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Gao Y, Zhang Y, Wang P, Zhao L. Structure and Diversity of Endophytic Bacteria in Maize Seeds and Germinating Roots. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1348. [PMID: 39065116 PMCID: PMC11278895 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Seed endophytes in maize, which facilitate the transmission of microorganisms from one plant generation to the next, may play a crucial role in plant protection and growth promotion. This study aimed to investigate the effects of various maize varieties on the communities of endophytic bacteria in seeds and germinating roots. This study utilized Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to examine the structural and diversity differences of endophytic bacterial communities within seed maize (BY1507), silage maize (QQ446), and wild maize (Teosinte) in both seeds and germinating roots. The results showed that 416 bacterial genera were detected, with Pantoea, Lachnospiraceae, Pararhizobium, Enterobacteriaceae, Stenotrophomonas, and Pseudonocardia being the most prevalent (relative abundance > 10%) at the genus level. No significant difference was observed in diversity indices (Chao1, ACE, Shannon, and Simpson) of seed endophytes among BY1507, QQ446, and Teosinte. The Shannon and Simpson indices for the germinating root endophyte from the wild variety (Teosinte) were significantly higher than the domesticated varieties (BY1507 and QQ446). PCoA revealed a notable overlap in the endophytic bacterial communities from the seeds of BY1507, QQ446, and Teosinte. Yet, clustering patterns were found. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that BY1507, QQ446, and Teosinte share a notable proportion of shared endophytic bacteria (>30%) between the seeds and germinating roots. This investigation elucidates the characteristics of endophytic microbial communities of seeds and germinating roots with seed maize, silage maize, and wild maize, offering data for future research on the physiological ecological adaptation of these endophytic microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Guizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Puchang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Adhikary R, Mandal S, Mandal V. Seasonal Variation Imparts the Shift in Endophytic Bacterial Community Between Mango and its Hemiparasites. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:287. [PMID: 35962289 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The study of community composition and community structure is important to know the ecological behaviour and community dynamics of the participating species and to understand the molecular interplay that lies between them. The community diversity greatly lies in the physiological status of the host and the environmental factors. The present study aims to explore the endophytic bacterial communities and their dynamics in the pre-flowering and post-flowering seasons in the horticulturally important Mango (Mangifera indica L.) and its hemiparasites: Loranthus parasiticus (L.) Marr. and Macrosolen colchinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh. through a metagenomic approach using the sequence of V3 region of 16S rRNA gene. The genera Bacillus, Acinetobacter and Corynebacterium, under the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, respectively, were found to be the most abundant genera present in mango and its hemiparasites. It was found that during the post-flowering season, the twigs and leaves of mango had lesser endophytes than in other seasons while the alpha-diversity indices of the representative genera were the highest in L. parasiticus during the same seasons. However, in M. colchinchinensis, the alpha diversity was also higher in the post-flowering season similar to another hemiparasite plant L. parasiticus. The ecological, taxonomic and complex correlation studies unravelled that the hemiparasites act as the potent reservoirs of endophytic communities throughout the year and during favourable conditions, these bacterial communities disseminate to the mango plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajsekhar Adhikary
- Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Gour, Banga, P.O. - Mokdumpur, Malda, WB, 732103, India.,Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Sukhendu Mandal
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India.
| | - Vivekananda Mandal
- Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Gour, Banga, P.O. - Mokdumpur, Malda, WB, 732103, India.
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Kunda P, Mukherjee A, Dhal PK. Insights into endophytic bacterial diversity of rice grown across the different agro-ecological regions of West Bengal, India. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:184. [PMID: 34580777 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Endophytes have recently garnered importance worldwide and multiple studies are being conducted to understand their important role and mechanism of interaction inside plants. But before we indulge in their functions it is necessary to dig into the microbiome. This will help to get a complete picture of the microbes intrinsic to their host and understand changes in community composition with respect to their habitats. To fulfil this requirement in our study we have attempted to dissect the endophytic diversity in roots of rice plant grown across the various agro-ecological zones of West Bengal by undergoing amplicon analysis of their 16S rRNA gene. Based on the measured environmental parameters agro-ecological zones can be divided into two groups: nutrient dense groups, representing zones like Gangetic, Northern hill and Terai-Teesta zone characterised by soil with higher levels of nitrogen (N) and total organic carbon and nutrient low groups representing Coastal saline, Red-laterite and Vindhyan zone mainly characterised by high electroconductivity and pH. Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacilli and Bacteroidetes were mostly abundant in nutrient dense sites whereas Clostridia and Planctomycetes were concentrated in nutrient low sites. Few genera (Aeromonas, Sulfurospirillum, Uliginosibacterium and Acidaminococcus) are present in samples cultivated in all the zones representing the core microbiome of rice in West Bengal, while some other genera like Lactococcus, Dickeya, Azonexus and Pectobacterium are unique to specific zone. Hence it can be concluded that this study has provided some insight in to the endophytic status of rice grown across the state of West Bengal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranamita Kunda
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 032, India
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Biological Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, Jharkhand, India
| | - Abhishek Mukherjee
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Biological Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, Jharkhand, India
| | - Paltu Kumar Dhal
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 032, India.
