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Sviyazov SV, Burueva DB, Chukanov NV, Razumov IA, Chekmenev EY, Salnikov OG, Koptyug IV. 15N Hyperpolarization of Metronidazole Antibiotic in Aqueous Media Using Phase-Separated Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange with Parahydrogen. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5382-5389. [PMID: 38738984 PMCID: PMC11151165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Metronidazole is a prospective hyperpolarized MRI contrast agent with potential hypoxia sensing utility for applications in cancer, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, etc. We demonstrate a pilot procedure for production of ∼30 mM hyperpolarized [15N3]metronidazole in aqueous media by using a phase-separated SABRE-SHEATH hyperpolarization method, with nitrogen-15 polarization exceeding 2.2% on all three 15N sites achieved in less than 2 min. The 15N polarization T1 of ∼12 min is reported for the 15NO2 group at the clinically relevant field of 1.4 T in the aqueous phase, demonstrating a remarkably long lifetime of the hyperpolarized state. The produced aqueous solution of [15N3]metronidazole that contained only ∼100 μM of residual Ir was deemed biocompatible via validation through the MTT colorimetric test for assessing cell metabolic activity using human embryotic kidney HEK293T cells. This low-cost and ultrafast hyperpolarization procedure represents a major advance for the production of a biocompatible HP [15N3]metronidazole (and potentially other hyperpolarized drugs) formulation for MRI sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Sviyazov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dudari B. Burueva
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nikita V. Chukanov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ivan A. Razumov
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 10 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Bio-sciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Oleg G. Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Schmidt AB, Eills J, Dagys L, Gierse M, Keim M, Lucas S, Bock M, Schwartz I, Zaitsev M, Chekmenev EY, Knecht S. Over 20% Carbon-13 Polarization of Perdeuterated Pyruvate Using Reversible Exchange with Parahydrogen and Spin-Lock Induced Crossing at 50 μT. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5305-5309. [PMID: 37267594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-13 hyperpolarized pyruvate is about to become the next-generation contrast agent for molecular magnetic resonance imaging of cancer and other diseases. Here, efficient and rapid pyruvate hyperpolarization is achieved via signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) with parahydrogen through synergistic use of substrate deuteration, alternating, and static microtesla magnetic fields. Up to 22 and 6% long-lasting 13C polarization (T1 = 3.7 ± 0.25 and 1.7 ± 0.1 min) is demonstrated for the C1 and C2 nuclear sites, respectively. The remarkable polarization levels become possible as a result of favorable relaxation dynamics at the microtesla fields. The ultralong polarization lifetimes will be conducive to yielding high polarization after purification, quality assurance, and injection of the hyperpolarized molecular imaging probes. These results pave the way to future in vivo translation of carbon-13 hyperpolarized molecular imaging probes prepared by this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas B Schmidt
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstraße 5a, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - James Eills
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Martin Gierse
- NVision Imaging Technologies GmbH, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Keim
- NVision Imaging Technologies GmbH, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Michael Bock
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstraße 5a, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Ilai Schwartz
- NVision Imaging Technologies GmbH, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maxim Zaitsev
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstraße 5a, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Man F, Tang J, Swedrowska M, Forbes B, T M de Rosales R. Imaging drug delivery to the lungs: Methods and applications in oncology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 192:114641. [PMID: 36509173 PMCID: PMC10227194 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Direct delivery to the lung via inhalation is arguably one of the most logical approaches to treat lung cancer using drugs. However, despite significant efforts and investment in this area, this strategy has not progressed in clinical trials. Imaging drug delivery is a powerful tool to understand and develop novel drug delivery strategies. In this review we focus on imaging studies of drug delivery by the inhalation route, to provide a broad overview of the field to date and attempt to better understand the complexities of this route of administration and the significant barriers that it faces, as well as its advantages. We start with a discussion of the specific challenges for drug delivery to the lung via inhalation. We focus on the barriers that have prevented progress of this approach in oncology, as well as the most recent developments in this area. This is followed by a comprehensive overview of the different imaging modalities that are relevant to lung drug delivery, including nuclear imaging, X-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, optical imaging and mass spectrometry imaging. For each of these modalities, examples from the literature where these techniques have been explored are provided. Finally the different applications of these technologies in oncology are discussed, focusing separately on small molecules and nanomedicines. We hope that this comprehensive review will be informative to the field and will guide the future preclinical and clinical development of this promising drug delivery strategy to maximise its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Man
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Magda Swedrowska
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Forbes
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael T M de Rosales
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.
