33591, and MRSA ATCC 49476. Materials and methods The production of secondary metabolites by this strain was optimized through Thronton’s media. Isolation, purification, and identification of the bioactive compounds were carried out using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, high-resolution mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared, and one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. Results During screening procedure, SUK 25 exhibited good antimicrobial potential against several strains of MRSA. The best biological activity was shown from fraction number VII and its subfractions F2 and F3 with minimum inhibitory concentration values at 16 µg/mL and 8 µg/mL, respectively. These two subfractions were identified as diketopiperazine cyclo-(tryptophanyl-prolyl) and chloramphenicol. Conclusion On the basis of obtained results, SUK 25 isolated from Z. spectabile can be regarded as a new valuable source to produce secondary metabolites against bacteria, especially MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhanna M Alshaibani
- Programme of Biomedical Science, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Juriyati Jalil
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nik M Sidik
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ruangelie Edrada-Ebel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Noraziah M Zin
- Programme of Biomedical Science, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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14
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Nordkvist E, Zuidema T, Herbes RG, Berendsen BJA. Occurrence of chloramphenicol in cereal straw in north-western Europe. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:798-803. [PMID: 27101357 PMCID: PMC4867856 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1176450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Two surveys are presented of straw analysed for naturally occurring chloramphenicol (CAP), a drug banned for use in food-producing animals. In the first study, CAP was analysed by LC-MS/MS and detected in 37 out of 105 straw samples originating from the Netherlands, France, the UK, Germany and Denmark. The highest level found was 6.3 µg kg(-1), the average 0.6 µg kg(-1) and the median 0.2 µg kg(-1). The second study included a method comparison between ELISA and LC-MS/MS and a survey of CAP in cereal straw sampled at farms in all areas of Sweden. A total of 215 samples were screened by ELISA and a subset of 26 samples was also analysed by LC-MS/MS. Fifty-four of the samples contained more than 1 µg kg(-1) CAP and the highest level found was 32 µg kg(-1) (confirmed by LC-MS/MS). The highest contents of CAP in this study were allocated to the Baltic sea coast in the south-eastern part of Sweden (the county of Skåne and the Baltic Sea isle of Gotland). These results indicate a high incidence of CAP in straw in north-west Europe and have a severe impact on the enforcement of European Union legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Nordkvist
- a Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Safety , National Veterinary Institute, SVA , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Tina Zuidema
- b Department of Veterinary Drugs Residue Analysis , RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research centre , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Rik G Herbes
- c Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Bjorn J A Berendsen
- b Department of Veterinary Drugs Residue Analysis , RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research centre , Wageningen , the Netherlands
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Sharma P, Kalita MC, Thakur D. Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity of Forest-Derived Soil Actinomycete, Nocardia sp. PB-52. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:347. [PMID: 27047463 PMCID: PMC4796592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A mesophilic actinomycete strain designated as PB-52 was isolated from soil samples of Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary of Assam, India. Based on phenotypic and molecular characteristics, the strain was identified as Nocardia sp. which shares 99.7% sequence similarity with Nocardia niigatensis IFM 0330 (NR_112195). The strain is a Gram-positive filamentous bacterium with rugose spore surface which exhibited a wide range of antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts. Optimization for the growth and antimicrobial activity of the strain PB-52 was carried out in batch culture under shaking condition. The optimum growth and antimicrobial potential of the strain were recorded in GLM medium at 28°C, initial pH 7.4 of the medium and incubation period of 8 days. Based on polyketide synthases (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) gene-targeted PCR amplification, the occurrence of both of these biosynthetic pathways was detected which might be involved in the production of antimicrobial compounds in PB-52. Extract of the fermented broth culture of PB-52 was prepared with organic solvent extraction method using ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract of PB-52 (EA-PB-52) showed lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S. aureus MTCC 96 (0.975 μg/mL) whereas highest was recorded against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 (62.5 μg/mL). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that treatment of the test microorganisms with EA-PB-52 destroyed the targeted cells with prominent loss of cell shape and integrity. In order to determine the constituents responsible for its antimicrobial activity, EA-PB-52 was subjected to chemical analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS analysis showed the presence of twelve different chemical constituents in the extract, some of which are reported to possess diverse biological activity. These results confirmed that the presence of bioactive constituents in EA-PB-52 could be a promising source for the development of potent antimicrobial agents effective against wide range of microbial pathogens including MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and TechnologyGuwahati, India
