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King WL, Yates CF, Cao L, O'Rourke-Ibach S, Fleishman SM, Richards SC, Centinari M, Hafner BD, Goebel M, Bauerle T, Kim YM, Nicora CD, Anderton CR, Eissenstat DM, Bell TH. Functionally discrete fine roots differ in microbial assembly, microbial functional potential, and produced metabolites. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3919-3932. [PMID: 37675977 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, fine roots were grouped using arbitrary size categories, rarely capturing the heterogeneity in physiology, morphology and functionality among different fine root orders. Fine roots with different functional roles are rarely separated in microbiome-focused studies and may result in confounding microbial signals and host-filtering across different root microbiome compartments. Using a 26-year-old common garden, we sampled fine roots from four temperate tree species that varied in root morphology and sorted them into absorptive and transportive fine roots. The rhizoplane and rhizosphere were characterized using 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer region amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomics for the rhizoplane to identify potential microbial functions. Fine roots were subject to metabolomics to spatially characterize resource availability. Both fungi and bacteria differed according to root functional type. We observed additional differences between the bacterial rhizoplane and rhizosphere compartments for absorptive but not transportive fine roots. Rhizoplane bacteria, as well as the root metabolome and potential microbial functions, differed between absorptive and transportive fine roots, but not the rhizosphere bacteria. Functional differences were driven by sugar transport, peptidases and urea transport. Our data highlights the importance of root function when examining root-microbial relationships, emphasizing different host selective pressures imparted on different root microbiome compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L King
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Caylon F Yates
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lily Cao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sean O'Rourke-Ibach
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Suzanne M Fleishman
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah C Richards
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in International Agriculture and Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michela Centinari
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin D Hafner
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Marc Goebel
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Taryn Bauerle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Carrie D Nicora
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher R Anderton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - David M Eissenstat
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Terrence H Bell
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in International Agriculture and Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Pu Z, Zhang R, Wang H, Li Q, Zhang J, Wang XX. Root morphological and physiological traits and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi shape phosphorus-acquisition strategies of 12 vegetable species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1150832. [PMID: 37223810 PMCID: PMC10202175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1150832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Trait plasticity and integration mediate vegetable adaptive strategies. However, it is unclear how patterns of vegetables in root traits influence vegetable adaptation to different phosphorus (P) levels. Nine root traits and six shoot traits were investigated in 12 vegetable species cultivated in a greenhouse with low and high P supplies to identify distinct adaptive mechanisms in relation to P acquisition (40 and 200 P mg kg-1 as KH2PO4). At the low P level, a series of negative correlations among root morphology, exudates and mycorrhizal colonization, and different types of root functional properties (root morphology, exudates and mycorrhizal colonization) respond differently to soil P levels among vegetable species. non-mycorrhizal plants showed relatively stable root traits as compared to solanaceae plants that showed more altered root morphologies and structural traits. At the low P level, the correlation between root traits of vegetable crops was enhanced. It was also found in vegetables that low P supply enhances the correlation of morphological structure while high P supply enhances the root exudation and the correlation between mycorrhizal colonization and root traits. Root exudation combined with root morphology and mycorrhizal symbiosis to observe P acquisition strategies in different root functions. Vegetables respond highly under different P conditions by enhancing the correlation of root traits. Low P supply could significantly improve the direct and indirect ways of mycorrhizal vegetable crops' root traits axis on shoot biomass, and enhance the direct way of non-mycorrhizal vegetable crops' root traits axis and reduce the indirect way of root exudates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitian Pu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Mountain Area Research Institute, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ruifang Zhang
- Mountain Area Research Institute, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Mountain Area Research Institute, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Qingyun Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianheng Zhang
- Mountain Area Research Institute, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of North China Water-Saving Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xin-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Mountain Area Research Institute, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Kotowska MM, Samhita S, Hertel D, Triadiati T, Beyer F, Allen K, Link RM, Leuschner C. Consequences of tropical rainforest conversion to tree plantations on fine root dynamics and functional traits. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martyna M. Kotowska
- Dept of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Albrecht‐von‐Haller Inst. for Plant Sciences, Univ. of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Sasya Samhita
