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Cao Z, Zhang T, Sun X, Liu M, Shen Z, Li B, Zhao X, Jin H, Zhang Z, Tian Y. Membrane-permeabilized sonodynamic therapy enhances drug delivery into macrophages. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217511. [PMID: 31181129 PMCID: PMC6557485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a pivotal role in the formation and development of atherosclerosis as a predominant inflammatory cell type present within atherosclerotic plaque. Promoting anti-atherosclerotic drug delivery into macrophages may provide a therapeutic potential on atherosclerotic plaque. In this study, we investigated whether membrane-permeabilized sonodynamic therapy (MP-SDT) enhances drug delivery into THP-1 macrophages. Images of confocal microscopy confirmed that the optimal plasma distribution of the sonosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was at 1 hour incubation. The non-lethal parameter of MP-SDT was determined by cell viability as measured by a CCK-8 assay. Bright field microscopy demonstrated plasma membrane deformation in response to MP-SDT. Using SYTOX Green, a model drug for cellular uptake, we found that MP-SDT significantly induced membrane permeabilization dependent on ultrasound intensity and exposure time. Using Fluo-3 AM, intracellular calcium elevation during MP-SDT was confirmed as a result of membrane permeabilization. Membrane perforation of MP-SDT-treated cells was observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, MP-SDT-induced membrane permeabilization and perforation were remarkably prevented by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) during MP-SDT. Furthermore, we assessed the therapeutic effect of MP-SDT in combination with anti-atherosclerotic drug atorvastatin. Our results showed that MP-SDT increased the therapeutic effect of atorvastatin on lipid-laden THP-1-derived foam cells, including decreasing lipid droplets, increasing the cholesterol efflux and the expression of PPARγ and ABCG1. In conclusion, MP-SDT might become a promising approach to facilitating the delivery of anti-atherosclerotic drugs into macrophages via membrane permeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Cao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoqian Shen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bicheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuezhu Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Laboratory of Photo- and Sono-theranostic Technologies and Condensed Matter Science and Technology Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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Escoffre JM, Derieppe M, Lammertink B, Bos C, Moonen C. Microbubble-Assisted Ultrasound-Induced Transient Phosphatidylserine Translocation. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:838-851. [PMID: 28109698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbubble-assisted ultrasound (sonopermeabilization) results in reversible permeabilization of the plasma membrane of cells. This method is increasingly used in vivo because of its potential to deliver therapeutic molecules with limited cell damage. Nevertheless, the effects of sonopermeabilization on the plasma membrane remain not fully understood. We investigated the influence of sonopermeabilization on the transverse mobility of phospholipids, especially on phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization. We performed studies using optical imaging with Annexin V and FM1-43 probes to monitor PS externalization of rat glioma C6 cells. Sonopermeabilization induced transient membrane permeabilization, which is positively correlated with reversible PS externalization. This membrane disorganization was temporary and not associated with loss of cell viability. Sonopermeabilization did not induce PS externalization via activation of the scramblase. We hypothesize that acoustically induced membrane pores may provide a new pathway for PS migration between both membrane leaflets. During the membrane-resealing phase, PS asymmetry may be re-established by amino-phospholipid flippase activity and/or endocytosis, along with exocytosis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Derieppe
- Imaging Division, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Clemens Bos
- Imaging Division, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chrit Moonen
- Imaging Division, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Yu FTH, Chen X, Wang J, Qin B, Villanueva FS. Low Intensity Ultrasound Mediated Liposomal Doxorubicin Delivery Using Polymer Microbubbles. Mol Pharm 2015; 13:55-64. [PMID: 26567985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity is the major dose-limiting factor in the chemotherapeutic use of doxorubicin (Dox). A delivery vehicle that can be triggered to release its payload in the tumoral microvasculature but not in healthy tissue would help improve the therapeutic window of the drug. Delivery strategies combining liposomal encapsulated Dox (LDox), microbubbles (MBs), and ultrasound (US) have been shown to improve therapeutic efficacy of LDox, but much remains to be known about the mechanisms and the US conditions that maximize cytotoxicity using this approach. In this study, we compared different US pulses in terms of drug release and acute toxicity. Drug uptake and proliferation rates using low-intensity US were measured in squamous cell carcinoma cells exposed to LDox conjugated to or coinjected with polymer MBs. The aims of this study were: (1) to compare the effects of low- and high-pressure US on Dox release kinetics; (2) to evaluate whether conjugating the liposome to the MB surface (DoxLPX) is an important factor for drug release and cytotoxicity; and (3) to determine which US parameters most inhibit cell proliferation and whether this inhibition is mediated by drug release or the MB/US interaction with cells. Low-pressure US (170 kPa) at high duty cycle (stable cavitation) released up to ∼ 70% of the encapsulated Dox from the DoxLPX, thus improving Dox bioavailability and cellular uptake and leading to a significant reduction in cell proliferation at 48 h. Flow cytometry showed that US generating stable oscillations of DoxLPX significantly increased cellular Dox uptake at 4 h after US exposure compared to LDox. Drug uptake was correlated with cytotoxicity at 48 h. Our results demonstrate that Dox-containing liposomes conjugated to polymer MBs can be triggered to release ∼ 70% of their payload using noninertial US. Following release, Dox became bioavailable to the cells and induced significantly higher cytotoxicity compared to nonreleased encapsulated drug. Our findings show promise for targeted drug delivery using this theranostic delivery platform at low US intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois T H Yu
