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Holt JR, Malacrinò A, Medina RF. Quantifying the impacts of symbiotic interactions between two invasive species: the tawny crazy ant ( Nylanderia fulva) tending the sorghum aphid ( Melanaphis sorghi). PeerJ 2022; 10:e14448. [PMID: 36530409 PMCID: PMC9753752 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of new symbiotic interactions between introduced species may facilitate invasion success. For instance, tawny crazy ant (Nylanderia fulva Mayr) is known to be an opportunistic tender of honeydew producing insects and this ants' symbiotic interactions have exacerbated agricultural damage in some invaded regions of the world. The invasive sorghum aphid (Melanaphis sorghi Theobald) was first reported as a pest in the continental United States-in Texas and Louisiana-as recent as 2013, and tawny crazy ant (TCA) was reported in Texas in the early 2000s. Although these introductions are relatively recent, TCA workers tend sorghum aphids in field and greenhouse settings. This study quantified the tending duration of TCA workers to sorghum aphids and the impact of TCA tending on aphid biomass. For this study aphids were collected from three different host plant species (i.e., sugarcane, Johnson grass, and sorghum) and clone colonies were established. Sorghum is the main economic crop in which these aphids occur, hence we focused our study on the potential impacts of interactions on sorghum. Quantification of invasive ant-aphid interactions, on either stems or leaves of sorghum plants, were conducted in greenhouse conditions. Our results show that although these two invasive insect species do not have a long coevolutionary history, TCA developed a tending interaction with sorghum aphid, and aphids were observed excreting honeydew after being antennated by TCA workers. Interestingly, this relatively recent symbiotic interaction significantly increased overall aphid biomass for aphids that were positioned on stems and collected from Johnson grass. It is recommended to continue monitoring the interaction between TCA and sorghum aphid in field conditions due to its potential to increase aphid populations and sorghum plant damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn R. Holt
- Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America,Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Antonino Malacrinò
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany,Current Affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Universitá degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Raul F. Medina
- Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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Mooney E, Mitchell A, Den Uyl J, Mullins M, DiBiase C, Heschel MS. Host plant phenology shapes aphid abundance and interactions with ants. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mooney
- Univ. of Colorado Colorado Springs Colorado SpringsParis CO USA
| | | | - James Den Uyl
- Univ. of Colorado Colorado Springs Colorado SpringsParis CO USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte CO USA
| | - Maria Mullins
- Univ. of Colorado Colorado Springs Colorado SpringsParis CO USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte CO USA
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3
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Shaw B, Nagy C, Fountain MT. Organic Control Strategies for Use in IPM of Invertebrate Pests in Apple and Pear Orchards. INSECTS 2021; 12:1106. [PMID: 34940194 PMCID: PMC8709102 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Growers of organic tree fruit face challenges in controlling some pests more easily suppressed by broad-spectrum insecticides in conventionally managed orchards. In recent decades, there has been a move towards organically growing varieties normally reliant on synthetic chemical pesticides (e.g., Gala), often to meet retailer/consumer demands. This inevitably makes crop protection in organic orchards more challenging, as modern varieties can be less tolerant to pests. In addition, there have been substantial reductions in plant protection product (PPP) approvals, resulting in fewer chemical options available for integrated pest management (IPM)-maintained orchards. Conversely, the organic management of fruit tree pests involves many practices that could be successfully implemented in conventionally grown crops, but which are currently not. These practices could also be more widely used in IPM-maintained orchards, alleviating the reliance on broad-spectrum PPP. In this review, we evaluate organic practices, with a focus on those that could be incorporated into conventional apple and pear production. The topics cover cultural control, biological control, physical and pest modifications. While the pests discussed mainly affect European species, many of the methods could be used to target other global pests for more environmentally sustainable practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Csaba Nagy
- Research Centre for Fruit Growing, Institute of Horticultural Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Budapest, Hungary;
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4
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Liu Q, Hu X, Su S, Ning Y, Peng Y, Ye G, Lou Y, Turlings TCJ, Li Y. Cooperative herbivory between two important pests of rice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6772. [PMID: 34799588 PMCID: PMC8604950 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Normally, when different species of herbivorous arthropods feed on the same plant this leads to fitness-reducing competition. We found this to be different for two of Asia's most destructive rice pests, the brown planthopper and the rice striped stem borer. Both insects directly and indirectly benefit from jointly attacking the same host plant. Double infestation improved host plant quality, particularly for the stemborer because the planthopper fully suppresses caterpillar-induced production of proteinase inhibitors. It also reduced the risk of egg parasitism, due to diminished parasitoid attraction. Females of both pests have adapted their oviposition behaviour accordingly. Their strong preference for plants infested by the other species even overrides their avoidance of plants already attacked by conspecifics. This cooperation between herbivores is telling of adaptations resulting from the evolution of plant-insect interactions, and points out mechanistic vulnerabilities that can be targeted to control these major pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, 464000, Xinyang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangli Su
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yufa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonggen Lou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Yunhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China.
