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Feng Y, Pannem S, Hodge S, Rounds C, Tichauer KM, Paulsen KD, Samkoe KS. Quantitative pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies for fluorescent imaging agents. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:1861-1877. [PMID: 38495714 PMCID: PMC10942698 DOI: 10.1364/boe.504878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies are essential for characterizing fluorescent agents in vivo. However, few simple methods based on fluorescence imaging are available that account for tissue optical properties and sample volume differences. We describe a method for simultaneously quantifying mean fluorescence intensity of whole blood and homogenized tissues in glass capillary tubes for two fluorescent agents, ABY-029 and IRDye 680LT, using wide-field imaging and tissue-specific calibration curves. All calibration curves demonstrated a high degree of linearity with mean R2 = 0.99 ± 0.01 and RMSE = 0.12 ± 0.04. However, differences between linear regressions indicate that tissue-specific calibration curves are required for accurate concentration recovery. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for all samples tested was determined to be < 0.3 nM for ABY-029 and < 0.4 nM for IRDye 680LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Feng
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Sanjana Pannem
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 15 Thayer Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Sassan Hodge
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 15 Thayer Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Cody Rounds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 West 35 Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Tichauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 West 35 Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 15 Thayer Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Kimberley S. Samkoe
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 15 Thayer Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Sadeghipour N, Rangnekar A, Folaron MR, Strawbridge RR, Samkoe KS, Davis SC, Tichauer KM. Prediction of optimal contrast times post-imaging agent administration to inform personalized fluorescence-guided surgery. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:JBO-200182RR. [PMID: 33200596 PMCID: PMC7667427 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.11.116005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Fluorescence guidance in cancer surgery (FGS) using molecular-targeted contrast agents is accelerating, yet the influence of individual patients' physiology on the optimal time to perform surgery post-agent-injection is not fully understood. AIM Develop a mathematical framework and analytical expressions to estimate patient-specific time-to-maximum contrast after imaging agent administration for single- and paired-agent (coadministration of targeted and control agents) protocols. APPROACH The framework was validated in mouse subcutaneous xenograft studies for three classes of imaging agents: peptide, antibody mimetic, and antibody. Analytical expressions estimating time-to-maximum-tumor-discrimination potential were evaluated over a range of parameters using the validated framework for human cancer parameters. RESULTS Correlations were observed between simulations and matched experiments and metrics of tumor discrimination potential (p < 0.05). Based on human cancer physiology, times-to-maximum contrast for peptide and antibody mimetic agents were <200 min, >15 h for antibodies, on average. The analytical estimates of time-to-maximum tumor discrimination performance exhibited errors of <10 % on average, whereas patient-to-patient variance is expected to be greater than 100%. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that analytical estimates of time-to-maximum contrast in FGS carried out patient-to-patient can outperform the population average time-to-maximum contrast used currently in clinical trials. Such estimates can be made with preoperative DCE-MRI (or similar) and knowledge of the targeted agent's binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Sadeghipour
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Palo Alto, California, United States
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Aakanksha Rangnekar
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Margaret R. Folaron
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School for Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | | | - Kimberley S. Samkoe
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School for Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School for Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Kenneth M. Tichauer
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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3
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Samkoe KS, Sardar HS, Bates BD, Tselepidakis NN, Gunn JR, Hoffer-Hawlik KA, Feldwisch J, Pogue BW, Paulsen KD, Henderson ER. Preclinical imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor with ABY-029 in soft-tissue sarcoma for fluorescence-guided surgery and tumor detection. J Surg Oncol 2019; 119:1077-1086. [PMID: 30950072 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Fluorescence-guided surgery using epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting has been performed successfully in clinical trials using a variety of fluorescent agents. We investigate ABY-029 (anti-EGFR Affibody® molecule labeled with IRDye 800CW) compared with a small-molecule perfusion agent, IRDye 700DX carboxylate, in a panel of soft-tissue sarcomas with varying levels of EGFR expression and vascularization. METHODS Five xenograft soft-tissue sarcoma cell lines were implanted into immunosuppressed mice. ABY-029 and IRDye 700DX were each administered at 4.98 μM. Fluorescence from in vivo and ex vivo (fresh and formalin-fixed) fixed tissues were compared. The performance of three fluorescence imaging systems was assessed for ex vivo tissues. RESULTS ABY-029 is retained longer within tumor tissue and achieves higher tumor-to-background ratios both in vivo and ex vivo than IRDye 700DX. ABY-029 fluorescence is less susceptible to formalin fixation than IRDye 700DX, but both agents have disproportional signal loss in a variety of tissues. The Pearl Impulse provides the highest contrast-to-noise ratio, but all systems have individual advantages. CONCLUSIONS ABY-029 demonstrates promise to assist in wide local excision of soft-tissue sarcomas. Further clinical evaluation of in situ or freshly excised ex vivo tissues using fluorescence imaging systems is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley S Samkoe
