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Gao XG, Wang JP, Ge S, Su SK, Bai MH, Francois B. Investigation of canopy interception characteristics in slope protection grasses: A laboratory experiment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174731. [PMID: 39002587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Canopy interception significantly affects hydrological processes such as infiltration, runoff and evapotranspiration. Research on grass canopy interception remains limited, and the experimental methods employed differ substantially. To thoroughly investigate the canopy interception characteristics of grass and clarify the methodological differences, five commonly utilized slope protection grass species in temperate regions were cultivated in a laboratory setting, and their canopy interception characteristics were experimentally investigated using the water-balance method (WBM), the water-wiping method (WWM) and the water-immersion method (WIM), respectively. The results showed that the WBM is more accurate for measuring canopy interception in grass, whereas both the WWM and the WIM underestimate grass canopy interception capacity. The canopy interception capacity measured by the WBM was 1.61-2.09 times higher than that of the WWM and 1.93-3.47 times higher than that of the WIM. Grey correlation analysis of the eight evaluated factors indicated that leaf area is the most influential factor affecting canopy interception in grass, followed by rainfall amount, dry mass, rainfall intensity, canopy projection area, leaf contact angle, fresh weight, and average height. There is a negative power function relationship between the interception ratio and the rainfall amount. With increasing rainfall intensity, the canopy interception capacity initially increases and then decreases, peaking at rainfall intensities of 15 to 20 mm/h. Leaf contact angle is a key quantifiable parameter that explains the differences in canopy interception among different grass species, and the canopy interception per unit leaf area decreases as the leaf contact angle increases. This study demonstrates that the WBM provides the most accurate measurements of grass canopy interception compared to the WWM and WIM, and highlights the leaf contact angle as a key factor in explaining interspecies differences. These findings could enhance the understanding of grass canopy interception and guide the selection of experimental methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Guang Gao
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17922, 250061 Jinan, China
| | - Ji-Peng Wang
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17922, 250061 Jinan, China.
| | - Shangqi Ge
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17922, 250061 Jinan, China
| | - Shuai-Kang Su
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17922, 250061 Jinan, China
| | - Mo-Han Bai
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 17922, 250061 Jinan, China; Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Liège, Allée de la découverte 9 - B52, 4000 Liege (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Bertrand Francois
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Liège, Allée de la découverte 9 - B52, 4000 Liege (Sart Tilman), Belgium; Building Architecture and Town Planning Department (BATir), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP 194/2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Lann T, Bao H, Lan H, Zheng H, Yan C, Peng J. Hydro-mechanical effects of vegetation on slope stability: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171691. [PMID: 38485024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the complex interplay between vegetation and soil stability on slopes to enhance soil-bioengineering and slope stabilization techniques. We assess the multifaceted role of vegetation in soil stabilization, examining processes such as canopy interception, stemflow, and the effects of hydrological and mechanical changes induced by root systems and above-ground plant structures. Key underlying mechanisms and their effects on stability are reported, along with the evaluation of significant plant indicators from historical research. Our review revealed that plant coverage and root architecture are critical in reducing soil erosion, with plant roots increasing soil cohesion and reducing soil detachability. Above-ground vegetation provides a protective layer that decreases the kinetic energy of raindrops and allows for higher infiltration. The importance of species-specific root traits is emphasized as pragmatic determinants of erosion prevention. Additionally, the effects of root reinforcement on shallow landslides are dissected to highlight their dualistic nature. While root-soil interactions typically increase soil shear strength and enhance slope stability, it is crucial to discriminate among vegetation types such as trees, shrubs, and grasses due to their distinct root morphology, tensile strength, root area ratio, and depth. These differences critically affect their impact on slope stability, where, for instance, robust shrub roots may fortify soil to greater depths, whereas grass roots contribute significantly to topsoil shear strength. Grasses and herbaceous plants effectively controlled surface erosion, whereas shrubs mainly controlled shallow landslides. Therefore, it is vital to conduct a study that combines shrubs with grasses or herbaceous plants. Both above-ground and below-ground plant indicators, including root and shoot indicators, were crucial for improving slope stability. To accurately evaluate the impact of plant species on slope stability reinforcement, it is necessary to study the combination of hydro-mechanical coupling with both ground plant indicators under specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongsan Lann
- School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710064, China
| | - Han Bao
- School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710064, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess Science (in preparation), Xi'an 710054, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Engineering for Green and Intelligent Transport, China.
| | - Hengxing Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710064, China.
| | - Han Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess Science (in preparation), Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Changgen Yan
- School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710064, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Engineering for Green and Intelligent Transport, China.
| | - Jianbing Peng
- School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710064, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess Science (in preparation), Xi'an 710054, China.