| | - Mohan C. Kalita
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati UniversityGuwahati, India
| | - Debajit Thakur
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and TechnologyGuwahati, India
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Boubetra D, Zitouni A, Bouras N, Schumann P, Spröer C, Klenk HP, Sabaou N. Saccharothrix tamanrassetensis sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from Saharan soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:1316-1320. [PMID: 25667388 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinomycete strain SA198(T), isolated from a Saharan soil sample of Algeria, was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. Chemotaxonomic and morphological characteristics observed suggested that it was a member of the genus Saccharothrix . The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis confirmed that strain SA198(T) was a member of the genus Saccharothrix and showed a similarity level ranging between 97.5 and 98.9% within species of the genus Saccharothrix , Saccharothrix australiensis being the most closely related. However, DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain SA198(T) and its closest phylogenetic neighbours, the type strains of S. australiensis , Saccharothrix xinjiangensis , Saccharothrix algeriensis and Saccharothrix espanaensis , were clearly below the 70% threshold. Based upon genotypic and phenotypic differences from other members of the genus, a novel species, Saccharothrix tamanrassetensis sp. nov., is proposed, with SA198(T) ( = DSM 45947(T) = CECT 8640(T)) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Boubetra
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger, Algeria
| | - Abdelghani Zitouni
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger, Algeria
| | - Noureddine Bouras
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre, Université de Ghardaïa, BP 455, Ghardaïa 47000, Algeria.,Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger, Algeria
| | - Peter Schumann
- DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nasserdine Sabaou
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger, Algeria
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Loucif L, Bendjama E, Gacemi-Kirane D, Rolain JM. Rapid identification of Streptomyces isolates by MALDI-TOF MS. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:940-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Ballav S, Kerkar S, Thomas S, Augustine N. Halophilic and halotolerant actinomycetes from a marine saltern of Goa, India producing anti-bacterial metabolites. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 119:323-30. [PMID: 25449757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Marine salterns are estuarine ecosystems in Goa, receiving inputs from riverine and marine waters. The Salinity fluctuates between 0 and 300 psu which makes it a conducive niche for salt tolerant and salt loving Actinomycetales. Halotolerant and halophilic Actinomycetales producing anti-bacterial metabolites were studied from crystallizer pond sediments of Ribandar saltern, Goa. Three media viz. Starch casein, R2A and Inorganic salt starch agar at four different salinities (35, 50, 75 and 100 psu) were used for isolation. R2A agar at 35 psu was the most preferred by hypersaline actinomycetes. The dominant group was halotolerant Streptomyces spp. others being rare actinomycetes viz. Nocardiopsis, Micromonospora and Kocuria spp. More than 50% of the isolates showed anti-bacterial activity against one or more of the fifteen human pathogens tested. Eight strains from 4 genera showed consistent anti-bacterial activity and studied in detail. Most halotolerant isolates grew from 0 to 75 psu, with optimum antibiotic production at 35 psu whereas halophiles grew at 20 to 100 psu with optimum antibiotic production at 35 psu. Four Streptomyces strains showed multiple inhibition against test organisms while four rare actinomycetes were specific in their inhibitory activity. This is the first report of a halophilic Kocuria sp., Nocardiopsis sp., and halotolerant Micromonospora sp. producing anti-bacterial compound(s) against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus citreus, and Vibrio cholerae, respectively. Sequential extraction with varying polarity of organic solvents showed that the extracts inhibited different test pathogens. These results suggest that halophilic and halotolerant actinomycetes from marine salterns are a potential source of anti-bacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Savita Kerkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Goa University, Goa 403206, India.