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Hira S Sardar
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Brent D Bates
- Department of Orthaepedics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | | | - Jason R Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | | | | | - Brian W Pogue
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Keith D Paulsen
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Eric R Henderson
- Department of Orthaepedics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Department of Orthopaedics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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Samkoe KS, Park Y, Marra K, Chen EY, Tichauer KM. Paired-agent imaging for detection of head and neck cancers. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 10853. [PMID: 31686720 DOI: 10.1117/12.2510897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancers overwhelmingly overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This overexpression has been utilized for head and neck cancers using molecular targeted agents for therapy and cancer cell detection. Significant progress has been made in using EGFR-targeted fluorescent antibody and Affibody molecule agents for fluorescent guided surgery in head and neck cancers. Although success in achieving tumor-to-background ratio of 3-5 have been achieved, the field is limited by the non-specific fluorescence in normal tissues as well as EGFR specific fluorescence in the oral cavity. We propose that paired-agent imaging (PAI) could improve the contrast between tumor and normal tissue by removing the fluorescent signal arising from non-specific binding. Here, ABY-029 - an anti-EGFR Affibody molecule labeled with IRDye 800CW - and IRDye 680RD conjugated to Affibody Control Imaging Agent molecule (IR680-Affctrl) are used as targeted and untargeted control agents, respectively, in a panel of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) to test the ability of PAI to increase tumor detection. Initial results demonstrate that binding potential, a value proportional to receptor concentration, correlates well to EGFR expression but experimental limitations prevented pixel-by-pixel analysis that was desired. Although promising, a more rigorous and well-defined experimental protocol is required to align ex vivo EGFR immunohistochemistry with in vivo binding potential and fluorescence intensity. Additionally, a new set of paired-agents, ABY-029 and IRDye 700DX, are successfully tested in naïve mice and will be carried forward for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley S Samkoe
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755.,Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, NH, 03756
| | | | - Kayla Marra
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03755
| | - Eunice Y Chen
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Kenneth M Tichauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, llinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, 60616
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Sadeghipour N, Davis SC, Tichauer KM. Correcting for targeted and control agent signal differences in paired-agent molecular imaging of cancer cell-surface receptors. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-11. [PMID: 29931837 PMCID: PMC6013418 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.6.066004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Paired-agent kinetic modeling protocols provide one means of estimating cancer cell-surface receptors with in vivo molecular imaging. The protocols employ the coadministration of a control imaging agent with one or more targeted imaging agent to account for the nonspecific uptake and retention of the targeted agent. These methods require the targeted and control agent data be converted to equivalent units of concentration, typically requiring specialized equipment and calibration, and/or complex algorithms that raise the barrier to adoption. This work evaluates a kinetic model capable of correcting for targeted and control agent signal differences. This approach was compared with an existing simplified paired-agent model (SPAM), and modified SPAM that accounts for signal differences by early time point normalization of targeted and control signals (SPAMPN). The scaling factor model (SPAMSF) outperformed both SPAM and SPAMPN in terms of accuracy and precision when the scale differences between targeted and imaging agent signals (α) were not equal to 1, and it matched the performance of SPAM for α = 1. This model could have wide-reaching implications for quantitative cancer receptor imaging using any imaging modalities, or combinations of imaging modalities, capable of concurrent detection of at least two distinct imaging agents (e.g., SPECT, optical, and PET/MR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Sadeghipour
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Biomedical Engineering, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Kenneth M. Tichauer
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Biomedical Engineering, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Kenneth M. Tichauer, E-mail:
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Dai Y, Chen X, Yin J, Wang G, Wang B, Zhan Y, Nie Y, Wu K, Liang J. Investigation of the influence of sampling schemes on quantitative dynamic fluorescence imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1859-1870. [PMID: 29675325 PMCID: PMC5905930 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic optical data from a series of sampling intervals can be used for quantitative analysis to obtain meaningful kinetic parameters of probe in vivo. The sampling schemes may affect the quantification results of dynamic fluorescence imaging. Here, we investigate the influence of different sampling schemes on the quantification of binding potential (BP) with theoretically simulated and experimentally measured data. Three groups of sampling schemes are investigated including the sampling starting point, sampling sparsity, and sampling uniformity. In the investigation of the influence of the sampling starting point, we further summarize two cases by considering the missing timing sequence between the probe injection and sampling starting time. Results show that the mean value of BP exhibits an obvious growth trend with an increase in the delay of the sampling starting point, and has a strong correlation with the sampling sparsity. The growth trend is much more obvious if throwing the missing timing sequence. The standard deviation of BP is inversely related to the sampling sparsity, and independent of the sampling uniformity and the delay of sampling starting time. Moreover, the mean value of BP obtained by uniform sampling is significantly higher than that by using the non-uniform sampling. Our results collectively suggest that a suitable sampling scheme can help compartmental modeling of dynamic fluorescence imaging provide more accurate results and simpler operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xueli Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jipeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Yonghua Zhan
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jimin Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
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7
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Samkoe KS, Bates BD, Tselepidakis NN, DSouza AV, Gunn JR, Ramkumar DB, Paulsen KD, Pogue BW, Henderson ER. Development and evaluation of a connective tissue phantom model for subsurface visualization of cancers requiring wide local excision. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-12. [PMID: 29274143 PMCID: PMC5741805 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.12.121613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Wide local excision (WLE) of tumors with negative margins remains a challenge because surgeons cannot directly visualize the mass. Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) may improve surgical accuracy; however, conventional methods with direct surface tumor visualization are not immediately applicable, and properties of tissues surrounding the cancer must be considered. We developed a phantom model for sarcoma resection with the near-infrared fluorophore IRDye 800CW and used it to iteratively define the properties of connective tissues that typically surround sarcoma tumors. We then tested the ability of a blinded surgeon to resect fluorescent tumor-simulating inclusions with ∼1-cm margins using predetermined target fluorescence intensities and a Solaris open-air fluorescence imaging system. In connective tissue-simulating phantoms, fluorescence intensity decreased with increasing blood concentration and increased with increasing intralipid concentrations. Fluorescent inclusions could be resolved at ≥1-cm depth in all inclusion concentrations and sizes tested. When inclusion depth was held constant, fluorescence intensity decreased with decreasing volume. Using targeted fluorescence intensities, a blinded surgeon was able to successfully excise inclusions with ∼1-cm margins from fat- and muscle-simulating phantoms with inclusion-to-background contrast ratios as low as 2∶1. Indirect, subsurface FGS is a promising tool for surgical resection of cancers requiring WLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley S. Samkoe
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Kimberley S. Samkoe, E-mail:
| | - Brent D. Bates
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Niki N. Tselepidakis
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Alisha V. DSouza
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Jason R. Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Dipak B. Ramkumar
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Eric R. Henderson
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
- White River Junction VAMC, White River Junction, Vermont, United States
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Sadeghipour N, Davis SC, Tichauer KM. Generalized paired-agent kinetic model for in vivo quantification of cancer cell-surface receptors under receptor saturation conditions. Phys Med Biol 2016; 62:394-414. [PMID: 27997381 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/62/2/394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
New precision medicine drugs oftentimes act through binding to specific cell-surface cancer receptors, and thus their efficacy is highly dependent on the availability of those receptors and the receptor concentration per cell. Paired-agent molecular imaging can provide quantitative information on receptor status in vivo, especially in tumor tissue; however, to date, published approaches to paired-agent quantitative imaging require that only 'trace' levels of imaging agent exist compared to receptor concentration. This strict requirement may limit applicability, particularly in drug binding studies, which seek to report on a biological effect in response to saturating receptors with a drug moiety. To extend the regime over which paired-agent imaging may be used, this work presents a generalized simplified reference tissue model (GSRTM) for paired-agent imaging developed to approximate receptor concentration in both non-receptor-saturated and receptor-saturated conditions. Extensive simulation studies show that tumor receptor concentration estimates recovered using the GSRTM are more accurate in receptor-saturation conditions than the standard simple reference tissue model (SRTM) (% error (mean ± sd): GSRTM 0 ± 1 and SRTM 50 ± 1) and match the SRTM accuracy in non-saturated conditions (% error (mean ± sd): GSRTM 5 ± 5 and SRTM 0 ± 5). To further test the approach, GSRTM-estimated receptor concentration was compared to SRTM-estimated values extracted from tumor xenograft in vivo mouse model data. The GSRTM estimates were observed to deviate from the SRTM in tumors with low receptor saturation (which are likely in a saturated regime). Finally, a general 'rule-of-thumb' algorithm is presented to estimate the expected level of receptor saturation that would be achieved in a given tissue provided dose and pharmacokinetic information about the drug or imaging agent being used, and physiological information about the tissue. These studies suggest that the GSRTM is necessary when receptor saturation exceeds 20% and highlight the potential for GSRTM to accurately measure receptor concentrations under saturation conditions, such as might be required during high dose drug studies, or for imaging applications where high concentrations of imaging agent are required to optimize signal-to-noise conditions. This model can also be applied to PET and SPECT imaging studies that tend to suffer from noisier data, but require one less parameter to fit if images are converted to imaging agent concentration (quantitative PET/SPECT).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sadeghipour