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Schmidt AB, de Maissin H, Adelabu I, Nantogma S, Ettedgui J, TomHon P, Goodson BM, Theis T, Chekmenev EY. Catalyst-Free Aqueous Hyperpolarized [1- 13C]Pyruvate Obtained by Re-Dissolution Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3430-3439. [PMID: 36379005 PMCID: PMC9983023 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite great successes in oncology, patient outcomes are often still discouraging, and hence the diagnostic imaging paradigm is increasingly shifting toward functional imaging of the pathology to better understand individual disease biology and to personalize therapies. The dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (d-DNP) hyperpolarization method has enabled unprecedented real-time MRI sensing of metabolism and tissue pH using hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate as a biosensor with great potential for diagnosis and monitoring of cancer patients. However, current d-DNP is expensive and suffers from long hyperpolarization times, posing a substantial translational roadblock. Here, we report the development of Re-Dissolution Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (Re-D SABRE), which relies on fast and low-cost hyperpolarization of [1-13C]pyruvate by chemical exchange with parahydrogen at microtesla magnetic fields. [1-13C]pyruvate is precipitated from catalyst-containing methanol using ethyl acetate and rapidly reconstituted in aqueous media. 13C polarization of 9 ± 1% is demonstrated after redissolution in water with residual iridium mass fraction of 8.5 ± 1.5 ppm; further improvement is anticipated via process automation. Re-D SABRE makes hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate biosensor available at a fraction of the cost (<$10,000) and production time (≈1 min) of currently used techniques and makes aqueous hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate "ready" for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas B. Schmidt
- Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Department of Chemistry, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstr. 5a, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Henri de Maissin
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstr. 5a, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Isaiah Adelabu
- Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Department of Chemistry, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Shiraz Nantogma
- Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Department of Chemistry, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Jessica Ettedgui
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Room #2034, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Patrick TomHon
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, United States
- Vizma Life Sciences LLC, Durham, NC 27707-3669, United States
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Sciences and Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Department of Chemistry, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Leninskiy Prospect, 14, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Esfahani SA, Callahan C, Rotile NJ, Heidari P, Mahmood U, Caravan PD, Grant AK, Yen YF. Hyperpolarized [1- 13C]Pyruvate Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging for Evaluation of Early Response to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition Therapy in Gastric Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:769-779. [PMID: 35467249 PMCID: PMC9588528 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the use of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (HP-13C MRSI) for quantitative measurement of early changes in glycolytic metabolism and its ability to predict response to pan-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Pan-TKI) therapy in gastric cancer (GCa). PROCEDURES Pan-TKI afatinib-sensitive NCI-N87 and resistant SNU16 human GCa cells were assessed for GLUT1, hexokinase-II (HKII), lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA), phosphorylated AKT (pAKT), and phosphorylated MAPK (pMAPK) at 0-72 h of treatment with 0.1 μM afatinib. Subcutaneous NCI-N87 tumor-bearing nude mice underwent [18F]FDG PET/MRI and HP-13C MRSI at baseline and 4 days after treatment with afatinib 10 mg/kg/day or vehicle (n = 10/group). Changes in PET and HP-13C MRSI metabolic parameters were compared between the two groups. Imaging findings were correlated with tumor growth and histopathology over 3 weeks of treatment. RESULTS In vitro analysis showed a continuous decrease in LDHA, pAKT, and pMAPK in NCI-N87 compared to SNU16 cells within 72 h of treatment with afatinib, without a significant change in GLUT1 and HKII in either cell type. [18F]FDG PET of NCI-N87 tumors showed no significant change in PET measures at baseline and day 4 of treatment in either treatment group (SUVmean day 4/day 0: 2.7 ± 0.42/2.34 ± 0.38, p = 0.57 in the treated group vs. 1.73 ± 0.66/2.24 ± 0.43, p = 0.4 in the control group). HP-13C MRSI demonstrated significantly decreased lactate-to-pyruvate ratio (L/P) in treated tumors (L/P day 4/day 0: 0.83 ± 0.30/1.10 ± 0.20, p = 0.012 vs. 0.94 ± 0.20/0.98 ± 0.30, p = 0.75, in the treated vs. control group, respectively). Response to afatinib was confirmed with decreased tumor size over 3 weeks (11.10 ± 16.50 vs. 293.00 ± 79.30 mm3, p < 0.001, treated group vs. control group, respectively) and histopathologic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS HP-13C MRSI is a more representative biomarker of early metabolic changes in response to pan-TKI in GCa than [18F]FDG PET and could be used for early prediction of response to targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi A Esfahani