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5
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Xu T, Xu M, Lu Y, Zhang W, Sun J, Zeng R, Turlings TCJ, Chen L. A trail pheromone mediates the mutualism between ants and aphids. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4738-4747.e4. [PMID: 34496221 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutualisms, such as the ones between ants and aphids, evolve and persist when benefits outweigh the costs from the interactions between the partners. We show here that the trail pheromone of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, can enhance these benefits by suppressing aphid dispersal and stimulating their reproduction. The ant's mutualistic partner, the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii, was found to readily perceive and respond to two specific trail pheromone components. Two pheromone components, Z,E-α-farnesene and E,E-α-farnesene, both suppressed walking dispersal of apterous aphids, whereas only the major pheromone component, Z,E-α-farnesene, also increased aphid reproduction rate. The ants, as well as the aphids, benefit from this inter-species function of the trail pheromone. For the ants it increases and prolongs the availability of honeydew as a key food source, whereas the aphid colony benefits from faster population growth and continuous ant-provided protection. These findings reveal a hitherto unknown mechanism by which ants and aphids both increase the benefits that they provide to each other, thereby likely enhancing the stability of their mutualistic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xu
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Yongyue Lu
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China.
| | - Rensen Zeng
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China.
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Li Chen
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China; Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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6
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Camacho LF, Avilés L. Resource exchange and partner recognition mediate mutualistic interactions between prey and their would-be predators. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210316. [PMID: 34376075 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals may develop mutualistic associations with other species, whereby prey offer resources or services in exchange for protection from predators. Alternatively, prey may offer resources or services directly to their would-be predators in exchange for their lives. The latter may be the case of hemipterans that engage in mutualistic interactions with ants by offering a honeydew reward. We test the extent to which a honeydew offering versus partner recognition may play a role as proximate mechanisms deterring ants from predating upon their hemipteran partners. We showed that, when presented with a choice between a hemipteran partner and an alternative prey type, mutualist ants were less likely to attack and more likely to remain probing their hemipteran partners. This occurred even in the absence of an immediate sugary reward, suggesting either an evolved or learned partner recognition response. To a similar extent, however, ants were also less likely to attack the alternative prey type when laced with honey as a proxy for a honeydew reward. This was the case even after the honey had been depleted, suggesting an ability of ants to recognize new potential sources of sugars. Either possibility suggests a degree of innate or learned partner recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Camacho
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Leticia Avilés
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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7
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Renyard A, Gries R, Lee J, Chalissery JM, Damin S, Britton R, Gries G. All sugars ain't sweet: selection of particular mono-, di- and trisaccharides by western carpenter ants and European fire ants. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210804. [PMID: 34430049 PMCID: PMC8371376 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ants select sustained carbohydrate resources, such as aphid honeydew, based on many factors including sugar type, volume and concentration. We tested the hypotheses (H1-H3) that western carpenter ants, Camponotus modoc, seek honeydew excretions from Cinara splendens aphids based solely on the presence of sugar constituents (H1), prefer sugar solutions containing aphid-specific sugars (H2) and preferentially seek sugar solutions with higher sugar content (H3). We further tested the hypothesis (H4) that workers of both Ca. modoc and European fire ants, Myrmica rubra, selectively consume particular mono-, di- and trisaccharides. In choice bioassays with entire ant colonies, sugar constituents in honeydew (but not aphid-specific sugar) as well as sugar concentration affected foraging decisions by Ca. modoc. Both Ca. modoc and M. rubra foragers preferred fructose to other monosaccharides (xylose, glucose) and sucrose to other disaccharides (maltose, melibiose, trehalose). Conversely, when offered a choice between the aphid-specific trisaccharides raffinose and melezitose, Ca. modoc and M. rubra favoured raffinose and melezitose, respectively. Testing the favourite mono-, di- and trisaccharide head-to-head, both ant species favoured sucrose. While both sugar type and sugar concentration are the ultimate cause for consumption by foraging ants, strong recruitment of nest-mates to superior sources is probably the major proximate cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Renyard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Regine Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Jan Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Jaime M. Chalissery