- Dept of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Albrecht‐von‐Haller Inst. for Plant Sciences, Univ. of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Dietrich Hertel
- Dept of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Albrecht‐von‐Haller Inst. for Plant Sciences, Univ. of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Triadiati Triadiati
- Dept of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB Univ. Bogor Indonesia
| | - Friderike Beyer
- Chair of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Univ. of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Kara Allen
- Manaaki Whenua‐Landcare Research Lincoln New Zealand
| | - Roman M. Link
- Chair of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius von Sachs Inst. of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Dept of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Albrecht‐von‐Haller Inst. for Plant Sciences, Univ. of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
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4
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Dallstream C, Weemstra M, Soper FM. A framework for fine‐root trait syndromes: syndrome coexistence may support phosphorus partitioning in tropical forests. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monique Weemstra
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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Wang X, Zhang J, Wang H, Rengel Z, Li H. Plasticity and co‐variation of root traits govern differential phosphorus acquisition among 20 wheat genotypes. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Xin Wang
- Mountain Area Research Inst., Hebei Agricultural Univ. Baoding PR China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural Univ. Hebei Baoding PR China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Mountain Area Research Inst., Hebei Agricultural Univ. Baoding PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- Mountain Area Research Inst., Hebei Agricultural Univ. Baoding PR China
| | - Zed Rengel
- Soil Science&Plant Nutrition, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The Univ. of Western Australia Perth Australia
- Inst. for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation Split Croatia
| | - Hongbo Li
- Inst. of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing PR China
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King WL, Yates CF, Guo J, Fleishman SM, Trexler RV, Centinari M, Bell TH, Eissenstat DM. The hierarchy of root branching order determines bacterial composition, microbial carrying capacity and microbial filtering. Commun Biol 2021; 4:483. [PMID: 33875783 PMCID: PMC8055976 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine roots vary dramatically in their functions, which range from resource absorption to within-plant resource transport. These differences should alter resource availability to root-associated microorganisms, yet most root microbiome studies involve fine root homogenization. We hypothesized that microbial filtering would be greatest in the most distal roots. To test this, we sampled roots of six temperate tree species from a 23-year-old common garden planting, separating by branching order. Rhizoplane bacterial composition was characterized with 16S rRNA gene sequencing, while bacterial abundance was determined on a subset of trees through flow cytometry. Root order strongly impacted composition across tree species, with absorptive lower order roots exerting the greatest selective pressure. Microbial carrying capacity was higher in absorptive roots in two of three tested tree species. This study indicates lower order roots as the main point of microbial interaction with fine roots, suggesting that root homogenization could mask microbial recruitment signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L King
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Caylon F Yates
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Suzanne M Fleishman
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ryan V Trexler
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Michela Centinari
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Terrence H Bell
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - David M Eissenstat
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Root Traits Determine Variation in Nonstructural Carbohydrates (NSCs) under Different Drought Intensities and Soil Substrates in Three Temperate Tree Species. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) are a key factor in the physiological regulation of plants and can reflect buffering capacity of plants under diverse environmental conditions. The effects of diverse environmental conditions on plant NSCs and tissue or organ scales have been thoroughly studied, but their effects on fine root (root diameter < 2 mm) NSC concentrations are still not completely understood. Our aims were to explore the synergistic fluctuations in root traits and NSC concentrations under diverse environmental conditions. This study was conducted on two-year-old temperate seedling tree species (Juglans mandshurica Maxim., Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., and Phellodendron amurense Rupr.) with different drought intensities and soil substrates. The specific root length (SRL) and specific root surface area (SRA) were significantly affected by drought intensities and soil substrates, while the root tissue density (RTD) and average diameter (AD) were not significantly affected by water intensities and soil substrates in all three species. The root C, N, and P concentration did not change according to drought stress but were significantly affected by the soil substrates in all three species. Similarly, the soluble sugar (SS) and starch (ST) concentrations were significantly affected by both the drought stress and the soil substrates in all three species. The AD explained 6.8% of the total variations in soluble sugar, while the SRL explains 32.1% of the total variation in starch. The root tip C, N, and P concentrations were not significantly correlated with NSCs under different treatments. The total variations in root tip morphology, chemistry, and NSC concentrations are greater among species than compared to different drought intensities and soil substrates. However, the root NSC concentrations were closely related to root morphological traits (SRL and AD) rather than chemical traits. On the basis of different soil resources, the species with thinner diameters have higher SS concentrations, while those of a thicker diameter have higher ST concentrations.