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
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9
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Elliott JT, Samkoe KS, Davis SC, Gunn JR, Paulsen KD, Roberts DW, Pogue BW. Image-derived arterial input function for quantitative fluorescence imaging of receptor-drug binding in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:282-95. [PMID: 26349671 PMCID: PMC5313240 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Receptor concentration imaging (RCI) with targeted-untargeted optical dye pairs has enabled in vivo immunohistochemistry analysis in preclinical subcutaneous tumors. Successful application of RCI to fluorescence guided resection (FGR), so that quantitative molecular imaging of tumor-specific receptors could be performed in situ, would have a high impact. However, assumptions of pharmacokinetics, permeability and retention, as well as the lack of a suitable reference region limit the potential for RCI in human neurosurgery. In this study, an arterial input graphic analysis (AIGA) method is presented which is enabled by independent component analysis (ICA). The percent difference in arterial concentration between the image-derived arterial input function (AIFICA ) and that obtained by an invasive method (ICACAR ) was 2.0 ± 2.7% during the first hour of circulation of a targeted-untargeted dye pair in mice. Estimates of distribution volume and receptor concentration in tumor bearing mice (n = 5) recovered using the AIGA technique did not differ significantly from values obtained using invasive AIF measurements (p = 0.12). The AIGA method, enabled by the subject-specific AIFICA , was also applied in a rat orthotopic model of U-251 glioblastoma to obtain the first reported receptor concentration and distribution volume maps during open craniotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Elliott
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Kimberley S Samkoe
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Scott C Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Jason R Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Keith D Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - David W Roberts
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
- Section of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
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10
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Elliott JT, Dsouza AV, Davis SC, Olson JD, Paulsen KD, Roberts DW, Pogue BW. Review of fluorescence guided surgery visualization and overlay techniques. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3765-82. [PMID: 26504628 PMCID: PMC4605037 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In fluorescence guided surgery, data visualization represents a critical step between signal capture and display needed for clinical decisions informed by that signal. The diversity of methods for displaying surgical images are reviewed, and a particular focus is placed on electronically detected and visualized signals, as required for near-infrared or low concentration tracers. Factors driving the choices such as human perception, the need for rapid decision making in a surgical environment, and biases induced by display choices are outlined. Five practical suggestions are outlined for optimal display orientation, color map, transparency/alpha function, dynamic range compression, and color perception check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T. Elliott
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Alisha V. Dsouza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Olson
- Neurosurgery Section, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - David W. Roberts
- Neurosurgery Section, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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11
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Tichauer KM, Wang Y, Pogue BW, Liu JTC. Quantitative in vivo cell-surface receptor imaging in oncology: kinetic modeling and paired-agent principles from nuclear medicine and optical imaging. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:R239-69. [PMID: 26134619 PMCID: PMC4522156 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/14/r239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of methods to accurately quantify cell-surface receptors in living tissues would have a seminal impact in oncology. For example, accurate measures of receptor density in vivo could enhance early detection or surgical resection of tumors via protein-based contrast, allowing removal of cancer with high phenotype specificity. Alternatively, accurate receptor expression estimation could be used as a biomarker to guide patient-specific clinical oncology targeting of the same molecular pathway. Unfortunately, conventional molecular contrast-based imaging approaches are not well adapted to accurately estimating the nanomolar-level cell-surface receptor concentrations in tumors, as most images are dominated by nonspecific sources of contrast such as high vascular permeability and lymphatic inhibition. This article reviews approaches for overcoming these limitations based upon tracer kinetic modeling and the use of emerging protocols to estimate binding potential and the related receptor concentration. Methods such as using single time point imaging or a reference-tissue approach tend to have low accuracy in tumors, whereas paired-agent methods or advanced kinetic analyses are more promising to eliminate the dominance of interstitial space in the signals. Nuclear medicine and optical molecular imaging are the primary modalities used, as they have the nanomolar level sensitivity needed to quantify cell-surface receptor concentrations present in tissue, although each likely has a different clinical niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Tichauer