- Divisionof Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, Boston, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Cody Callahan
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Pedram Heidari
- Divisionof Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, Boston, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Umar Mahmood
- Divisionof Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, Boston, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Peter D Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Aaron K Grant
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Fen Yen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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Fear EJ, Kennerley AJ, Rayner PJ, Norcott P, Roy SS, Duckett SB. SABRE hyperpolarized anticancer agents for use in
1
H MRI. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:11-27. [PMID: 35253267 PMCID: PMC9310590 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Enabling drug tracking (distribution/specific pathways) with magnetic resonance spectroscopy requires manipulation (via hyperpolarization) of spin state populations and targets with sufficiently long magnetic lifetimes to give the largest possible window of observation. Here, we demonstrate how the proton resonances of a group of thienopyridazines (with known anticancer properties), can be amplified using the para‐hydrogen (p‐H2) based signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) hyperpolarization technique. Methods Thienopyridazine isomers, including a 2H version, were synthesized in house. Iridium‐based catalysts dissolved in a methanol‐d4 solvent facilitated polarization transfer from p‐H2 gas to the target thienopyridazines. Subsequent SABRE 1H responses of hyperpolarized thienopyridazines were completed (400 MHz NMR). Pseudo‐singlet state approaches were deployed to extend magnetic state lifetimes. Proof of principle spectral‐spatial images were acquired across a range of field strengths (7T‐9.4T MRI). Results 1H‐NMR signal enhancements of −10,130‐fold at 9.4T (~33% polarization) were achieved on thieno[2,3‐d]pyridazine (T[2,3‐d]P), using SABRE under optimal mixing/field transfer conditions. 1H T1 lifetimes for the thienopyridazines were ~18‐50 s. Long‐lived state approaches extended the magnetic lifetime of target proton sites in T[2,3‐d]P from an average of 25‐40 seconds. Enhanced in vitro imaging (spatial and chemical shift based) of target T[2,3‐d]P was demonstrated. Conclusion Here, we demonstrate the power of SABRE to deliver a fast and cost‐effective route to hyperpolarization of important chemical motifs of anticancer agents. The SABRE approach outlined here lays the foundations for realizing continuous flow, hyperpolarized tracking of drug delivery/pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneurin J. Kennerley
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) University of York York United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Rayner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) University of York York United Kingdom
| | - Philip Norcott
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra Australia
| | - Soumya S. Roy
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Southampton United Kingdom
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) Salisbury United Kingdom
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) University of York York United Kingdom
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Rapid SABRE Catalyst Scavenging Using Functionalized Silicas. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020332. [PMID: 35056646 PMCID: PMC8778821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the NMR hyperpolarisation method signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) has been applied to multiple substrates of potential interest for in vivo investigation. Unfortunately, SABRE commonly requires an iridium-containing catalyst that is unsuitable for biomedical applications. This report utilizes inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to investigate the potential use of metal scavengers to remove the iridium catalytic species from the solution. The most sensitive iridium emission line at 224.268 nm was used in the analysis. We report the effects of varying functionality, chain length, and scavenger support identity on iridium scavenging efficiency. The impact of varying the quantity of scavenger utilized is reported for the three scavengers with the highest iridium removed from initial investigations: 3-aminopropyl (S1), 3-(imidazole-1-yl)propyl (S4), and 2-(2-pyridyl) (S5) functionalized silica gels. Exposure of an activated SABRE sample (1.6 mg mL-1 of iridium catalyst) to 10 mg of the most promising scavenger (S5) resulted in <1 ppm of iridium being detectable by ICP-OES after 2 min of exposure. We propose that combining the approach described herein with other recently reported approaches, such as catalyst separated-SABRE (CASH-SABRE), would enable the rapid preparation of a biocompatible SABRE hyperpolarized bolus.