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de França Bettencourt GM, Degenhardt J, Dos Santos GD, Vicente VA, Soccol CR. Metagenomic analyses, isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria associated with Eucalyptus urophylla BRS07-01 in vitro plants. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:164. [PMID: 34458956 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Eucalyptus is the main species for the forestry industry in Brazil. Biotechnology and, more recently, gene editing offer significant opportunities for rapid improvements in Eucalyptus breeding programs. However, the recalcitrance of Eucalyptus species to in vitro culture is also a major limitation for commercial deployment of biotechnology techniques in Eucalyptus improvement. We evaluated various clones of Eucalyptus urophylla for their in vitro regeneration potential identified a clone, BRS07-01, with considerably higher regeneration rate (85%) in organogenesis, and significantly higher than most works described in literature. Endophytic bacteria are widely reported to improve in vitro plant growth and development. Hence, we believe that inclusion of endophytic plant growth promoting bacteria enhanced was responsible for the improved plantlets growth and development of this clone under in vitro culture. Metagenomic analysis was performed to isolate and characterize the prominent endophytic bacteria on BRS07-01 leaf tissue in vitro micro-cultures, and evaluate their impact on plant growth promotion. The analysis revealed the presence of the phyla Firmicutes (35%), Proteobacteria (30%) and much smaller quantities of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota and Acidobacteria. Of the thirty endophytic bacterial strains isolated, eleven produced indole-3-acetic acid. Two of the isolates were identified as Enterobacter sp. and Paenibacillus polymyxa, which are nitrogen-fixing and capable of phosphate and produce ammonium. These isolates also showed similar positive effects on the germination of common beans (Phaseolus spp.). The isolates will now be tested as a growth promoter in Eucalyptus in vitro cultures. Graphical abstract for the methodology using cultivation independent and dependent methodologies to investigate the endophytic bacteria community from in vitro Eucalyptus urophylla BRS07-01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Manuela de França Bettencourt
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Avenida Cel. Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 210, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Germana Davila Dos Santos
- Department of Patology, Federal University of Paraná, Avenida Cel. Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 210, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vânia Aparecida Vicente
- Department of Patology, Federal University of Paraná, Avenida Cel. Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 210, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Avenida Cel. Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 210, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Engelbrecht G, Claassens S, Mienie CMS, Fourie H. Screening of Rhizosphere Bacteria and Nematode Populations Associated with Soybean Roots in the Mpumalanga Highveld of South Africa. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091813. [PMID: 34576709 PMCID: PMC8469482 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is among South Africa’s top crops in terms of production figures. Over the past few years there has been increasingly more damage caused to local soybean by plant-parasitic nematode infections. The presence of Meloidogyne (root-knot nematodes) and Pratylenchus spp. (root lesion nematodes) in soybean fields can cripple the country’s production, however, little is known about the soil microbial communities associated with soybean in relation to different levels of Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus infestations, as well as the interaction(s) between them. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the nematode population assemblages and endemic rhizosphere bacteria associated with soybean using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). The abundance of bacterial genera that were then identified as being significant using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) Effect Size (LEfSe) was compared to the abundance of the most prevalent plant-parasitic nematode genera found across all sampled sites, viz. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus. While several bacterial genera were identified as significant using LEfSe, only two with increased abundance were associated with decreased abundance of Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus. However, six bacterial genera were associated with decreased Pratylenchus abundance. It is therefore possible that endemic bacterial strains can serve as an alternative method for reducing densities of plant-parasitic nematode genera and in this way reduce the damages caused to this economically important crop.