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago IL 60616, USA
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12
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Direct characterization of arterial input functions by fluorescence imaging of exposed carotid artery to facilitate kinetic analysis. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 16:488-94. [PMID: 24420443 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0715-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE With the goal of facilitating tracer kinetic analysis in small-animal planar fluorescence imaging, an experimental method for characterizing tracer arterial input functions is presented. The proposed method involves exposing the common carotid arteries by surgical dissection, which can then be imaged directly during tracer injection and clearance. PROCEDURES Arterial concentration curves of IRDye-700DX-carboxylate, IRDye-800CW-EGF, and IRDye-800CW conjugated to anti-EGFR Affibody are recovered from athymic female mice (n = 12) by directly imaging exposed vessels. Images were acquired with two imaging protocols: a slow-kinetics approach (temporal resolution = 45 s) to recover the arterial curves from two tracers simultaneously, and a fast-kinetics approach (temporal resolution = 500 ms) to characterize the first-pass peak of a single tracer. Arterial input functions obtained by the carotid imaging technique, as well as plasma curves measured by blood sampling were fit with a biexponential pharmacokinetic model. RESULTS Pharmacological fast- and slow-phase rate constants recovered with the proposed method were 0.37 ± 0.26 and 0.007 ± 0.001 min(-1), respectively, for the IRDye700DX-C. For the IRDye800CW-EGF, the rate constants were 0.11 ± 0.13 and 0.003 ± 0.002 min(-1). These rate constants did not differ significantly from those calculated previously by blood sampling, as determined by an F test; however, the between-subject variability was four times lower for arterial curves recovered using the proposed technique, compared with blood sampling. CONCLUSIONS The proposed technique enables the direct characterization of arterial input functions for kinetic analysis. As this method requires no additional instrumentation, it is immediately deployable in commercially available planar fluorescence imaging systems.
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Holt RW, Demers JLH, Sexton KJ, Gunn JR, Davis SC, Samkoe KS, Pogue BW. Tomography of epidermal growth factor receptor binding to fluorescent Affibody in vivo studied with magnetic resonance guided fluorescence recovery in varying orthotopic glioma sizes. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:26001. [PMID: 25652703 PMCID: PMC4317247 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.2.026001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability to image targeted tracer binding to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was studied in vivo in orthotopically grown glioma tumors of different sizes. The binding potential was quantified using a dual-tracer approach, which employs a fluorescently labeled peptide targeted to EGFR and a reference tracer with similar pharmacokinetic properties but no specific binding, to estimate the relative bound fraction from kinetic compartment modeling. The recovered values of binding potential did not vary significantly as a function of tumor size (1 to 33 mm3), suggesting that binding potential may be consistent in the U251 tumors regardless of size or stage after implantation. However, the fluorescence yield of the targeted fluorescent tracers in the tumor was affected significantly by tumor size, suggesting that dual-tracer imaging helps account for variations in absolute uptake, which plague single-tracer imaging techniques. Ex vivo analysis showed relatively high spatial heterogeneity in each tumor that cannot be resolved by tomographic techniques. Nonetheless, the dual-tracer tomographic technique is a powerful tool for longitudinal bulk estimation of receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Holt
- Dartmouth College, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jennifer-Lynn H. Demers
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Kristian J. Sexton
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jason R. Gunn
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Kimberley S. Samkoe
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Surgery, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Surgery, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Brian W. Pogue, E-mail:
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Microscopic lymph node tumor burden quantified by macroscopic dual-tracer molecular imaging. Nat Med 2014; 20:1348-53. [PMID: 25344739 PMCID: PMC4224611 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node biopsy (LNB) is employed in many cancer surgeries to identify metastatic disease and stage the cancer, yet morbidity and diagnostic delays associated with LNB could be avoided if non-invasive imaging of nodal involvement was reliable. Molecular imaging has potential in this regard; however, variable delivery and nonspecific uptake of imaging tracers has made conventional approaches ineffective clinically. A method of correcting for non-specific uptake with injection of a second untargeted tracer is presented, allowing tumor burden in lymph nodes to be quantified. The approach was confirmed in an athymic mouse model of metastatic human breast cancer targeting epidermal growth factor receptor, a cell surface receptor overexpressed by many cancers. A significant correlation was observed between in vivo (dual-tracer) and ex vivo measures of tumor burden (r = 0.97, p < 0.01), with an ultimate sensitivity of approximately 200 cells (potentially more sensitive than conventional LNB).