| | - Sabu Thomas
- Cholera and Environmental Biology Lab, Pathogen Biology Program, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Nimmy Augustine
- Cholera and Environmental Biology Lab, Pathogen Biology Program, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
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Driche EH, Belghit S, Bijani C, Zitouni A, Sabaou N, Mathieu F, Badji B. A new Streptomyces strain isolated from Saharan soil produces di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, a metabolite active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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20
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Jose PA, Jebakumar SRD. Non-streptomycete actinomycetes nourish the current microbial antibiotic drug discovery. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:240. [PMID: 23970883 PMCID: PMC3747354 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Tianchimycins A–B, 16-membered macrolides from the rare actinomycete Saccharothrix xinjiangensis. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Boubetra D, Zitouni A, Bouras N, Mathieu F, Lebrihi A, Schumann P, Spröer C, Klenk HP, Sabaou N. Saccharothrix saharensis sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from Algerian Saharan soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:3744-3749. [PMID: 23645017 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.051839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxonomic position of a novel actinomycete, strain SA152(T), isolated from a sample of Algerian Saharan soil, was determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The strain produced abundant aerial mycelium and fragmented substrate mycelium on most media tested. Chemotaxonomically and phylogenetically, the strain was related to the members of the genus Saccharothrix. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed that strain SA152(T) shared the highest degree of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Saccharothrix xinjiangensis NBRC 101911(T) (99.3 %) and Saccharothrix texasensis NRRL B-16134(T) (98.9 %). However, DNA-DNA hybridization studies showed only 16.2 % relatedness with S. xinjiangensis DSM 44896(T) and 33.9 % relatedness with S. texasensis DSM 44231(T). Based upon genotypic and phenotypic differences from other members of the genus, a novel species, Saccharothrix saharensis sp. nov., is proposed, with SA152(T) ( = DSM 45456(T) = CCUG 60213(T)) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Boubetra
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger, Algeria
| | - Abdelghani Zitouni
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger, Algeria
| | - Noureddine Bouras
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger, Algeria
| | - Florence Mathieu
- Université de Toulouse, INPT-ENSAT, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503 (CNRS/INPT/UPS), 1 Avenue de l'Agrobiopole BP 32607 Auzeville Tolosane, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ahmed Lebrihi
- Université de Toulouse, INPT-ENSAT, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR 5503 (CNRS/INPT/UPS), 1 Avenue de l'Agrobiopole BP 32607 Auzeville Tolosane, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Peter Schumann
- DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nasserdine Sabaou
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger, Algeria
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Berendsen B, Pikkemaat M, Römkens P, Wegh R, van Sisseren M, Stolker L, Nielen M. Occurrence of chloramphenicol in crops through natural production by bacteria in soil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4004-4010. [PMID: 23570678 DOI: 10.1021/jf400570c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the unexpected findings of the banned antibiotic chloramphenicol in products of animal origin, feed, and straw, the hypothesis was studied that the drug is naturally present in soil, through production by soil bacteria, and subsequently can be transferred to crops. First, the stability of chloramphenicol in soil was studied. The fate of chloramphenicol highly depends on soil type and showed a half-life of approximately one day in nonsterile topsoil. It was found to be more stable in subsoil and sterile soils. Second, the production of chloramphenicol in soil was studied, and it was confirmed that Streptomyces venezuelae can produce chloramphenicol at appreciable amounts in nonsterile soil. Third, a transfer study was carried out using wheat and maize grown on three different soils that were weekly exposed to aqueous chloramphenicol solutions at different levels. Chloramphenicol was taken up by crops as determined by chiral liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometric analysis, and the levels in crops were found to be bioavailability related. It was concluded that chloramphenicol residues can occur naturally in crops as a result of the production of chloramphenicol by soil bacteria in their natural environment and subsequent uptake by crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Berendsen
- RIKILT, Wageningen UR , P.O. Box 230, 6700AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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