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Shao X, Wang L, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Yang X. Future direction of searching for root economics spectrum: focusing on the fibrous roots “absorptive unit”. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Shao
- College of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
- Zhengzhou Yaoling Technology Co., Ltd. Zhengzhou 450000 China
| | - Lijun Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Zhengzhou Yaoling Technology Co., Ltd. Zhengzhou 450000 China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- Zhengzhou Yaoling Technology Co., Ltd. Zhengzhou 450000 China
| | - Xitian Yang
- College of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
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Krasowski MJ, Lavigne MB, Szuter MA, Olesinski J, Kershaw JA, McGarrigle E. Age-related changes in survival and turnover rates of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) fine roots. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:865-876. [PMID: 29452424 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fine-root (≤2 mm) demographics change as forests age, but the direction and extent of change are unknown. Knowledge of the change and understanding of causes will improve predictions of climate change impacts. We used minirhizotrons at three young and three mature balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) sites to measure median lifespan (MLS) for each site and for annual cohorts. We computed turnover rate from the inverse of MLS (Tinv) and calculated a second turnover rate (T) from annual mortality, annual production and previous year-end standing crop. Median lifespan at mature sites (436 days) was half that at young sites (872 days). Median lifespan of annual cohorts varied widely at all sites. Age-class distributions of fine roots seen by minirhizotrons changed with increasing years of observation, with older age classes accumulating more slowly at mature sites. Our findings highlight the need to determine whether the proportional contributions of absorbing and transporting fine roots to annual production and their median lifespans change during stand development. Due to its variation among annual cohorts, we believe robust estimates of MLS at our sites require 5-7 years of observation, and reliable estimates of Tinv are reached earlier than T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek J Krasowski
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A6, Canada
| | - Michael B Lavigne
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Atlantic Forestry Centre, PO Box 4000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada
| | - Michael A Szuter
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A6, Canada
- Applied Ecological Services, Inc., 80 Franklin St., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Jakub Olesinski
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A6, Canada
- Environment and Natural Resources, PO Box 4354, 173 Hay River Dene Reserve, Hay River, NT X0E 0R7, Canada
| | - John A Kershaw
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A6, Canada
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Weemstra M, Mommer L, Visser EJW, van Ruijven J, Kuyper TW, Mohren GMJ, Sterck FJ. Towards a multidimensional root trait framework: a tree root review. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1159-69. [PMID: 27174359 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Contents 1159 I. 1159 II. 1161 III. 1164 IV. 1166 1167 References 1167 SUMMARY: The search for a root economics spectrum (RES) has been sparked by recent interest in trait-based plant ecology. By analogy with the one-dimensional leaf economics spectrum (LES), fine-root traits are hypothesised to match leaf traits which are coordinated along one axis from resource acquisitive to conservative traits. However, our literature review and meta-level analysis reveal no consistent evidence of an RES mirroring an LES. Instead the RES appears to be multidimensional. We discuss three fundamental differences contributing to the discrepancy between these spectra. First, root traits are simultaneously constrained by various environmental drivers not necessarily related to resource uptake. Second, above- and belowground traits cannot be considered analogues, because they function differently and might not be related to resource uptake in a similar manner. Third, mycorrhizal interactions may offset selection for an RES. Understanding and explaining the belowground mechanisms and trade-offs that drive variation in root traits, resource acquisition and plant performance across species, thus requires a fundamentally different approach than applied aboveground. We therefore call for studies that can functionally incorporate the root traits involved in resource uptake, the complex soil environment and the various soil resource uptake mechanisms - particularly the mycorrhizal pathway - in a multidimensional root trait framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Weemstra
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric J W Visser
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper van Ruijven
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W Kuyper
- Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Godefridus M J Mohren
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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11