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15
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Kanick SC, Tichauer KM, Gunn J, Samkoe KS, Pogue BW. Pixel-based absorption correction for dual-tracer fluorescence imaging of receptor binding potential. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:3280-91. [PMID: 25360349 PMCID: PMC4206301 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ratiometric approaches to quantifying molecular concentrations have been used for decades in microscopy, but have rarely been exploited in vivo until recently. One dual-tracer approach can utilize an untargeted reference tracer to account for non-specific uptake of a receptor-targeted tracer, and ultimately estimate receptor binding potential quantitatively. However, interpretation of the relative dynamic distribution kinetics is confounded by differences in local tissue absorption at the wavelengths used for each tracer. This study simulated the influence of absorption on fluorescence emission intensity and depth sensitivity at typical near-infrared fluorophore wavelength bands near 700 and 800 nm in mouse skin in order to correct for these tissue optical differences in signal detection. Changes in blood volume [1-3%] and hemoglobin oxygen saturation [0-100%] were demonstrated to introduce substantial distortions to receptor binding estimates (error > 30%), whereas sampled depth was relatively insensitive to wavelength (error < 6%). In response, a pixel-by-pixel normalization of tracer inputs immediately post-injection was found to account for spatial heterogeneities in local absorption properties. Application of the pixel-based normalization method to an in vivo imaging study demonstrated significant improvement, as compared with a reference tissue normalization approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Kanick
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Tichauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago IL 60616, USA
| | - Jason Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Kimberley S. Samkoe
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
- Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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16
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Hamzei N, Samkoe KS, Elliott JT, Holt RW, Gunn JR, Hasan T, Pogue BW, Tichauer KM. Comparison of Kinetic Models for Dual-Tracer Receptor Concentration Imaging in Tumors. AUSTIN JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2014; 1:austinpublishinggroup.com/biomedical-engineering/fulltext/ajbe-v1-id1002.php. [PMID: 25414912 PMCID: PMC4235770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular differences between cancerous and healthy tissue have become key targets for novel therapeutics specific to tumor receptors. However, cancer cell receptor expression can vary within and amongst different tumors, making strategies that can quantify receptor concentration in vivo critical for the progression of targeted therapies. Recently a dual-tracer imaging approach capable of providing quantitative measures of receptor concentration in vivo was developed. It relies on the simultaneous injection and imaging of receptor-targeted tracer and an untargeted tracer (to account for non-specific uptake of the targeted tracer). Early implementations of this approach have been structured on existing "reference tissue" imaging methods that have not been optimized for or validated in dual-tracer imaging. Using simulations and mouse tumor model experimental data, the salient findings in this study were that all widely used reference tissue kinetic models can be used for dual-tracer imaging, with the linearized simplified reference tissue model offering a good balance of accuracy and computational efficiency. Moreover, an alternate version of the full two-compartment reference tissue model can be employed accurately by assuming that the K1s of the targeted and untargeted tracers are similar to avoid assuming an instantaneous equilibrium between bound and free states (made by all other models).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Hamzei
- Biomedical Engineering Despartment, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago IL 60616, USA
| | - Kimberley S Samkoe
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | | | - Robert W Holt
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Jason R Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photo medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA 02114, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover NH 03755, USA
- Wellman Center for Photo medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA 02114, USA
| | - Kenneth M Tichauer
- Biomedical Engineering Despartment, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago IL 60616, USA
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Dynamic dual-tracer MRI-guided fluorescence tomography to quantify receptor density in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:9025-30. [PMID: 23671066 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213490110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The up-regulation of cell surface receptors has become a central focus in personalized cancer treatment; however, because of the complex nature of contrast agent pharmacokinetics in tumor tissue, methods to quantify receptor binding in vivo remain elusive. Here, we present a dual-tracer optical technique for noninvasive estimation of specific receptor binding in cancer. A multispectral MRI-coupled fluorescence molecular tomography system was used to image the uptake kinetics of two fluorescent tracers injected simultaneously, one tracer targeted to the receptor of interest and the other tracer a nontargeted reference. These dynamic tracer data were then fit to a dual-tracer compartmental model to estimate the density of receptors available for binding in the tissue. Applying this approach to mice with deep-seated gliomas that overexpress the EGF receptor produced an estimate of available receptor density of 2.3 ± 0.5 nM (n = 5), consistent with values estimated in comparative invasive imaging and ex vivo studies.