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MYCOBACTERIA IN SKIN LESIONS AND THE HABITAT OF THE ENDANGERED HOUSTON TOAD (ANAXYRUS HOUSTONENSIS). J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:503-514. [PMID: 33857294 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Head-starting of the federally endangered Houston toad (Anaxyrus houstonensis), that is, the release of egg strands, tadpoles, and metamorphic juveniles produced in captivity into the original breeding ponds, requires assessment of potential threats for the transmission of pathogens from captive to free-ranging toads. We used Illumina-based 16S rRNA V3 amplicon sequencing to investigate the community structure of bacteria from skin lesions of captive Houston toad and habitat (pond) samples. Proteobacteria, alone or together with Actinobacteria and, in some samples, Cyanobacteria represented virtually all reads in tissue lesion samples, whereas pond samples were much more diverse, with Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia present with little variation between samples. If present in lesions, Actinobacteria were largely represented by Mycobacteriaceae, and here mainly by one sequence identical to sequences of members of the Mycobacterium chelonae-abscessus complex. In pond samples, mycobacteria represented only a small portion of the actinobacteria, although at higher diversity with six distinct reads. Sequences for reads obtained from pond samples were identical to those representing the M. chelonae-abscessus complex, a group with Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium avium, a group with Mycobacterium vaccae, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium poriferae, and a group with Mycobacterium elephantis and Mycobacterium celeriflavum, whereas sequences of high similarity were detected for reads related to those of Mycobacterium holsaticum, Mycobacterium pallens, and Mycobacterium obuense, and Mycobacterium goodii. Our results indicated that lesions observed on the Houston toad in captivity are not the result of mycobacteria in every case, and that the presence of mycobacteria in the captive colony does not represent a novel pathogen threat to the wild populations because such bacteria are also seen in the natural pond habitats for the Houston toad.
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Adeleke BS, Ayangbenro AS, Babalola OO. Genomic assessment of Stenotrophomonas indicatrix for improved sunflower plant. Curr Genet 2021; 67:891-907. [PMID: 34195871 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diverse agriculturally important microbes have been studied with known potential in plant growth promotion. Providing several opportunities, Stenotrophomonas species are characterized as promising plant enhancers, inducers, and protectors against environmental stressors. The S. indicatrix BOVIS40 isolated from the sunflower root endosphere possessed unique features, as genome insights into the Stenotrophomonas species isolated from oilseed crops in Southern Africa have not been reported. Plant growth-promotion screening and genome analysis of S. indicatrix BOVIS40 were presented in this study. The genomic information reveals various genes underlining plant growth promotion and resistance to environmental stressors. The genome of S. indicatrix BOVIS40 harbors genes involved in the degradation and biotransformation of organic molecules. Also, other genes involved in biofilm production, chemotaxis, and flagellation that facilitate bacterial colonization in the root endosphere and phytohormone genes that modulate root development and stress response in plants were detected in strain BOVIS40. IAA activity of the bacterial strain may be a factor responsible for root formation. A measurable approach to the S. indicatrix BOVIS40 lifestyle can strategically provide several opportunities in their use as bioinoculants in developing environmentally friendly agriculture sustainably. The findings presented here provide insights into the genomic functions of S. indicatrix BOVIS40, which has set a foundation for future comparative studies for a better understanding of the synergism among microbes inhabiting plant endosphere. Hence, highlighting the potential of S. indicatrix BOVIS40 upon inoculation under greenhouse experiment, thus suggesting its application in enhancing plant and soil health sustainably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartholomew Saanu Adeleke
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Ayansina Segun Ayangbenro
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.