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Wang Y, Dong X, Wang H, Wang Z, Gu J. Root tip morphology, anatomy, chemistry and potential hydraulic conductivity vary with soil depth in three temperate hardwood species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:99-108. [PMID: 26423336 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Root traits in morphology, chemistry and anatomy are important to root physiological functions, but the differences between shallow and deep roots have rarely been studied in woody plants. Here, we selected three temperate hardwood species, Juglans mandshurica Maxim., Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. and Phellodendron amurense Rupr., in plantations in northeastern China and measured morphological, anatomical and chemical traits of root tips (i.e., the first-order roots) at surface (0-10 cm) and subsurface (20-30 cm) soil layers. The objectives of this study were to identify how those traits changed with soil depth and to reveal potential functional differences. The results showed that root diameters in deep root tips were greater in J. mandshurica and F. mandschurica, but smaller in P. amurense. However, root stele diameter and the ratio of stele to root diameter in the subsurface layer were consistently greater in all three species, which may enhance their abilities to penetrate into soil. All deep roots exhibited lower tissue nitrogen concentration and respiration rate, which were possibly caused by lower nutrient availability in the subsurface soil layer. Significant differences between shallow and deep roots were observed in xylem structure, with deep roots having thicker stele, wider maximum conduit and greater number of conduits per stele. Compared with shallow roots, the theoretical hydraulic conductivities in deep roots were enhanced by 133% (J. mandshurica), 78% (F. mandschurica) and 217% (P. amurense), respectively, indicating higher efficiency of transportation. Our results suggest that trees' root tip anatomical structure and physiological activity vary substantially with soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xueyun Dong
- School of Science, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhengquan Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiacun Gu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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12
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Plant silicon content in forests of north China and its implications for phytolith carbon sequestration. Ecol Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-014-1228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Song Z, Liu H, Li B, Yang X. The production of phytolith-occluded carbon in China's forests: implications to biogeochemical carbon sequestration. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:2907-15. [PMID: 23729188 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The persistent terrestrial carbon sink regulates long-term climate change, but its size, location, and mechanisms remain uncertain. One of the most promising terrestrial biogeochemical carbon sequestration mechanisms is the occlusion of carbon within phytoliths, the silicified features that deposit within plant tissues. Using phytolith content-biogenic silica content transfer function obtained from our investigation, in combination with published silica content and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) data of leaf litter and herb layer in China's forests, we estimated the production of phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) in China's forests. The present annual phytolith carbon sink in China's forests is 1.7 ± 0.4 Tg CO2 yr(-1) , 30% of which is contributed by bamboo because the production flux of PhytOC through tree leaf litter for bamboo is 3-80 times higher than that of other forest types. As a result of national and international bamboo afforestation and reforestation, the potential of phytolith carbon sink for China's forests and world's bamboo can reach 6.8 ± 1.5 and 27.0 ± 6.1 Tg CO2 yr(-1) , respectively. Forest management practices such as bamboo afforestation and reforestation may significantly enhance the long-term terrestrial carbon sink and contribute to mitigation of global climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Song
- Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin'an, China
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14
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Luke McCormack M, Adams TS, Smithwick EAH, Eissenstat DM. Predicting fine root lifespan from plant functional traits in temperate trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:823-831. [PMID: 22686426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although linkages of leaf and whole-plant traits to leaf lifespan have been rigorously investigated, there is a limited understanding of similar linkages of whole-plant and fine root traits to root lifespan. In comparisons across species, do suites of traits found in leaves also exist for roots, and can these traits be used to predict root lifespan? We observed the fine root lifespan of 12 temperate tree species using minirhizotrons in a common garden and compared their median lifespans with fine-root and whole-plant traits. We then determined which set of combined traits would be most useful in predicting patterns of root lifespan. Median root lifespan ranged widely among species (95-336 d). Root diameter, calcium content, and tree wood density were positively related to root lifespan, whereas specific root length, nitrogen (N) : carbon (C) ratio, and plant growth rate were negatively related to root lifespan. Root diameter and plant growth rate, together (R² = 0.62) or in combination with root N : C ratio (R² = 0.76), were useful predictors of root lifespan across the 12 species. Our results highlight linkages between fine root lifespan in temperate trees and plant functional traits that may reduce uncertainty in predictions of root lifespan or turnover across species at broader spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luke McCormack
- Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, 103 Tyson Bldg, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA, USA
| | - Thomas S Adams
- Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, 103 Tyson Bldg, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA, USA
| | - Erica A H Smithwick
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA, USA
- Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - David M Eissenstat
- Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, 103 Tyson Bldg, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA, USA
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