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18
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Sexton K, Tichauer K, Samkoe KS, Gunn J, Hoopes PJ, Pogue BW. Fluorescent affibody peptide penetration in glioma margin is superior to full antibody. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60390. [PMID: 23593208 PMCID: PMC3625207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Object Fluorescence imaging has the potential to significantly improve neurosurgical resection of oncologic lesions through improved differentiation between normal and cancerous tissue at the tumor margins. In order to successfully mark glioma tissue a fluorescent tracer must have the ability to penetrate through the blood brain barrier (BBB) and provide delineation in the tumor periphery where heterogeneously intact BBB may exist. In this study it was hypothesized that, due to its smaller size, fluorescently labeled anti-EGFR Affibody protein (∼7 kDa) would provide a more clear delineation of the tumor margin than would fluorescently labeled cetuximab, a full antibody (∼150 kDa) to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Methods Cetuximab and anti-EGFR targeted Affibody were conjugated to two different fluorescent dyes (both emitting in the near-infrared) and injected intravenously into 6 athymic mice which were inoculated orthotopically with green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing human U251 glioma cells. Each mouse was sacrificed at 1-h post injection, at which time brains were removed, snap frozen, sectioned and quantitatively analyzed for fluorescence distribution. Results Ex vivo analysis showed on average, nearly equal concentrations of cetuximab and Affibody within the tumor (on average Affibody made up 49±6% of injected protein), however, the cetuximab was more confined to the center of the tumor with Affibody showing significantly higher concentrations at the tumor periphery (on average Affibody made up 72±15% of injected protein in the outer 50 um of the tumor). Further ex vivo analysis of detection studies showed that the Affibody provided superior discrimination for differentiation of tumor from surrounding normal brain. Conclusions The present study indicates that fluorescently labeled anti-EGFR Affibody can provide significantly better delineation of tumor margins than a fluorescently labeled anti-EGFR antibody and shows considerable potential for guiding margin detection during neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Sexton
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
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19
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In vivo quantification of tumor receptor binding potential with dual-reporter molecular imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 14:584-92. [PMID: 22203241 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-011-0534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Receptor availability represents a key component of current cancer management. However, no approaches have been adopted to do this clinically, and the current standard of care is invasive tissue biopsy. A dual-reporter methodology capable of quantifying available receptor binding potential of tumors in vivo within a clinically relevant time scale is presented. PROCEDURES To test the methodology, a fluorescence imaging-based adaptation was validated against ex vivo and in vitro measures of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) binding potential in four tumor lines in mice, each line expected to express a different level of EGFR. RESULTS A strong correlation was observed between in vivo and ex vivo measures of binding potential for all tumor lines (r = 0.99, p < 0.01, slope = 1.80 ± 0.48, and intercept = -0.58 ± 0.84) and between in vivo and in vitro for the three lines expressing the least amount of EGFR (r = 0.99, p < 0.01, slope = 0.64 ± 0.32, and intercept = 0.47 ± 0.51). CONCLUSIONS By providing a fast and robust measure of receptor density in tumors, the presented methodology has powerful implications for improving choices in cancer intervention, evaluation, and monitoring, and can be scaled to the clinic with an imaging modality like SPECT.
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20
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Tichauer KM, Holt RW, El-Ghussein F, Davis SC, Samkoe KS, Gunn JR, Leblond F, Pogue BW. Dual-tracer background subtraction approach for fluorescent molecular tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:16003. [PMID: 23292612 PMCID: PMC3537325 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.1.016003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse fluorescence tomography requires high contrast-to-background ratios to accurately reconstruct inclusions of interest. This is a problem when imaging the uptake of fluorescently labeled molecularly targeted tracers in tissue, which can result in high levels of heterogeneously distributed background uptake. We present a dual-tracer background subtraction approach, wherein signal from the uptake of an untargeted tracer is subtracted from targeted tracer signal prior to image reconstruction, resulting in maps of targeted tracer binding. The approach is demonstrated in simulations, a phantom study, and in a mouse glioma imaging study, demonstrating substantial improvement over conventional and homogenous background subtraction image reconstruction approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M. Tichauer
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Robert W. Holt
- Dartmouth College, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Fadi El-Ghussein
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Kimberley S. Samkoe
- Dartmouth Medical School, Department of Surgery, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
| | - Jason R. Gunn
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Frederic Leblond
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
- ÉcolePolytechnique Montréal, Génie Physique, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
- Dartmouth College, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
- Dartmouth Medical School, Department of Surgery, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
- Address all correspondence to: Brian W. Pogue, Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755. Tel: 603-646-3861; Fax: 603-646-3856; E-mail:
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21