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Sebastian Damin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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8
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Xu T, Chen L. Chemical communication in ant-hemipteran mutualism: potential implications for ant invasions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 45:121-129. [PMID: 33901733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ant-hemipteran mutualism is one of the most frequently observed food-for-protection associations in nature, and is recently found to contribute to the invasions of several of the most destructive invasive ants. Chemical communication underlies establishment and maintenance of such associations, in which a multitude of semiochemicals, such as pheromones, cuticular hydrocarbons, honeydew sugars and bacteria-produced honeydew volatiles mediate location, recognition, selection, learning of mutualistic partners. Here, we review what is known about the chemical communication between ants and honeydew-producing hemipterans, and discuss how invasive ants can rapidly recognize and establish a mutualistic relationship with the hemipterans with which they have never coevolved. We also highlight some future directions for a clearer understanding of the chemical communication in ant-hemipteran mutualism and its role in ant invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xu
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China.
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9
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Nakazawa T, Katayama N. Stage-Specific Parasitism by a Mutualistic Partner Can Increase the Host Abundance. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.602675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Depa Ł, Kaszyca‐Taszakowska N, Taszakowski A, Kanturski M. Ant‐induced evolutionary patterns in aphids. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1574-1589. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Depa
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Silesia in Katowice Bankowa 9 40‐007 Katowice Poland
| | - Natalia Kaszyca‐Taszakowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Silesia in Katowice Bankowa 9 40‐007 Katowice Poland
| | - Artur Taszakowski
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Silesia in Katowice Bankowa 9 40‐007 Katowice Poland
| | - Mariusz Kanturski
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Silesia in Katowice Bankowa 9 40‐007 Katowice Poland
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Soares JRS, da Silva Paes J, de Araújo VCR, de Araújo TA, Ramos RS, Picanço MC, Zanuncio JC. Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Natural Mortality Factors of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Bell Pepper Crops. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:445-455. [PMID: 32020496 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00761-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pest populations are mostly regulated by climate, intra- and interspecific competition, natural enemies, and host plant quality. Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a widely adapted aphid in the agroecosystems and is one of the main bell pepper pests. In the present study, we determined the spatial and temporal dynamics and the regulatory factors of M. persicae populations in bell pepper crops. The number of aphids and their natural enemies were evaluated during 2 years in four commercial bell pepper fields. Myzus persicae density data were related to temperature, rainfall, and natural enemies by multiple regression analysis and were then submitted to geostatistical analysis. The density of M. persicae was higher during the plant's reproductive growth stage. Rainfall, Chrysoperla spp., and Toxomerus spp. regulate M. persicae populations. Initial infestations of this pest occur along the edges of the fields and subsequently spread towards the center. This information is useful for integrated management programs aimed at anticipating periods of higher abundance of M. persicae and identifying arthropods to be prioritized in biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R S Soares
- Depto de Agronomia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.
| | - J da Silva Paes
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - V C R de Araújo
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - T A de Araújo
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - R S Ramos
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - M C Picanço
- Depto de Agronomia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - J C Zanuncio
- Depto de Agronomia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Nakazawa
- Dept of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung Univ. No.1, University Road Tainan City 701 Taiwan
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13
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Does urbanization explain differences in interactions between an insect herbivore and its natural enemies and mutualists? Urban Ecosyst 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-017-0727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Defensive Symbionts Mediate Host–Parasite Interactions at Multiple Scales. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:53-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Hayashi M, Nakamuta K, Nomura M. Ants Learn Aphid Species as Mutualistic Partners: Is the Learning Behavior Species-Specific? J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:1148-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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