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Pietrowska K, Godlewski A, Grochowski E, Gosk W, Konopinska J, Kretowski A, Ciborowski M, Dmuchowska D. Adaptation of the AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit to the analysis of metabolites in the human aqueous humor. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1229:123880. [PMID: 37690387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to use the commercial kit AbsoluteIDQ p180 (Biocrates) for the quantification of metabolites in aqueous humor (AH), as well as to determine the optimal volume of AH that is necessary to obtain reliable and reproducible results. Different volumes of AH (10 µl, 20 µl, and 30 µl) were tested. Of the 188 metabolites measurable with the Biocrates kit, 69 were detected in AH. Depending on the volume used, 41, 51, and 63 metabolites were measured using 10 µl, 20 µl, and 30 µl of AH, respectively. The repeatability of the measurements improved with increasing AH volume. Considering only those metabolites that were obtained with a CV < 15%, 34 metabolites at 10 µl, 41 at 20 µl, and 44 at 30 µl AH were received. On this basis, it can be concluded that the tested method can be successfully applied to analyze metabolites in the human AH. To achieve the most comprehensive detection range and highest repeatability of measurements, it is recommended to use 30 µl AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pietrowska
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Adrian Godlewski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Emil Grochowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wioleta Gosk
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Konopinska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Diana Dmuchowska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
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Terhaar HM, Henriksen MDL, Uhl LK, Boeckling C, Mehaffy C, Hess A, Lappin MR. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in aqueous humor from dogs with anterior uveitis and post-operative ocular hypertension following phacoemulsification, primary glaucoma, and normal healthy eyes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273449. [PMID: 35998207 PMCID: PMC9398016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in aqueous humor (AH) from dogs with anterior uveitis and post-operative ocular hypertension (POH) following phacoemulsification, in AH from dogs with primary glaucoma, and in normal healthy eyes with no signs of anterior uveitis or other ocular diseases.
Methods
An exploratory study including 21 samples of AH collected from 15 dogs; post-phacoemulsification with anterior uveitis and POH (‘POH group’, n = 10 samples), primary glaucoma (‘glaucoma group’, n = 6 samples), and normal (‘normal group’, n = 5 samples). Target mass spectrometry via multiple reaction monitoring (MRM-MS) with the Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ as internal standard was used to measure the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.
Results
The MRM-MS method measured 15 pro-inflammatory cytokines. Tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) levels in AH were different between all three groups (glaucoma>POH>normal) (p = .05, p = .02, respectively). Additionally, IL-6 was higher in the ‘POH group’ compared to the ‘glaucoma group’ (p = .04) and IL-4 was higher in the ‘POH group’ compared to the ‘normal group’ (p = .04). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was positively associated with increased AH levels of IL-18 (Spearman correlation = .64, p = .03).
Conclusions
MRM-MS using the Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ as an internal standard was established as a method to detect pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in canine AH. The study demonstrated increased levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-18, and TNFα in AH from canines with POH following phacoemulsification. Primary glaucomatous eyes had the highest levels of IL-18 and TNFα which may indicate that inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of primary glaucoma in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Terhaar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Michala de Linde Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lisa K. Uhl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- Pathology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Corey Boeckling
- Bioanalysis and Omics (ARC-BIO), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Carolina Mehaffy
- Bioanalysis and Omics (ARC-BIO), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Ann Hess
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Center for Companion Animal Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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Gronert K, Modi A, Asfaha K, Chen S, Dow E, Joslin S, Chemaly M, Fadli Z, Sonoda L, Liang B. Silicone hydrogel contact lenses retain and document ocular surface lipid mediator profiles. Clin Exp Optom 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35658852 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2022.2083945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE A leading reason for patients to abandon their contact lenses is discomfort. Mechanisms and biomarkers for lens discomfort remain to be elucidated. BACKGROUND Physical stress and tear film interaction are likely factors for lens discomfort. Lipid mediators are generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids. They regulate ocular surface physiology and pathophysiology, are constituents of human tears and may interact with contact lenses. This study set out to determine if hydrogel lenses and silicone hydrogel lenses interact with tear film polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids-derived mediators. METHODS In vitro incubations, rat experiments and analysis of worn human lenses assessed polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediator interactions with lenses. Silicone hydrogel and hydrogel lenses were incubated with lipid mediators and polyunsaturated fatty acids up to 24 hours. Rats were fitted with custom silicone hydrogel lenses and basal tears collected. Silicone hydrogel lenses worn for 2 weeks were obtained from 57 human subjects. Tear and lens lipidomes were quantified by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Silicone hydrogel lenses retained polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediators within 15 minutes in vitro. Lenses contained 90% of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and 83-89% of total monohydroxy fatty acids by 12 hours. Retention correlated with polarity of lipid mediators and lipophilic properties of silicone hydrogel lenses. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediators such as lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-derived eicosanoids were present in tears and worn lenses from rats. Worn silicone hydrogel lenses from human subjects established robust and lens-type specific lipidomes with high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipoxygenase-pathway markers and subject-specific differences in lipoxin A4 and leukotriene B4. CONCLUSION Worn silicone hydrogel lenses rapidly retain and accumulate tear polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid mediators. Marked subject and lens type differences in the lipidome may document changes in ocular surface physiology, cell activation or infection that are associated with lens wear. If contact lens discomfort and adverse events induce specific tear and lens fatty acid and lipid mediator profiles warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Gronert
- Vision Science Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Arnav Modi
- Vision Science Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kaleb Asfaha
- Vision Science Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Chen
- Vision Science Program, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, Infectious Disease and Immunity Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Dow
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Scott Joslin
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mike Chemaly
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Zohra Fadli
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Leilani Sonoda
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Bailin Liang
- Advance Science and Technology, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Azbukina NV, Chistyakov DV, Goriainov SV, Kotelin VI, Fedoseeva EV, Petrov SY, Sergeeva MG, Iomdina EN, Zernii EY. Targeted Lipidomic Analysis of Aqueous Humor Reveals Signaling Lipid-Mediated Pathways in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070658. [PMID: 34356513 PMCID: PMC8301454 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Analysis of the eye liquids collected from a cohort of primary open-angle glaucoma patients identified signaling lipids, the pattern of which suggests a role of arachidonic acid/platelet activating-factor (PAF)-dependent pathways and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of the disease and provides novel targets for its diagnostics and treatment. Abstract Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is characterized by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells associated with an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) due to hindered aqueous humor (AH) drainage through the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral pathway. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxylipins are signaling lipids regulating neuroinflammation, neuronal survival and AH outflow. Among them, prostaglandins have been previously implicated in glaucoma and employed for its treatment. This study addressed the role of signaling lipids in glaucoma by determining their changes in AH accompanying IOP growth and progression of the disease. Eye liquids were collected from patients with POAG of different stages and cataract patients without glaucoma. Lipids were identified and quantified by UPLC-MS/MS. The compounds discriminating glaucoma groups were recognized using ANCOVA and PLS-DA statistic approaches and their biosynthetic pathways were predicted by bioinformatics. Among 22 signaling lipids identified in AH, stage/IOP-dependent alterations in glaucoma were provided by a small set of mediators, including 12,13-DiHOME, 9- and 13-HODE/KODE, arachidonic acid and lyso-PAF. These observations correlated with the expression of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) and phospholipases A2 in the ocular tissues. Interestingly, tear fluid exhibited similar lipidomic alterations in POAG. Overall, POAG may involve arachidonic acid/PAF-dependent pathways and oxidative stress as evidenced from an increase in its markers, KODEs and 12,13-DiHOME. The latter is a product of CYPs, one of which, CYP1B1, is known as POAG and primary congenital glaucoma-associated gene. These data provide novel targets for glaucoma treatment. Oxylipin content of tear fluid may have diagnostic value in POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda V. Azbukina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow Lomonosov State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry V. Chistyakov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (D.V.C.); (E.Y.Z.); Tel.: +7-9030011751 (E.Y.Z.)
| | | | - Vladislav I. Kotelin
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, 105062 Moscow, Russia; (V.I.K.); (E.V.F.); (S.Y.P.); (E.N.I.)
| | - Elena V. Fedoseeva
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, 105062 Moscow, Russia; (V.I.K.); (E.V.F.); (S.Y.P.); (E.N.I.)
| | - Sergey Yu. Petrov
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, 105062 Moscow, Russia; (V.I.K.); (E.V.F.); (S.Y.P.); (E.N.I.)
| | - Marina G. Sergeeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena N. Iomdina
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, 105062 Moscow, Russia; (V.I.K.); (E.V.F.); (S.Y.P.); (E.N.I.)
| | - Evgeni Yu. Zernii
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (D.V.C.); (E.Y.Z.); Tel.: +7-9030011751 (E.Y.Z.)