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LaMontagne MG, Tran PL, Benavidez A, Morano LD. Development of an inexpensive matrix-assisted laser desorption-time of flight mass spectrometry method for the identification of endophytes and rhizobacteria cultured from the microbiome associated with maize. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11359. [PMID: 34123583 PMCID: PMC8166240 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many endophytes and rhizobacteria associated with plants support the growth and health of their hosts. The vast majority of these potentially beneficial bacteria have yet to be characterized, in part because of the cost of identifying bacterial isolates. Matrix-assisted laser desorption-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) has enabled culturomic studies of host-associated microbiomes but analysis of mass spectra generated from plant-associated bacteria requires optimization. In this study, we aligned mass spectra generated from endophytes and rhizobacteria isolated from heritage and sweet varieties of Zea mays. Multiple iterations of alignment attempts identified a set of parameters that sorted 114 isolates into 60 coherent MALDI-TOF taxonomic units (MTUs). These MTUs corresponded to strains with practically identical (>99%) 16S rRNA gene sequences. Mass spectra were used to train a machine learning algorithm that classified 100% of the isolates into 60 MTUs. These MTUs provided >70% coverage of aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria readily cultured with nutrient rich media from the maize microbiome and allowed prediction of the total diversity recoverable with that particular cultivation method. Acidovorax sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Cellulosimicrobium sp. dominated the library generated from the rhizoplane. Relative to the sweet variety, the heritage variety c ontained a high number of MTUs. The ability to detect these differences in libraries, suggests a rapid and inexpensive method of describing the diversity of bacteria cultured from the endosphere and rhizosphere of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G LaMontagne
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Houston, Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Phi L Tran
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Houston, Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Alexander Benavidez
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Houston, Downtown, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Lisa D Morano
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Houston, Downtown, Houston, Texas, United States
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Cultivable and metagenomic approach to study the combined impact of nanogypsum and Pseudomonas taiwanensis on maize plant health and its rhizospheric microbiome. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250574. [PMID: 33901241 PMCID: PMC8075249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we examined the effect of nanogypsum and Pseudomonas taiwanensis strain BCRC 17751on plant and soil health using conventional and metagenomics approaches. Soil physicochemical properties and agronomical parameters of maize plants were reported to be better when applied with nanogypsum and bacterial inoculum together. When compared to control a significant increase in total bacterial counts, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) solubilizing bacterial population and soil enzyme activities (fluorescein diacetate, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, arylesterase and amylase) was reported in treatments. The metagenomics studies revealed dominance of beneficial bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria and Nitrospirae in treated soil. On the other hand some novel bacterial diversity was also reported in treated soil which was evident from presence of taxonomically unclassified sequences. Hence, it can be concluded that combined application of nanogypsum and Pseudomonas taiwanensis in maize help in improving the structure and function of soil which affects the plant health without causing any toxic effect. However, in situ validation of the prescribed treatment is required under field conditions on different crops in order to give maximum benefits to the farmers and the environment.
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Figueiredo Dos Santos L, Fernandes Souta J, de Paula Soares C, Oliveira da Rocha L, Luiza Carvalho Santos M, Grativol C, Fernando Wurdig Roesch L, Lopes Olivares F. Insights into the structure and role of seed-borne bacteriome during maize germination. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6133469. [PMID: 33571355 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed germination events modulate microbial community composition, which ultimately influences seed-to-seedling growth performance. Here, we evaluate the germinated maize (variety SHS 5050) root bacterial community of disinfected seed (DS) and non-disinfected seed (NDS). Using a gnotobiotic system, sodium hypochlorite (1.25%; 30 min)-treated seeds showed a reduction of bacterial population size and an apparent increase of bacterial community diversity associated with a significant selective reduction of Burkholderia-related sequences. The shift in the bacterial community composition in DS negatively affects germination speed, seedling growth and reserve mobilization rates compared with NDS. A synthetic bacterial community (syncom) formed by 12 isolates (9 Burkholderia spp., 2 Bacillus spp., and 1 Staphylococcus sp.) obtained from natural microbiota maize seeds herein was capable of recovering germination and seedling growth when reintroduced in DS. Overall, results showed that changes in bacterial community composition and selective reduction of Burkholderia-related members' dominance interfere with germination events and the initial growth of the maize. By cultivation-dependent and -independent approaches, we deciphered seed-maize microbiome structure, bacterial niches location and bacterial taxa with relevant roles in seedling growth performance. A causal relationship between seed microbial community succession and germination performance opens opportunities in seed technologies to build-up microbial communities to boost plant growth and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Figueiredo Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT) & Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Insumos Biológicos para Agricultura (NUDIBA) da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julie Fernandes Souta