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Barwise Y, Kumar P, Abhijith KV, Gallagher J, McNabola A, Watts JF. A trait-based investigation into evergreen woody plants for traffic-related air pollution mitigation over time. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169713. [PMID: 38163588 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated influences of leaf traits on particulate matter (PM) wash-off and (re)capture (i.e., net removal) over time. Leaf samples were taken before and after three rainfall events from a range of 10 evergreen woody plants (including five different leaf types), which were positioned with an optical particle counter alongside a busy road. Scanning electron microscopy was used to quantify the density (no./mm2), mass (μg/cm2), and elemental composition of deposited particles. To enable leaf area comparison between scale-like leaves and other leaf types, a novel metric (FSA: foliage surface area per unit branch length) was developed, which may be utilised by future research. Vehicle-related particles constituted 15 % of total deposition, and there was a notable 50 % decrease in the proportion of tyre wear particles after rainfall. T. baccata presented the lowest proportion (11.1 %) of vehicle-related particle deposition but the most consistent performance in terms of net PM removal. Only four of the 10 plant specimens (C. japonica, C. lawsoniana, J. chinensis, and T. baccata) presented effective PM wash-off across all particle size fractions and rainfall intensities, with a generally positive relationship observed between rainfall intensity and wash-off. Mass deposition was more significantly determined by particle size than number density. Interestingly, larger particles were also less easily washed off than smaller particles. Some traits typically considered to be advantageous (e.g., greater hairiness) may in fact hinder net removal over time due to retention under rainfall. Small leaf area is one trait that may promote both accumulation and wash-off. However, FSA was found to be the most influential trait, with an inverse relationship between FSA and wash-off efficacy. This finding poses trade-offs and opportunities for green infrastructure design, which are discussed. Finally, numerous areas for future research are recommended, underlining the importance of systems approaches in developing vegetation management frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yendle Barwise
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Institute for Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Ireland..
| | - K V Abhijith
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - John Gallagher
- Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aonghus McNabola
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Ireland
| | - John F Watts
- School of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Rahman MA, Pawijit Y, Xu C, Moser-Reischl A, Pretzsch H, Rötzer T, Pauleit S. A comparative analysis of urban forests for storm-water management. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1451. [PMID: 36702865 PMCID: PMC9879978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale urban growth has modified the hydrological cycle of our cities, causing greater and faster runoff. Urban forests (UF), i.e. the stock of trees and shrubs, can substantially reduce runoff; still, how climate, tree functional types influence rainfall partitioning into uptake and runoff is mostly unknown. We analyzed 92 published studies to investigate: interception (I), transpiration (T), soil infiltration (IR) and the subsequent reduction in runoff. Trees showed the best runoff protection compared to other land uses. Within functional types, conifers provided better protection on an annual scale through higher I and T but broadleaved species provided better IR. Regarding tree traits, leaf area index (LAI) showed a positive influence for both I and T. For every unit of LAI increment, additional 5% rainfall partition through T (3%) and I (2%) can be predicted. Overall, runoff was significantly lower under mixed species stands. Increase of conifer stock to 30% in climate zones with significant winter precipitation and to 20% in areas of no dry season can reduce runoff to an additional 4%. The study presented an overview of UF potential to partition rainfall, which might help to select species and land uses in different climate zones for better storm-water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Rahman
- Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Yanin Pawijit
- Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Chao Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Daxue Road 1, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Astrid Moser-Reischl
- Forest Growth and Yield Science, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Hans Pretzsch
- Forest Growth and Yield Science, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Rötzer
- Forest Growth and Yield Science, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Stephan Pauleit
- Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354, Freising, Germany
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5
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Hou Y, Ding W, Liu C, Li K, Cui H, Liu B, Chen W. Influences of impervious surfaces on ecological risks and controlling strategies in rapidly urbanizing regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153823. [PMID: 35157861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reducing ecological risks is important for promoting regional sustainable development. However, studies on the influence of impervious surfaces on ecological risks and risk control strategies in regions undergoing rapid urbanization are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate the spatial-temporal dynamics of regional ecological risks using Beijing as a case study to reveal the influence of impervious surfaces and explore the controlling strategies of risks. We first characterized the ecological risks in Beijing based on the ecosystem service values and mapped the risk levels and temporal variations in risks. We then identified the ecological risk increases caused by impervious surface expansion and built linear regression models for impervious surface coverage (ISC) and risk index. Finally, we formulated ecological risk control strategies for the strategy categories identified based on the ISC thresholds. The