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Distribution, prevalence, and intensity of Sarcocystis infections in sika deer (Cervus nippon) of free-ranging populations in Germany and Austria. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2079-2086. [PMID: 35585258 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sika deer (Cervus nippon), which are native to the Japanese islands and the adjacent mainland of eastern Asia, have been introduced into Europe and established free-ranging populations in several countries. Various Sarcocystis species have been identified recently from farmed "mainland sika" deer in Lithuania and native "Japanese sika" deer in Japan. To study the distribution, prevalence and intensity of Sarcocystis infection in free-ranging sika deer outside of their natural range heart and/or diaphragm samples of 311 animals from nine populations in Germany and Austria were examined by histology.Overall, sarcocysts were detected in either heart or diaphragm of 107/311 deer (34.4%) with prevalence ranging roughly from 5 to 50% among the populations. Considering the 263 animals with both heart and diaphragm available, prevalence varied significantly (p < 0.0001) among calves (20.2%), yearlings (40.3%), and adult deer (49.1%) but did not differ between male and female deer (48.3% vs. 43.7%; p = 0.6483). Occurrence of sarcocysts in heart vs. diaphragm indicated a marginal difference (27.8% vs. 20.9%; p = 0.0839). Intensity of infection in all but one heart positive and all diaphragm positive animals was low (< 10 sarcocysts per square centimeter muscle cut). While heart sarcocyst counts of yearlings and adult deer were higher than those of calves and were higher in male compared to female sika deer, diaphragm sarcocyst counts did not differ significantly between age groups and sexes. Sarcocystis infection was demonstrated at variable prevalence in sika deer in all populations but intensity is apparently low. Further studies are needed to identify the species of Sarcocystis infecting sika deer naturalized outside their natural range.
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Sika Deer (Cervus Nippon) are not "Dead-End Hosts" of the Giant Liver Fluke, Fascioloides Magna (Bassi, 1875) Ward, 1917. J Wildl Dis 2021; 58:194-197. [PMID: 34695208 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fascioloides magna, although of North American origin, is well established in central Europe. Here it is expanding its geographic range and has been exposed to new potential final hosts including native and naturalized species. Based on their contribution to the propagation and transmission of F. magna, its final hosts were grouped by Pybus into three types, including 'dead-end hosts' that comprise species in which flukes reach the liver but rarely mature and produce few eggs which are not excreted. Sika deer (Cervus nippon) were classified as dead-end hosts, this being quoted in the literature without robust substantiation. In an investigation on the occurrence of F. magna among sympatric wild ungulates in a recently established focus of the parasite in Germany, nine of 24 sika deer were found infected with up to seven F. magna in their livers, and six of the fluke-positive sika deer had Fascioloides eggs in their feces. Most flukes were recovered in pairs from fibrous capsules. Associated with the low fluke burden, gross pathology of the livers was generally mild. The presence of mature flukes in fibrous capsules, and passing of ova in the feces, demonstrates sika deer to be suitable definitive hosts of F. magna and to be of epidemiologic significance because of their implication in the transmission of the fluke.
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Saggiomo L, Esattore B, Bartoš L. Evaluating the Management Success of an Alien Species Through Its Hunting Bags: The Case of the Sika Deer (Cervus Nippon) in the Czech Republic. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun.2021.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Nagata J, Yasuda M, Yamashiro A. Genetic Analysis of a Newly Established Deer Population Expanding in the Sasebo Area in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan Reveals No Evidence of Genetic Disturbance by Formosan Sika Deer. MAMMAL STUDY 2021. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junco Nagata
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yasuda
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 4-11-16 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-0862, Japan
| | - Asuka Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-josanjima, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
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A Microsatellite Genotyping-Based Genetic Study of Interspecific Hybridization between the Red and Sika Deer in the Western Czech Republic. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061701. [PMID: 34200330 PMCID: PMC8229882 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The sika deer is a very flexible invasive species, capable of living dynamically in both large forests and mixed environment characterized by a prevalence of agricultural land. The Japanese sika deer was introduced to the Czech Republic at the end of the 19th century. The success of an introduced alien species may consist in their hybridizing with closely related taxa. Where few barriers to gene flow exist, rapid introgression of genetic traits from one species into another frequently occurs. The current Czech sika populations embody the most abundant and expanding group in continental Europe. In western Bohemia, we confirmed the interspecific hybridization with the native red deer. In this context, the red deer gene pool is endangered. The animals proliferate steadily in all directions and will most probably spread all over the Czech Republic if no major, timely changes in game management are adopted. Abstract Although inter-species hybrids between the red and sika deer can be phenotypically determined only exceptionally, there is the eventuality of identification via molecular genetic analysis. We used bi-parentally inherited microsatellite markers and a Bayesian statistical framework to re-examine the proportion of hybrids in the Czech red and sika deer populations. In total, 123 samples were collected, and the nuclear dataset consisted of 2668 allelic values. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 10 (BM1818) to 22 (BM888 and T193), yielding the mean of 16 alleles per locus across the deer. The mean allelic diversity of the red deer markedly exceeded that of the Japanese sika deer. Interspecific hybrids were detected, enabling us to confirm the genetic introgression of the sika deer into the red deer populations and vice versa in western Bohemia. The mean hybrid score equaled 10.6%, with 14.3% of the hybrids being among red deer–like individuals and 6.7% among sika-like ones. At two western Bohemian locations, namely, Doupovské hory and Slavkovský les, the total percentages of hybrid animals equaled 18.8 and 8.9, respectively. No red deer alleles were detected in the sika populations of the subregions of Kladská, Žlutice, and Lány. The NeighborNet network clearly separated the seven red and sika deer sampling populations according to the geography. The knowledge gained from the evaluated data is applicable in hunting management to reduce hybridization with the European deer.