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Carrera C, Cavallari E, Digilio G, Bondar O, Aime S, Reineri F. ParaHydrogen Polarized Ethyl-[1- 13 C]pyruvate in Water, a Key Substrate for Fostering the PHIP-SAH Approach to Metabolic Imaging. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1042-1048. [PMID: 33720491 PMCID: PMC8251755 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of vinyl-[1-13 C]pyruvate has been reported, from which 13 C hyperpolarized (HP) ethyl-[1-13 C]pyruvate has been obtained by means of ParaHydrogen Induced Polarization (PHIP). Due to the intrinsic lability of pyruvate, which leads quickly to degradation of the reaction mixture even under mild reaction conditions, the vinyl-ester has been synthesized through the intermediacy of a more stable ketal derivative. 13 C and 1 H hyperpolarizations of ethyl-[1-13 C]pyruvate, hydrogenated using ParaHydrogen, have been compared to those observed on the more widely used allyl-derivative. It has been demonstrated that the spin order transfer from ParaHydrogen protons to 13 C, is more efficient on the ethyl than on the allyl-esterdue to the larger J-couplings involved. The main requirements needed for the biological application of this HP product have been met, i. e. an aqueous solution of the product at high concentration (40 mM) with a good 13 C polarization level (4.8 %) has been obtained. The in vitro metabolic transformation of the HP ethyl-[1-13 C]pyruvate, catalyzed by an esterase, has been observed. This substrate appears to be a good candidate for in vivo metabolic investigations using PHIP hyperpolarized probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Carrera
- Institute of Biostructures and BioimagingNational Research CouncilVia Nizza 5210126TorinoItaly
| | - Eleonora Cavallari
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Molecular Imaging CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Nizza 5210126TorinoItaly
| | - Giuseppe Digilio
- Department of Science and Technologic InnovationUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”Viale Teresa Michel 1115121AlessandriaItaly
| | - Oksana Bondar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Molecular Imaging CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Nizza 5210126TorinoItaly
| | - Silvio Aime
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Molecular Imaging CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Nizza 5210126TorinoItaly
| | - Francesca Reineri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Molecular Imaging CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Nizza 5210126TorinoItaly
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Peschke E, Ulloa P, Jansen O, Hoevener JB. Metallic Implants in MRI - Hazards and Imaging Artifacts. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2021; 193:1285-1293. [PMID: 33979870 DOI: 10.1055/a-1460-8566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an examination method for noninvasive soft tissue imaging without the use of ionizing radiation. Metallic implants, however, may pose a risk for the patient and often result in imaging artifacts. Due to the increasing number of implants, reducing these artifacts has become an important goal. In this review, we describe the risks associated with implants and provide the background on how metal-induced artifacts are formed. We review the literature on methods on how to reduce artifacts and summarize our findings. METHOD The literature was searched using PubMed and the keywords "MRI metal artifact reduction", "metallic implants" and "MRI artefacts/artifacts". RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The MRI compatibility of implants has to be evaluated individually. To reduce artifacts, two general approaches were found: a) parameter optimization in standard sequences (echo time, slice thickness, bandwidth) and b) specialized sequences, such as VAT, OMAR, WARP, SEMAC and MAVRIC. These methods reduced artifacts and improved image quality, albeit at the cost of a (sometimes significantly) prolonged scan time. New developments in accelerated imaging will likely shorten the scan time of these methods significantly, such that routine use may become feasible. KEY POINTS · Metallic implants may pose a risk for patients and often cause artifacts.. · Imaging artifacts can be reduced by parameter optimization or special sequences.. · Metal artifacts are reduced with a lower TE, smaller voxel size, larger matrix, and higher bandwidth.. · SPI, STIR, VAT, SEMAC, MAVRIC, and MAVRIC-SL are specialized MR sequences that can reduce artifacts further.. CITATION FORMAT · Peschke E, Ulloa P, Jansen O et al. Metallic Implants in MRI - Hazards and Imaging Artifacts. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 1285 - 1293.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Peschke
- Department for Radiology and Neuroradiology, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Section Biomedical Imaging, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein - Campus Kiel, Kiel University, Germany
| | - Patricia Ulloa
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein - Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Olav Jansen
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein - Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hoevener
- Department for Radiology and Neuroradiology, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Section Biomedical Imaging, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein - Campus Kiel, Kiel University, Germany
