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Cao R, Tan L, Wan Q, Wu G, Wang J, Lin Y, Huang T, Wen G. The improved resistance of germinated spores to ultraviolet irradiation: Comparison with chlorine. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140929. [PMID: 38092169 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungi outbreaks in water will include a series of processes, including spore aggregation, germination, biofilm, and finally present in a mixed state in the aquatic environment. More attention is paid to the control of dispersed fungal spores, however, there was little knowledge of the control of germinated spores. This study investigated the inactivation kinetics and mechanism of ultraviolet (UV) treatment for fungal spores with different germination percentages compared with dormant spores. The results indicated that the inactivation rate constants (k) of spores with 5%-45% germination were 0.0278-0.0299 cm2/mJ for Aspergillus niger and 0.0588-0.0647 cm2/mJ for Penicillium polonicum, which were lower than those of dormant spores. It suggested that germinated spores were more tolerant to UV irradiation than dormant spores, and it may be due to the defensive barrier (upregulated pigments) and some reductive substance (upregulated enoyl reductase) by absorbing UV or reacting with reactive oxygen species according to transcriptome analysis. Compared to dormant spores, the k-UV of germinated spores decreased by 18.17%-26.56% for Aspergillus niger, which was less than k-chlorine (62.33%-69.74%). A slighter decrease in k-UV showed UV irradiation can efficiently control fungi contamination, especially when dormant spores and germinated spores coexisted in actual water systems. This study indicates that more attention should be paid to germinated spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Lili Tan
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Qiqi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Gehui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Yingzi Lin
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Gang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China.
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Yan D, Gao Q, Rong C, Liu Y, Song S, Yu Q, Zhou K, Liao Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis of abnormal cap and healthy fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 156:103614. [PMID: 34400332 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lentinula edodes, a commercially important mushroom, is cultivated worldwide. Artificially cultivated L. edodes often present with abnormal symptoms in the fruiting body, which affect their commercial value and reduce production efficiency. In this study, we carried out a comparative transcriptome analysis of normal fruiting body pileus (LeNP), normal margin in abnormal fruiting body pileus (LeAPNM), and abnormal margin in abnormal fruiting body pileus (LeAPAM). Metabolic pathways such as those involved in transmembrane transport, ribosome production, tryptophan metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and the metabolism of other amino acids were significantly enriched in LeAPAM. F-box, short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases, the major facilitator superfamily, and the FMN_red superfamily are related to malformation in L. edodes. Genes encoding heat shock proteins, G protein, and β-1,3-glucanase in the GH5 family showed different expression patterns, suggesting that these genes are involved in the development of L. edodes fruiting bodies. In particular, CAZymes, which are involved in the development of cell walls in L. edodes, were highly expressed in LeAPAM. According to TEM observation, the cell wall of LeAPAM samples showed significant thickening compared to the other samples. These results suggested that cell wall anabolism in LeAPAM samples was more active than that in normal fruiting bodies, enhancing the environmental adaptability of the fungus. This study provides preliminary data for future research aimed at solving the phenomenon of abnormal fruiting bodies of L. edodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yan
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Chengbo Rong
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shuang Song
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Qiuyu Yu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Kaixin Zhou
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China; College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, 21 Zhongshan Second Street, Youjiang District, Guangxi 533000, China
| | - Yanling Liao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, 9 Shuguang Garden Zhonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China; College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, 21 Zhongshan Second Street, Youjiang District, Guangxi 533000, China
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