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Takagi T, Matsumoto Y, Koda R, Tamate HB. Bi-Directional Movement of Deer between Tomogashima Islands and the Western Part of the Kii Peninsula, Japan, with Special Reference to Hybridization between the Japanese Sika Deer (Cervus nippon centralis) and the Introduced Exotic Deer. MAMMAL STUDY 2020. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2019-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihito Takagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Kojirakawa 1-4-12, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsumoto
- Research and Development Section, Anicom Specialty Medical Institute Inc., 2-6-3 Chojamachi 4F, Yokohamashi-Nakaku, Kanagawa 231-0033, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Koda
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, 10-4 Koyamotomachi, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-0088, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi B. Tamate
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Kojirakawa 1-4-12, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
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Effects of Bark Stripping on Timber Production and Structure of Norway Spruce Forests in Relation to Climatic Factors. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10040320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of bark stripping caused by sika deer (Cervus nippon [Temminck]) on the production and structure of young Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) forest stands (41–43 years). Production parameters, structure, diversity, and the dynamics of radial growth in selected forest stands in relation to climatic conditions were evaluated. Similar to other production parameters, stand volumes showed lower values on research plots heavily damaged by bark stripping (290 m3 ha−1) compared to stands with lower tree stem damages (441 m3 ha−1). A significant decrease in stem volume was recorded for trees with stem circumference damage higher than 1/3 of the stem circumference. In most cases, the trees were damaged between the ages of 10–23 years, specifically the radial growth was significantly lowered in this period. The diameter increment of damaged trees dropped to 64% of the healthy counterparts in this period. Bark stripping damages reached up to 93% of the stem circumference with a mean damage of 31%. Stem rot was found on 62% of damaged trees. In our study area, with respect to the terms of climatic conditions, precipitation had a higher effect on radial growth of the Norway spruce compared to temperature. The main limiting climatic factor of tree growth was the lack of precipitation within a growing season, particularly in June of the current year.
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Yamazaki Y. Genetic Population Structure of Sika Deer, Cervus nippon, Derived from Multiple Origins, Around Toyama Prefecture of Japan. Zoolog Sci 2018; 35:215-221. [PMID: 29882493 DOI: 10.2108/zs170187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, expansion of the number and distribution of sika deer, Cervus nippon, in the Japanese Archipelago has resulted in the disturbance of indigenous gene pools and ecosystems. There are also concerns that the artificial introduction of sika deer to certain areas may aggravate this situation. In order to contribute to the conservation of ecosystems, I examined the current state of genetic disturbance and dispersal routes in the sika deer populations around Toyama Prefecture, one of the main areas of expanding sika deer distribution. Of 12 haplotypes detected by mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence analysis, 10 were found to belong to a previously detected sika deer group in northern Japan, although the remaining two haplotypes corresponded to the southern Japanese sika deer group. The latter two haplotypes were detected at especially high frequencies in the southern area of Toyama Prefecture, suggesting that these haplotypes may derive from artificially introduced individuals. Occurrence patterns of indigenous haplotypes around Toyama Prefecture revealed immigration into Toyama Prefecture through different routes, mainly in the east and south-west. The genetic results presented here may have application in predicting future dispersal routes, as well as aid in the establishment of effective measures for management of sika deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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Krojerová-Prokešová J, Barančeková M, Kawata Y, Oshida T, Igota H, Koubek P. Genetic differentiation between introduced Central European sika and source populations in Japan: effects of isolation and demographic events. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ba H, Yang F, Xing X, Li C. Classification and phylogeny of sika deer (Cervus nippon) subspecies based on the mitochondrial control region DNA sequence using an extended sample set. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 26:373-9. [DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.836509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Krojerová-Prokesová J, Baranceková M, Voloshina I, Myslenkov A, Lamka J, Koubek P. Dybowski's sika deer (Cervus nippon hortulorum): genetic divergence between natural primorian and introduced Czech populations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 104:312-26. [PMID: 23454911 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/est006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Dybowski's sika deer (Cervus nippon hortulorum) originally inhabited the majority of the Primorsky Krai in Far Eastern Russia, north-eastern China, and Korean Peninsula. At present, only the Russian population seems to be stable, even though this taxon is still classified as endangered by the Russian Federation. Almost 100 years ago, this subspecies, among others, was imported to several European countries including the Czech Republic. We used both mitochondrial (mtDNA; the cytochrome b gene and the control region) and nuclear DNA markers to examine the actual taxonomic status of modern Czech Dybowski's sika population and to compare the genetic diversity between the introduced and the native populations. Altogether, 124 Czech samples and 109 Primorian samples were used in the analyses. Within the samples obtained from individuals that were all morphologically classified as Dybowski's sika, we detected mtDNA haplotypes of Dybowski's sika (84 samples), as well as those belonging to other sika subspecies: northern Japanese sika (25 samples), southern Japanese sika (6 samples), and south-eastern Chinese sika (8 samples). Microsatellite analysis revealed a certain level of heterozygote deficiency and a high level of inbreeding in both populations. The high number of private alleles, factorial correspondence analysis, and Bayesian clustering analysis indicate a high level of divergence between both populations. The large degree of differentiation and the high number of population-specific alleles could be a result of a founder effect, could be a result of a previously suggested bottleneck within the Primorian population, and could also be affected by the crossbreeding of captive individuals with other sika subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Krojerová-Prokesová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Květná 8, Brno, Czech Republic
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