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Anderson S, Grist JT, Lewis A, Tyler DJ. Hyperpolarized 13 C magnetic resonance imaging for noninvasive assessment of tissue inflammation. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4460. [PMID: 33291188 PMCID: PMC7900961 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a central mechanism underlying numerous diseases and incorporates multiple known and potential future therapeutic targets. However, progress in developing novel immunomodulatory therapies has been slowed by a need for improvement in noninvasive biomarkers to accurately monitor the initiation, development and resolution of immune responses as well as their response to therapies. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an emerging molecular imaging technique with the potential to assess immune cell responses by exploiting characteristic metabolic reprogramming in activated immune cells to support their function. Using specific metabolic tracers, hyperpolarized MRI can be used to produce detailed images of tissues producing lactate, a key metabolic signature in activated immune cells. This method has the potential to further our understanding of inflammatory processes across different diseases in human subjects as well as in preclinical models. This review discusses the application of hyperpolarized MRI to the imaging of inflammation, as well as the progress made towards the clinical translation of this emerging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Anderson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - James T. Grist
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Radiology, The Churchill HospitalOxford University Hospitals TrustHeadingtonUK
| | - Andrew Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Damian J. Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Tennant T, Hulme MC, Robertson TBR, Sutcliffe OB, Mewis RE. Benchtop NMR analysis of piperazine-based drugs hyperpolarised by SABRE. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:1151-1159. [PMID: 31945193 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Piperazine-based drugs, such as N-benzylpiperazine (BZP), became attractive in the 2000s due to possessing effects similar to amphetamines. Herein, BZP, in addition to its pyridyl analogues, 2-, 3-, and 4-pyridylmethylpiperidine (2-PMP, 3-PMP, and 4-PMP respectively) was subjected to the hyperpolarisation technique Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) in order to demonstrate the use of this technique to detect these piperazine-based drugs. Although BZP was not hyperpolarised via SABRE, 2-PMP, 3-PMP, and 4-PMP were, with the ortho- and meta-pyridyl protons of 4-PMP showing the largest enhancement of 313-fold and 267-fold, respectively, in a 1.4-T detection field, following polarisation transfer at Earth's magnetic field. In addition to the freebase, 4-PMP.3HCl was also appraised by SABRE and was found not to polarise, however, the addition of increasing equivalents of triethylamine (TEA) produced the freebase, with a maximum enhancement observed upon the addition of 3 equivalents of TEA. Further addition of TEA led to a reduction in the observed enhancement. SABRE was also employed to polarise 4-PMP.3HCl (~20% w/w) in a simulated tablet to demonstrate the forensic application of the technique (138-fold enhancement for the ortho-pyridyl protons). The amount of 4-PMP.3HCl present in the simulated tablet was quantified via NMR using D2 O as a solvent and compared well to complimentary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data. Exchanging D2 O for CD3 OD as the solvent utilised for analysis resulted in a significantly lower amount of 4-PMP.3HCl being determined, thus highlighting safeguarding issues linked to drug abuse in relation to determining the amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tennant
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- MANchester DRug Analysis and Knowledge Exchange, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew C Hulme
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- MANchester DRug Analysis and Knowledge Exchange, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas B R Robertson
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Oliver B Sutcliffe
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- MANchester DRug Analysis and Knowledge Exchange, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Ryan E Mewis
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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12
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Abstract
The study of cancer metabolism has evolved vastly beyond the remit of tumour proliferation and survival with the identification of the role of 'oncometabolites' in tumorigenesis. Simply defined, oncometabolites are conventional metabolites that, when aberrantly accumulated, have pro-oncogenic functions. Their discovery has led researchers to revisit the Warburg hypothesis, first postulated in the 1950s, of aberrant metabolism as an aetiological determinant of cancer. As such, the identification of oncometabolites and their utilization in diagnostics and prognostics, as novel therapeutic targets and as biomarkers of disease, are areas of considerable interest in oncology. To date, fumarate, succinate, L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2-HG) and D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) have been characterized as bona fide oncometabolites. Extensive metabolic reprogramming occurs during tumour initiation and progression in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and three oncometabolites - fumarate, succinate and L-2-HG - have been implicated in this disease process. All of these oncometabolites inhibit a superfamily of enzymes known as α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, leading to epigenetic dysregulation and induction of pseudohypoxic phenotypes, and also have specific pro-oncogenic capabilities. Oncometabolites could potentially be exploited for the development of novel targeted therapies and as biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cissy Yong
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Grant D Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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13