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xucai Chen
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Bin Qin
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Flordeliza S Villanueva
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Kivinen J, Togtema M, Mulzer G, Choi J, Zehbe I, Curiel L, Pichardo S. Sonoporation efficacy on SiHa cells in vitro at raised bath temperatures-experimental validation of a prototype sonoporation device. J Ther Ultrasound 2015; 3:19. [PMID: 26550479 PMCID: PMC4636885 DOI: 10.1186/s40349-015-0040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A device was devised which aimed to reduce the time and expertise required to perform sonoporation on adherent cell cultures. This prototype device was used to examine the superficial effect of bath temperature on sonoporation efficacy. METHODS The prototype device consisted of six ultrasound transducers affixed beneath an Opticell stage. Six transducers with nominal diameters of 20 mm were constructed and the acoustic field of each was characterized using hydrophone scanning. A near field treatment plane was chosen for each transducer to minimize field heterogeneity in the near field. Cervical cancer-derived SiHa cells were exposed to nine different treatments in the presence of plasmid DNA-expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Ultrasound treatment with Definity ultrasound contrast agent (US+UCA) present, ultrasound treatment without contrast agent present (US), and a sham ultrasound treatment in the presence of ultrasound contrast agent (CA) were each performed at bath temperatures of 37, 39.5, and 42 °C. Each treatment was performed in biological triplicate. GFP expression and PARP expression following treatment were measured using fluorescent microscopy and digital image processing. Cell detachment was measured using phase contrast microscopy before and after treatment. RESULTS Mean (± s.d.) transfection rates for the US+UCA treatment were 5.4(±0.92), 5.8(±1.3), and 5.3(±1.1) % at 37, 39.5, and 42 °C, respectively. GFP expression and cell detachment were both significantly affected by the presence of ultrasound contrast agent (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). Neither GFP expression, PARP expression, or detachment differed significantly between bath temperatures. CONCLUSIONS Bath temperature did not impact the efficacy of sonoporation treatment on SiHa cells in vitro. The prototype device was found to be suitable for performing sonoporation on adherent cell cultures and will reduce the time and expertise required for conducting sonoporation experiments on adherent cell cultures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kivinen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1 Canada.,Image-Guided Interventions, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 6V4 Canada
| | - Melissa Togtema
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1 Canada.,Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 6V4 Canada
| | - Gregor Mulzer
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1 Canada.,Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 6V4 Canada
| | - Joshua Choi
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Ingeborg Zehbe
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1 Canada.,Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 6V4 Canada
| | - Laura Curiel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1 Canada.,Image-Guided Interventions, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 6V4 Canada
| | - Samuel Pichardo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1 Canada.,Image-Guided Interventions, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 6V4 Canada
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Derieppe M, Rojek K, Escoffre JM, de Senneville BD, Moonen C, Bos C. Recruitment of endocytosis in sonopermeabilization-mediated drug delivery: a real-time study. Phys Biol 2015; 12:046010. [PMID: 26118644 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/12/4/046010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles (MBs) in combination with ultrasound (US) can enhance cell membrane permeability, and have the potential to facilitate the cellular uptake of hydrophilic molecules. However, the exact mechanism behind US- and MB-mediated intracellular delivery still remains to be fully understood. Among the proposed mechanisms are formation of transient pores and endocytosis stimulation. In our study, we investigated whether endocytosis is involved in US- and MB-mediated delivery of small molecules. Dynamic fluorescence microscopy was used to investigate the effects of endocytosis inhibitors on the pharmacokinetic parameters of US- and MB-mediated uptake of SYTOX Green, a 600 Da hydrophilic model drug. C6 rat glioma cells, together with SonoVue(®) MBs, were exposed to 1.4 MHz US waves at 0.2 MPa peak-negative pressure. Collection of the signal intensity in each individual nucleus was monitored during and after US exposure by a fibered confocal fluorescence microscope designed for real-time imaging. Exposed to US waves, C6 cells pretreated with chlorpromazine, an inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, showed up to a 2.5-fold significant increase of the uptake time constant, and a 1.1-fold increase with genistein, an inhibitor of caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Both inhibitors slowed down the US-mediated uptake of SYTOX Green. With C6 cells and our experimental settings, these quantitative data indicate that endocytosis plays a role in sonopermeabilization-mediated delivery of small molecules with a more predominant contribution of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Derieppe
- Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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