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT) & Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Insumos Biológicos para Agricultura (NUDIBA) da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cleiton de Paula Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT) & Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Insumos Biológicos para Agricultura (NUDIBA) da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Oliveira da Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT) & Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Insumos Biológicos para Agricultura (NUDIBA) da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Carvalho Santos
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clicia Grativol
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Wurdig Roesch
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas em Biotecnologia (CIP-Biotec) da Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), 97300-000 São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabio Lopes Olivares
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT) & Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Insumos Biológicos para Agricultura (NUDIBA) da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Berrios L, Ely B. Genes related to redox and cell curvature facilitate interactions between Caulobacter strains and Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249227. [PMID: 33793620 PMCID: PMC8016251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria play an integral role in shaping plant growth and development. However, the genetic factors that facilitate plant-bacteria interactions remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated the importance of two bacterial genetic factors that facilitate the interactions between plant-growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria in the genus Caulobacter and the host plant Arabidopsis. Using homologous recombination, we disrupted the cytochrome ubiquinol oxidase (cyo) operon in both C. vibrioides CB13 and C. segnis TK0059 by knocking out the expression of cyoB (critical subunit of the cyo operon) and showed that the mutant strains were unable to enhance the growth of Arabidopsis. In addition, disruption of the cyo operon, metabolomic reconstructions, and pH measurements suggested that both elevated cyoB expression and acid production by strain CB13 contribute to the previously observed inhibition of Arabidopsis seed germination. We also showed that the crescent shape of the PGP bacterial strain C. crescentus CB15 contributes to its ability to enhance plant growth. Thus, we have identified specific genetic factors that explain how select Caulobacter strains interact with Arabidopsis plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Berrios
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United State of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bert Ely
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United State of America
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Lefèvre E, Gardner CM, Gunsch CK. A novel PCR-clamping assay reducing plant host DNA amplification significantly improves prokaryotic endo-microbiome community characterization. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5850752. [PMID: 32490528 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the sequence homology between the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and plant chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA, the taxonomic characterization of plant microbiome using amplicon-based high throughput sequencing often results in the overwhelming presence of plant-affiliated reads, preventing the thorough description of plant-associated microbial communities. In this work we developed a PCR blocking primer assay targeting the taxonomically informative V5-V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene in order to reduce plant DNA co-amplification, and increase diversity coverage of associated prokaryotic communities. Evaluation of our assay on the characterization of the prokaryotic endophytic communities of Zea mays, Pinus taeda and Spartina alternifora leaves led to significantly reducing the proportion of plant reads, yielded 20 times more prokaryotic reads and tripled the number of detected OTUs compared to a commonly used V5-V6 PCR protocol. To expand the application of our PCR-clamping assay across a wider taxonomic spectrum of plant hosts, we additionally provide an alignment of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA sequences encompassing more than 200 terrestrial plant families as a supporting tool for customizing our blocking primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lefèvre
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, 127 Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Courtney M Gardner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, 405 Spokane street, Sloan 101, Box 642910, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Claudia K Gunsch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, 127 Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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13
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Tosi M, Gaiero J, Linton N, Mafa-Attoye T, Castillo A, Dunfield K. Bacterial Endophytes: Diversity, Functional Importance, and Potential for Manipulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6125-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Yang F, Zhang R, Wu X, Xu T, Ahmad S, Zhang X, Zhao J, Liu Y. An endophytic strain of the genus Bacillus isolated from the seeds of maize (Zea mays L.) has antagonistic activity against maize pathogenic strains. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104074. [PMID: 32105801 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant endophytes are microbes that colonize plant internal tissues and are ubiquitously associated with plants. In this study, seven endophytic bacterial strains, 665L2, 725L2, 725R2, 92R2, 728R3, 728R4 and 2416T3, were isolated from seeds of five healthy maize varieties (Zea mays L.) and all identified as Bacillus velezensis by polyphasic taxonomy based on 16S rRNA and gyrA gene phylogenetic analysis. In addition, according to the genotyping results from random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), 665L2, 725L2, 725R2 and 92R2 belonged to the same strain, while 728R3 and 2416T3 belonged to another strain. Pathogenic fungal strains 4, 5 and 6 were isolated from three diseased maize varieties (Zea mays L.), and they were identified as Talaromyces funiculosus, Penicillium oxalicum and Fusarium verticillioides, respectively, by polyphasic taxonomy based on morphological identification, ITS rDNA and bio-control gene phylogenetic analyses. Seven endophytic bacterial Bacillus velezensis strains had favourable antagonistic activity, and antagonistic testing was carried out against the three pathogenic strains, Talaromyces funiculosus 4, Penicillium oxalicum 5 and Fusarium verticillioides 6. Biological control lipopeptide antibiotic genes (bioA, bmyB, ituC, fenD, srfAA, srfAB, yngG and yndJ) were amplified using specific primers, and they were found in the seven endophytic bacterial Bacillus velezensis strains. This study provides a scientific basis for future research on the use of resistant endophytic bacterial resources to enhance crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhen Yang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ruyang Zhang
- Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xianyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Shahbaz Ahmad
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiuran Zhao
- Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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15
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da Silva LL, Veloso TGR, Manhães JHC, da Silva CC, de Queiroz MV. The plant organs and rhizosphere determine the common bean mycobiome. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:765-772. [PMID: 31898247 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant microbiota diversity is often underestimated when approaches developed mainly for the identification of cultivable microorganisms are used. High-throughput sequencing allows a deeper understanding of the microbial diversity associated with plants. The amplification of ITS1 was used to analyze fungal diversity in several plant organs and rhizosphere of three common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties grown in a greenhouse. The fungal diversity diverged between those plant organs and the rhizosphere, with the highest found in the rhizosphere and the lowest in the stem. In each organ different numbers of genus, OTUs were identified, in a total of 283 OTUs evenly distributed among the varieties. In the co-occurrence network, a larger number of positive interactions were found in the organs of the aerial part in all varieties. We observed that the diversity of the endophytic microbiota differed more between plant organs than between common bean varieties. Our results show that the diversity of endophytic fungi can be efficiently accessed with the sequencing of ITS amplicons and that this diversity may vary among distinct plant organs and the rhizosphere of a single plant variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro L da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia/ Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Tomás G R Veloso
- Departamento de Microbiologia/ Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Jonathan H C Manhães
- Departamento de Microbiologia/ Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Cynthia C da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia/ Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marisa V de Queiroz
- Departamento de Microbiologia/ Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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16
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Characterization and comprehensive analysis of the ecological interaction networks of bacterial communities in Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:182. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Raimi AR, Ezeokoli OT, Adeleke RA. High-throughput sequence analysis of bacterial communities in commercial biofertiliser products marketed in South Africa: an independent snapshot quality assessment. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:108. [PMID: 30863692 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic and predicted functional diversity of bacterial communities in 12 commercial biofertiliser products were evaluated using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroides dominated the bacterial communities, with the genera Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium being prevalent. The manufacturer-specified species were detected in relatively high abundance in two of the products while a few or none of the specified species were detected in some products. A number of unspecified microbes were detected, including potential human and crop pathogens such as Alcaligenes, Clostridium, Escherichia-Shigella and Proteus. The functional prediction unravelled high prevalence of enzyme-coding genes such as nitrogenase, NifT, alkaline phosphatase and reductases of nitric oxide, nitrate and nitrite which contribute to nitrogen-fixation, phosphorus solubilisation and degradation of nitrates and nitrites. In addition, toxins such as leukocidin/hemolysin and colicin V protein that cause product quality damage were highly predicted in over 67% of the products. Overall, high-throughput sequence analysis of bacterial communities in biofertiliser products revealed that majority of the products were of poor quality. This result justifies the need for regular quality assessment and improvement in quality control systems during biofertiliser formulation.
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18
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Ezekiel CN, Ayeni KI, Ezeokoli OT, Sulyok M, van Wyk DAB, Oyedele OA, Akinyemi OM, Chibuzor-Onyema IE, Adeleke RA, Nwangburuka CC, Hajšlová J, Elliott CT, Krska R. High-Throughput Sequence Analyses of Bacterial Communities and Multi-Mycotoxin Profiling During Processing of Different Formulations of Kunu, a Traditional Fermented Beverage. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3282. [PMID: 30687270 PMCID: PMC6333642 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kunu is a traditional fermented single or mixed cereals-based beverage popularly consumed in many parts of West Africa. Presently, the bacterial community and mycotoxin contamination profiles during processing of various kunu formulations have never been comprehensively studied. This study, therefore, investigated the bacterial community and multi-mycotoxin dynamics during the processing of three kunu formulations using high-throughput sequence analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene (hypervariable V3-V4 region) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), respectively. A total of 2,303 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained across six processing stages in all three kunu formulations. Principal coordinate analysis biplots of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity between bacterial communities revealed the combined influences of formulations and processing steps. Taxonomically, OTUs spanned 13 phyla and 486 genera. Firmicutes (phylum) dominated (relative abundance) most of the processing stages, while Proteobacteria dominated the rest of the stages. Lactobacillus (genus taxa level) dominated most processing stages and the final product (kunu) of two formulations, whereas Clostridium sensu stricto (cluster 1) dominated kunu of one formulation, constituting a novel observation. We further identified Acetobacter, Propionibacterium, Gluconacetobacter, and