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Rhee SY, Jung ES, Suh DH, Jeong SJ, Kim K, Chon S, Yu SY, Woo JT, Lee CH. Plasma amino acids and oxylipins as potential multi-biomarkers for predicting diabetic macular edema. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9727. [PMID: 33958610 PMCID: PMC8102569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the pathophysiologic characteristics of diabetic complications, we identified differences in plasma metabolites in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with or without diabetic macular edema (DME) and a disease duration > 15 years. An cohort of older T2DM patients with prolonged disease duration was established, and clinical information and biospecimens were collected following the guidelines of the National Biobank of Korea. DME phenotypes were identified by ophthalmologic specialists. For metabolomics studies, propensity matched case and control samples were selected. To discover multi-biomarkers in plasma, non-targeted metabolite profiling and oxylipin profiling in the discovery cohort were validated in an extended cohort. From metabolomic studies, 5 amino acids (asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, cysteine, and lysine), 2 organic compounds (citric acid and uric acid) and 4 oxylipins (12-oxoETE, 15-oxoETE, 9-oxoODE, 20-carboxy leukotriene B4) were identified as candidate multi-biomarkers which can guide DME diagnosis among non-DME subjects. Receiver operating characteristic curves revealed high diagnostic value of the combined 5 amino acids and 2 organic compounds (AUC = 0.918), and of the 4 combined oxylipins (AUC = 0.957). Our study suggests that multi-biomarkers may be useful for predicting DME in older T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Youl Rhee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sung Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Suh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Jeong
- Statistics Support Department, Kyung Hee University Medical Center Medical Science Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Chon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Young Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Taek Woo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Inflammation in Dry Eye Syndrome: Identification and Targeting of Oxylipin-Mediated Mechanisms. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090344. [PMID: 32932827 PMCID: PMC7555241 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye syndrome (DES) is characterized by decreased tear production and stability, leading to desiccating stress, inflammation and corneal damage. DES treatment may involve targeting the contributing inflammatory pathways mediated by polyunsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives, oxylipins. Here, using an animal model of general anesthesia-induced DES, we addressed these pathways by characterizing inflammatory changes in tear lipidome, in correlation with pathophysiological and biochemical signs of the disease. The decline in tear production was associated with the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the corneal stroma, which manifested one to three days after anesthesia, accompanied by changes in tear antioxidants and cytokines, resulting in persistent damage to the corneal epithelium. The inflammatory response manifested in the tear fluid as a short-term increase in linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid-derived oxylipins, followed by elevation in arachidonic acid and its derivatives, leukotriene B4 (5-lipoxigenase product), 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-lipoxigeanse product) and prostaglandins, D2, E2 and F2α (cyclooxygenase products) that was observed for up to 7 days. Given these data, DES was treated by a novel ophthalmic formulation containing a dimethyl sulfoxide-based solution of zileuton, an inhibitor of 5-lipoxigenase and arachidonic acid release. The therapy markedly improved the corneal state in DES by attenuating cytokine- and oxylipin-mediated inflammatory responses, without affecting tear production rates. Interestingly, the high efficacy of the proposed therapy resulted from the synergetic action of its components, namely, the general healing activity of dimethyl sulfoxide, suppressing prostaglandins and the more specific effect of zileuton, downregulating leukotriene B4 (inhibition of T-cell recruitment), as well as upregulating docosahexaenoic acid (activation of resolution pathways).
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Azbukina NV, Lopachev AV, Chistyakov DV, Goriainov SV, Astakhova AA, Poleshuk VV, Kazanskaya RB, Fedorova TN, Sergeeva MG. Oxylipin Profiles in Plasma of Patients with Wilson's Disease. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10060222. [PMID: 32485807 PMCID: PMC7345781 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilson’s disease (WD) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder resulting from mutations in the copper-transporting, P-type ATPase gene ATP7B gene, but influences of epigenetics, environment, age, and sex-related factors on the WD phenotype complicate diagnosis and clinical manifestations. Oxylipins, derivatives of omega-3, and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are signaling mediators that are deeply involved in innate immunity responses; the regulation of inflammatory responses, including acute and chronic inflammation; and other disturbances related to any system diseases. Therefore, oxylipin profile tests are attractive for the diagnosis of WD. With UPLC-MS/MS lipidomics analysis, we detected 43 oxylipins in the plasma profiles of 39 patients with various clinical manifestations of WD compared with 16 healthy controls (HCs). Analyzing the similarity matrix of oxylipin profiles allowed us to cluster patients into three groups. Analysis of the data by VolcanoPlot and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed that eight oxylipins and lipids stand for the variance between WD and HCs: eicosapentaenoic acid EPA, oleoylethanolamide OEA, octadecadienoic acids 9-HODE, 9-KODE, 12-hydroxyheptadecatrenoic acid 12-HHT, prostaglandins PGD2, PGE2, and 14,15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids 14,15-DHET. The compounds indicate the involvement of oxidative stress damage, inflammatory processes, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathways in this disease. The data reveal novel possible therapeutic targets and intervention strategies for treating WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda V. Azbukina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow Lomonosov State University, Moscow 119234, Russia;
| | - Alexander V. Lopachev
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental neurochemistry, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow 125367, Russia;
| | - Dmitry V. Chistyakov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia;
- Correspondence: (D.V.C.); (T.N.F.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Sergei V. Goriainov
- SREC PFUR Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia;
| | - Alina A. Astakhova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia;
| | | | - Rogneda B. Kazanskaya
- Biological Department, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St Petersburg 199034, Russia;
| | - Tatiana N. Fedorova
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental neurochemistry, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow 125367, Russia;
- Correspondence: (D.V.C.); (T.N.F.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Marina G. Sergeeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia;
- Correspondence: (D.V.C.); (T.N.F.); (M.G.S.)
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