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Parashurama N, O’Sullivan TD, De La Zerda A, El Kalassi P, Cho S, Liu H, Teed R, Levy H, Rosenberg J, Cheng Z, Levi O, Harris JS, Gambhir SS. Continuous sensing of tumor-targeted molecular probes with a vertical cavity surface emitting laser-based biosensor. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:117004. [PMID: 23123976 PMCID: PMC3595658 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.11.117004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Molecular optical imaging is a widespread technique for interrogating molecular events in living subjects. However, current approaches preclude long-term, continuous measurements in awake, mobile subjects, a strategy crucial in several medical conditions. Consequently, we designed a novel, lightweight miniature biosensor for in vivo continuous optical sensing. The biosensor contains an enclosed vertical-cavity surface-emitting semiconductor laser and an adjacent pair of near-infrared optically filtered detectors. We employed two sensors (dual sensing) to simultaneously interrogate normal and diseased tumor sites. Having established the sensors are precise with phantom and in vivo studies, we performed dual, continuous sensing in tumor (human glioblastoma cells) bearing mice using the targeted molecular probe cRGD-Cy5.5, which targets αVβ3 cell surface integrins in both tumor neovasculature and tumor. The sensors capture the dynamic time-activity curve of the targeted molecular probe. The average tumor to background ratio after signal calibration for cRGD-Cy5.5 injection is approximately 2.43±0.95 at 1 h and 3.64±1.38 at 2 h (N=5 mice), consistent with data obtained with a cooled charge coupled device camera. We conclude that our novel, portable, precise biosensor can be used to evaluate both kinetics and steady state levels of molecular probes in various disease applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natesh Parashurama
- Stanford University, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, E153, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Thomas D. O’Sullivan
- Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Adam De La Zerda
- Stanford University, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, E153, Stanford, California 94305
- Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Pascale El Kalassi
- Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Seongjae Cho
- Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Hongguang Liu
- Stanford University, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, E153, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Robert Teed
- Stanford University, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, E153, Stanford, California 94305
- Stanford University, Canary Center for Early Detection of Cancer, 1501 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Hart Levy
- University of Toronto, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Room 407, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- University of Toronto, The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Jarrett Rosenberg
- Stanford University, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, E153, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Stanford University, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, E153, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Ofer Levi
- University of Toronto, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Rosebrugh Building, 164 College Street, Room 407, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- University of Toronto, The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - James S. Harris
- Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 475 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305
- Stanford University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Stanford University, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, E153, Stanford, California 94305
- Stanford University, Department of Bioengineering, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305
- Stanford University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305
- Stanford University, Canary Center for Early Detection of Cancer, 1501 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
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Tichauer KM, Samkoe KS, Klubben WS, Hasan T, Pogue BW. Advantages of a dual-tracer model over reference tissue models for binding potential measurement in tumors. Phys Med Biol 2012; 57:6647-59. [PMID: 23022732 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/20/6647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The quantification of tumor molecular expression in vivo could have a significant impact for informing and monitoring emerging targeted therapies in oncology. Molecular imaging of targeted tracers can be used to quantify receptor expression in the form of a binding potential (BP) if the arterial input curve or a surrogate of it is also measured. However, the assumptions of the most common approaches (reference tissue models) may not be valid for use in tumors. In this study, the validity of reference tissue models is investigated for use in tumors experimentally and in simulations. Three different tumor lines were grown subcutaneously in athymic mice and the mice were injected with a mixture of an epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted fluorescent tracer and an untargeted fluorescent tracer. A one-compartment plasma input model demonstrated that the transport kinetics of both tracers was significantly different between tumors and all potential reference tissues, and using the reference tissue model resulted in a theoretical underestimation in BP of 50% ± 37%. On the other hand, the targeted and untargeted tracers demonstrated similar transport kinetics, allowing a dual-tracer approach to be employed to accurately estimate BP (with a theoretical error of 0.23% ± 9.07%). These findings highlight the potential for using a dual-tracer approach to quantify receptor expression in tumors with abnormal hemodynamics, possibly to inform the choice or progress of molecular cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Tichauer
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Tichauer KM, Samkoe KS, Sexton KJ, Gunn JR, Hasan T, Pogue BW. Improved tumor contrast achieved by single time point dual-reporter fluorescence imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:066001. [PMID: 22734757 PMCID: PMC3381038 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.6.066001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate a method to quantify biomarker expression that uses an exogenous dual-reporter imaging approach to improve tumor signal detection. The uptake of two fluorophores, one nonspecific and one targeted to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), were imaged at 1 h in three types of xenograft tumors spanning a range of EGFR expression levels (n=6 in each group). Using this dual-reporter imaging methodology, tumor contrast-to-noise ratio was amplified by >6 times at 1 h postinjection and >2 times at 24 h. Furthermore, by as early as 20 min postinjection, the dual-reporter imaging signal in the tumor correlated significantly with a validated marker of receptor density (P<0.05, r=0.93). Dual-reporter imaging can improve sensitivity and specificity over conventional fluorescence imaging in applications such as fluorescence-guided surgery and directly approximates the receptor status of the tumor, a measure that could be used to inform choices of biological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Tichauer
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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