Gluconobacter previously not associated with kunu processing. Shared phylotypes between all communities were dominated by lactic acid bacteria including species of Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, and Weissella. Other shared phylotypes included notable acetic acid bacteria and potential human enteric pathogens. Ten mycotoxins [3-Nitropropionic acid, aflatoxicol, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFM1, alternariol (AOH), alternariolmethylether (AME), beauvericin (BEAU), citrinin, and moniliformin] were quantified at varying concentrations in ingredients for kunu processing. Except for AOH, AME, and BEAU that were retained at minimal levels of < 2 μg/kg in the final product, most mycotoxins in the ingredients were not detectable after processing. In particular, mycotoxin levels were substantially reduced by fermentation, although simple dilution and sieving also contributed to mycotoxin reduction. This study reinforces the perception of kunu as a rich source of bacteria with beneficial attributes to consumer health, and provides in-depth understanding of the microbiology of kunu processing, as well as information on mycotoxin contamination and reduction during this process. These findings may aid the development of starter culture technology for safe and quality kunu production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Kolawole I. Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Obinna T. Ezeokoli
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Deidre A. B. van Wyk
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Rasheed A. Adeleke
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Cyril C. Nwangburuka
- Department of Agriculture and Industrial Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Christopher T. Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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19
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Core bacterial community of soy-daddawa: Insights from high-throughput DNA metabarcoding. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Identification of Major Rhizobacterial Taxa Affected by a Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybean Line via Shotgun Metagenomic Approach. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040214. [PMID: 29659545 PMCID: PMC5924556 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide commercial cultivation of transgenic crops, including glyphosate-tolerant (GT) soybeans, has increased widely during the past 20 years. However, it is accompanied with a growing concern about potential effects of transgenic crops on the soil microbial communities, especially on rhizosphere bacterial communities. Our previous study found that the GT soybean line NZL06-698 (N698) significantly affected rhizosphere bacteria, including some unidentified taxa, through 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) V4 region amplicon deep sequencing via Illumina MiSeq. In this study, we performed 16S rDNA V5–V7 region amplicon deep sequencing via Illumina MiSeq and shotgun metagenomic approaches to identify those major taxa. Results of these processes revealed that the species richness and evenness increased in the rhizosphere bacterial communities of N698, the beta diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial communities of N698 was affected, and that certain dominant bacterial phyla and genera were related to N698 compared with its control cultivar Mengdou12. Consistent with our previous findings, this study showed that N698 affects the rhizosphere bacterial communities. In specific, N698 negatively affects Rahnella, Janthinobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Sphingomonas and Luteibacter while positively affecting Arthrobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Ramlibacter and Nitrospira.
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21
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Pool deconvolution approach for high-throughput gene mining from Bacillus thuringiensis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1467-1482. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Awosusi AA, Ayeni AO, Adeleke R, Daramola MO. Biocompositional and thermodecompositional analysis of South African agro-waste corncob and husk towards production of biocommodities. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayotunde A. Awosusi
- School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment; University of the Witwatersrand; Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Augustine O. Ayeni
- School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment; University of the Witwatersrand; Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering; Covenant University; Ota Nigeria
| | - R. Adeleke
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group; Agricultural Research Council - Institute for Soil, Climate & Water 600; Belvedere Street, Arcadia 0001 Pretoria South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Science and Management; North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus); Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Michael O. Daramola
- School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment; University of the Witwatersrand; Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
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23
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van Wyk DAB, Adeleke R, Rhode OHJ, Bezuidenhout CC, Mienie C. Ecological guild and enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil microbial communities associated with Bt-maize cultivation under field conditions in North West Province of South Africa. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:781-792. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deidré A. B. van Wyk
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management; North-West University; Potchefstroom South Africa
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research group; Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil Climate and Water (ARC-ISCW); Pretoria South Africa
| | - Rasheed Adeleke
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management; North-West University; Potchefstroom South Africa
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research group; Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil Climate and Water (ARC-ISCW); Pretoria South Africa
| | - Owen H. J. Rhode
- Agricultural Research Council- Grain Crops Institute (ARC-GCI); Potchefstroom; South Africa
| | - Carlos C. Bezuidenhout
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management; North-West University; Potchefstroom South Africa
| | - Charlotte Mienie
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management; North-West University; Potchefstroom South Africa
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