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Pravdivtsev AN, Hövener JB. Coherent polarization transfer in chemically exchanging systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:8963-8972. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06873b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simulation of the interplay of coherent polarization transfer and chemical exchange described by superoperators and Monte Carlo simulations alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N. Pravdivtsev
- Section Biomedical Imaging
- Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC)
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology
- University Medical Center Kiel
- Kiel University
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging
- Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC)
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology
- University Medical Center Kiel
- Kiel University
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14
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Robertson TBR, Antonides LH, Gilbert N, Benjamin SL, Langley SK, Munro LJ, Sutcliffe OB, Mewis RE. Hyperpolarization of Pyridyl Fentalogues by Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE). ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1375-1382. [PMID: 31844604 PMCID: PMC6892445 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fentanyl, also known as 'jackpot', is a synthetic opiate that is 50-100 times more potent than morphine. Clandestine laboratories produce analogues of fentanyl, known as fentalogues to circumvent legislation regarding its production. Three pyridyl fentalogues were synthesized and then hyperpolarized by signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) to appraise the forensic potential of the technique. A maximum enhancement of -168-fold at 1.4 T was recorded for the ortho pyridyl 1H nuclei. Studies of the activation parameters for the three fentalogues revealed that the ratio of ligand loss trans to hydride and hydride loss in the complex [Ir(IMes)(L)3(H)2]+ (IMes=1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazole-2-ylidene) ranged from 0.52 to 1.83. The fentalogue possessing the ratio closest to unity produced the largest enhancement subsequent to performing SABRE at earth's magnetic field. It was possible to hyperpolarize a pyridyl fentalogue selectively from a matrix that consisted largely of heroin (97 : 3 heroin:fentalogue) to validate the use of SABRE as a forensic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. R. Robertson
- Department of Natural SciencesManchester Metropolitan University John Dalton Building, Chester St.Manchester, M1 5GDUK
| | - Lysbeth H. Antonides
- Department of Natural SciencesManchester Metropolitan University John Dalton Building, Chester St.Manchester, M1 5GDUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic ScienceUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD1 5EHUK
| | - Nicolas Gilbert
- Department of Natural SciencesManchester Metropolitan University John Dalton Building, Chester St.Manchester, M1 5GDUK
- MANchester DRug Analysis and Knowledge Exchange (MANDRAKE)Manchester Metropolitan University John Dalton Building, Chester St.ManchesterM1 5GDUK
| | - Sophie L. Benjamin
- School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamNG11 8NSUK
| | - Stuart K. Langley
- Department of Natural SciencesManchester Metropolitan University John Dalton Building, Chester St.Manchester, M1 5GDUK
| | - Lindsey J. Munro
- Department of Natural SciencesManchester Metropolitan University John Dalton Building, Chester St.Manchester, M1 5GDUK
| | - Oliver B. Sutcliffe
- Department of Natural SciencesManchester Metropolitan University John Dalton Building, Chester St.Manchester, M1 5GDUK
- MANchester DRug Analysis and Knowledge Exchange (MANDRAKE)Manchester Metropolitan University John Dalton Building, Chester St.ManchesterM1 5GDUK
| | - Ryan E. Mewis
- Department of Natural SciencesManchester Metropolitan University John Dalton Building, Chester St.Manchester, M1 5GDUK
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15
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Buckenmaier K, Scheffler K, Plaumann M, Fehling P, Bernarding J, Rudolph M, Back C, Koelle D, Kleiner R, Hövener J, Pravdivtsev AN. Multiple Quantum Coherences Hyperpolarized at Ultra-Low Fields. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2823-2829. [PMID: 31536665 PMCID: PMC6900040 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of hyperpolarization technologies enabled several yet exotic NMR applications at low and ultra-low fields (ULF), where without hyperpolarization even the detection of a signal from analytes is a challenge. Herein, we present a method for the simultaneous excitation and observation of homo- and heteronuclear multiple quantum coherences (from zero up to the third-order), which give an additional degree of freedom for ULF NMR experiments, where the chemical shift variation is negligible. The approach is based on heteronuclear correlated spectroscopy (COSY); its combination with a phase-cycling scheme allows the selective observation of multiple quantum coherences of different orders. The nonequilibrium spin state and multiple spin orders are generated by signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) and detected at ULF with a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)-based NMR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Buckenmaier
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance CenterMax Planck Institute for Biological CyberneticsMax-Planck-Ring 1172076TübingenGermany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance CenterMax Planck Institute for Biological CyberneticsMax-Planck-Ring 1172076TübingenGermany
- Department for Biomedical Magnetic ResonanceUniversity of TübingenHoppe-Seyler-Str. 372076TübingenGermany
| | - Markus Plaumann
- Institute for Biometrics and Medical InformaticsOtto-von-Guericke University Building 02Leipziger Str. 4439120MagdeburgGermany
| | - Paul Fehling
