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den Boer JA, de Vries EJ, Borra RJ, Waarde AV, Lammertsma AA, Dierckx RA. Role of Brain Imaging in Drug Development for Psychiatry. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol 2022; 17:46-71. [DOI: 10.2174/1574884716666210322143458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Over the last decades, many brain imaging studies have contributed to
new insights in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disease. However, in spite of these developments,
progress in the development of novel therapeutic drugs for prevalent psychiatric health conditions
has been limited.
Objective:
In this review, we discuss translational, diagnostic and methodological issues that have
hampered drug development in CNS disorders with a particular focus on psychiatry. The role of
preclinical models is critically reviewed and opportunities for brain imaging in early stages of drug
development using PET and fMRI are discussed. The role of PET and fMRI in drug development
is reviewed emphasizing the need to engage in collaborations between industry, academia and
phase I units.
Conclusion:
Brain imaging technology has revolutionized the study of psychiatric illnesses, and
during the last decade, neuroimaging has provided valuable insights at different levels of analysis
and brain organization, such as effective connectivity (anatomical), functional connectivity patterns
and neurochemical information that may support both preclinical and clinical drug development.
Since there is no unifying pathophysiological theory of individual psychiatric syndromes and since
many symptoms cut across diagnostic boundaries, a new theoretical framework has been proposed
that may help in defining new targets for treatment and thus enhance drug development in CNS diseases.
In addition, it is argued that new proposals for data-mining and mathematical modelling as
well as freely available databanks for neural network and neurochemical models of rodents combined
with revised psychiatric classification will lead to new validated targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik J.F. de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ronald J.H. Borra
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A. Lammertsma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rudi A. Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Majkowska-Pilip A, Halik PK, Gniazdowska E. The Significance of NK1 Receptor Ligands and Their Application in Targeted Radionuclide Tumour Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E443. [PMID: 31480582 PMCID: PMC6781293 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, our understanding of the Substance P (SP) and neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) system shows intricate relations between human physiology and disease occurrence or progression. Within the oncological field, overexpression of NK1R and this SP/NK1R system have been implicated in cancer cell progression and poor overall prognosis. This review focuses on providing an update on the current state of knowledge around the wide spectrum of NK1R ligands and applications of radioligands as radiopharmaceuticals. In this review, data concerning both the chemical and biological aspects of peptide and nonpeptide ligands as agonists or antagonists in classical and nuclear medicine, are presented and discussed. However, the research presented here is primarily focused on NK1R nonpeptide antagonistic ligands and the potential application of SP/NK1R system in targeted radionuclide tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Majkowska-Pilip
- Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł Krzysztof Halik
- Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Gniazdowska
- Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
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Pekošak A, Bulc JŽ, Korat Š, Schuit RC, Kooijman E, Vos R, Rongen M, Verlaan M, Takkenkamp K, Beaino W, Poot AJ, Windhorst AD. Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of the First Carbon-11 Labeled PET Tracers Targeting Substance P 1-7. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4872-4883. [PMID: 30335399 PMCID: PMC6220361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
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Two
potent SP1–7 peptidomimetics have been successfully
radiolabeled via [11C]CO2-fixation with excellent
yields, purity, and molar activity. l-[11C]SP1–7-peptidomimetic exhibited promising ex vivo biodistribution profile. Metabolite analysis showed that l-[11C]SP1–7-peptidomimetic is stable
in brain and spinal cord, whereas rapid metabolic degradation occurs
in rat plasma. Metabolic stability can be significantly improved by
substituting l-Phe for d-Phe, preserving 70% more
of intact tracer and resulting in better brain and spinal cord tracer
retention. Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning confirmed moderate
brain (1.5 SUV; peak at 3 min) and spinal cord (1.0 SUV; peak at 10
min) uptake for l- and d-[11C]SP1–7-peptidomimetic. A slight decrease in SUV value was
observed after pretreatment with natural peptide SP1–7 in spinal cord for l-[11C]SP1–7-peptidomimetic. On the contrary, blocking using cold analogues of l- and d-[11C]tracers did not reduce the
tracers’ brain and spinal cord exposure. In summary, PET scanning
of l- and d-[11C]SP1–7-peptidomimetics confirms rapid blood–brain barrier and blood–spinal-cord
barrier penetration. Therefore, further validation of these two tracers
targeting SP1–7 is needed in order to define a new
PET imaging target and select its most appropriate radiopharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Pekošak
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , VU University Medical Center , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Janez Ž Bulc
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , VU University Medical Center , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Špela Korat
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , VU University Medical Center , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , VU University Medical Center , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kooijman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , VU University Medical Center , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Vos
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , VU University Medical Center , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Marissa Rongen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , VU University Medical Center , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Mariska Verlaan
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , VU University Medical Center , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Takkenkamp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , VU University Medical Center , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wissam Beaino
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , VU University Medical Center , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Alex J Poot
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , VU University Medical Center , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , VU University Medical Center , 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Spinelli T, Calcagnile S, Giuliano C, Rossi G, Lanzarotti C, Mair S, Stevens L, Nisbet I. Netupitant PET imaging and ADME studies in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 54:97-108. [PMID: 24122871 PMCID: PMC4282341 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Netupitant is a new, selective NK1 receptor antagonist under development for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the brain receptor occupancy (RO) and disposition (ADME) of netupitant in humans. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the NK1 receptor-binding-selective tracer [(11) C]-GR205171 was used to evaluate the brain penetration of different doses of netupitant (100, 300, and 450 mg) and to determine the NK1 -RO duration. A NK1 -RO of 90% or higher was achieved with all doses in the majority of the tested brain regions at Cmax, with a long duration of RO. The netupitant minimal plasma concentration predicted to achieve a NK1 -RO of 90%, C90% , in the striatum was 225 ng/mL; after administration of netupitant 300 mg, concentrations exceeded the C90% . In the ADME study, a single nominal dose of [(14) C]-netupitant 300 mg was used to assess its disposition. Absorption was rapid and netupitant was extensively metabolized via Phase I and II hepatic metabolism. Elimination of >90% was predicted at day 29 and was principally via hepatic/biliary route (>85%) with a minor contribution of the renal route (<5%). In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that netupitant is a potent agent targeting NK1 receptors with long lasting RO. In addition, netupitant is extensively metabolized and is mainly eliminated through the hepatic/biliary route and to a lesser extent via the kidneys.
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