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance CenterMax Planck Institute for Biological CyberneticsMax-Planck-Ring 1172076TübingenGermany
| | - Johannes Bernarding
- Institute for Biometrics and Medical InformaticsOtto-von-Guericke University Building 02Leipziger Str. 4439120MagdeburgGermany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance CenterMax Planck Institute for Biological CyberneticsMax-Planck-Ring 1172076TübingenGermany
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Quantum Science (CQ) in LISAUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1472076TübingenGermany
| | - Christoph Back
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Quantum Science (CQ) in LISAUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1472076TübingenGermany
| | - Dieter Koelle
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Quantum Science (CQ) in LISAUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1472076TübingenGermany
| | - Reinhold Kleiner
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Quantum Science (CQ) in LISAUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1472076TübingenGermany
| | - Jan‐Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC) Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology University Medical Center KielKiel UniversityAm Botanischen Garten 1424114KielGermany
| | - Andrey N. Pravdivtsev
- Section Biomedical Imaging Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC) Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology University Medical Center KielKiel UniversityAm Botanischen Garten 1424114KielGermany
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16
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The beginning of the end for conventional RECIST - novel therapies require novel imaging approaches. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:442-458. [PMID: 30718844 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to improvements in our understanding of the biological principles of tumour initiation and progression, a wide variety of novel targeted therapies have been developed. Developments in biomedical imaging, however, have not kept pace with these improvements and are still mainly designed to determine lesion size alone, which is reflected in the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). Imaging approaches currently used for the evaluation of treatment responses in patients with solid tumours, therefore, often fail to detect successful responses to novel targeted agents and might even falsely suggest disease progression, a scenario known as pseudoprogression. The ability to differentiate between responders and nonresponders early in the course of treatment is essential to allowing the early adjustment of treatment regimens. Various imaging approaches targeting a single dedicated tumour feature, as described in the hallmarks of cancer, have been successful in preclinical investigations, and some have been evaluated in pilot clinical trials. However, these approaches have largely not been implemented in clinical practice. In this Review, we describe current biomedical imaging approaches used to monitor responses to treatment in patients receiving novel targeted therapies, including a summary of the most promising future approaches and how these might improve clinical practice.
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17
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Salnikov OG, Chukanov NV, Shchepin RV, Manzanera Esteve IV, Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV, Chekmenev EY. Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization of 1- 13C-Acetates and 1- 13C-Pyruvates Using Sidearm Hydrogenation of Vinyl, Allyl, and Propargyl Esters. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:12827-12840. [PMID: 31363383 PMCID: PMC6664436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
13C-hyperpolarized carboxylates, such as pyruvate and acetate, are emerging molecular contrast agents for MRI visualization of various diseases, including cancer. Here we present a systematic study of 1H and 13C parahydrogen-induced polarization of acetate and pyruvate esters with ethyl, propyl and allyl alcoholic moieties. It was found that allyl pyruvate is the most efficiently hyperpolarized compound from those under study, yielding 21% and 5.4% polarization of 1H and 13C nuclei, respectively, in CD3OD solutions. Allyl pyruvate and ethyl acetate were also hyperpolarized in aqueous phase using homogeneous hydrogenation with parahydrogen over water-soluble rhodium catalyst. 13C polarization of 0.82% and 2.1% was obtained for allyl pyruvate and ethyl acetate, respectively. 13C-hyperpolarized methanolic and aqueous solutions of allyl pyruvate and ethyl acetate were employed for in vitro MRI visualization, demonstrating the prospects for translation of the presented approach to biomedical in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg G. Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya
Street 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2,
Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nikita V. Chukanov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya
Street 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2,
Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Roman V. Shchepin
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS),
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Isaac V. Manzanera Esteve
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS),
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya
Street 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2,
Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya
Street 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2,
Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS),
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio),
Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202,
United States
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow
119991, Russia
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