results show that the mountainous areas mainly exhibited low ecological risk levels, and the plain areas mainly showed high levels. The expansion of impervious surface was the main cause of the relatively large temporal increase in ecological risks from 2005 to 2015. Moreover, the strategies for ecological risk control can be divided into four categories based on the division of ISC, with 30%, 70%, and 90% as the thresholds. For risk control strategies, reducing ISC is the most important measure to reduce ecological risks for the category with an ISC range of 90%-100%, and increasing the area proportions of forests and water bodies is the most effective measure for the category with an ISC range of 0%-30%. For the other two categories, controlling the ISC and other strategies are required. Our study can increase the understanding of the influences of impervious surfaces on ecological risks in rapidly urbanizing regions and help inform the formulation of strategies for controlling the ecological risks in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Wenhao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Changfeng Liu
- Beijing Qingyuan Eco-environmental Co., LTD, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resources Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK 1165, Denmark
| | - Haotian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Baoyin Liu
- Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
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6
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Mazzola V, Perks MP, Smith J, Yeluripati J, Xenakis G. Assessing soil carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from a Scots pine raised bog-edge-woodland. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114061. [PMID: 34800769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Scots pine bog edge woodland is a type of habitat typical on raised bogs where trees cohabitate with bog vegetation to form a low-density stand. Even though nowadays this habitat does not cover large areas, in a future scenario it is possible that this environment will expand, either naturally (drier climate) or anthropogenically, as the result of the application of new restoration strategies that could increase net landscape carbon benefits from both peatland and woodland environments. This study is the first reported investigation in Scotland exploring carbon flux dynamics from sparse woodlands on raised bogs. We examined how Scots pine trees directly or indirectly affected soil temperature and moisture, ground vegetation, and consequently carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) soil fluxes. Soil CO2 and CH4 were measured at different distance from the tree and thereafter assessed for both spatial and temporal variability. Our results showed that these low-density trees were able to modify the ground vegetation composition, had no effect on soil temperature, but did affect the soil moisture, with soils close to tree roots significantly drier (0.25 ± 0.01 m3 m-3) than those on open bog (0.39 ± 0.02 m3 m-3). Soil CO2 fluxes were significantly higher in the vicinity of trees (34.13 ± 3.97 μg CO2 m-2 s-1) compared to the open bog (24.34 ± 2.86 μg CO2 m-2 s-1). On the opposite, CH4 effluxes were significantly larger in the open bog (0.07 ± 0.01 μg CH4 m-2 s-1) than close to the tree (0.01 ± 0.00 μg CH4 m-2 s-1). This suggests that Scots pine trees on bog edge woodland may affect soil C fluxes in their proximity primarily due to the contribution of root respiration, but also as a result of their effects on soil moisture, enhancing soil CO2 emissions, while reducing the CH4 fluxes. There is, however, still uncertainty about the complete greenhouse gas assessment, and further research would be needed in order to include the quantification of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) dynamics together with the analysis of complete gas exchanges at the tree-atmosphere level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mazzola
- Institute of Biological & Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, AB24 3UU, UK; Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Bush Estate, Roslin, EH25 9SY, UK; Information and Computational Sciences Department, The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK.
| | - Mike P Perks
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Bush Estate, Roslin, EH25 9SY, UK
| | - Jo Smith
- Institute of Biological & Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Jagadeesh Yeluripati
- Information and Computational Sciences Department, The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Georgios Xenakis
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Bush Estate, Roslin, EH25 9SY, UK
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A Preliminary Study on the Impact of Landscape Pattern Changes Due to Urbanization: Case Study of Jakarta, Indonesia. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Urbanization is changing land use–land cover (LULC) transforming green spaces (GS) and bodies of water into built-up areas. LULC change is affecting ecosystem services (ES) in urban areas, such as by decreasing of the water retention capacity, the urban temperature regulation capacity and the carbon sequestration. The relation between LULC change and ES is still poorly examined and quantified using actual field data. In most ES studies, GS is perceived as lumped areas instead of distributed areas, implicitly ignoring landscape patterns (LP), such as connectivity and aggregation. This preliminary study is one of the first to provide quantitative evidence of the influence of landscape pattern changes on a selection of urban ecosystem services in a megacity as Jakarta, Indonesia. The impact of urbanization on the spatiotemporal changes of ES has been identified by considering connectivity and aggregation of GS. It reveals that LP changes have significantly decreased carbon sequestration, temperature regulation, and runoff regulation by 10.4, 12.4, and 11.5%, respectively. This indicates that the impact of GS on ES is not only determined by its area, but also by its LP. Further detailed studies will be needed to validate these results.
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Yang Q, Zhang C, Liu P, Jiang J. The Role of Root Morphology and Pulling Direction in Pullout Resistance of Alfalfa Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:580825. [PMID: 33679821 PMCID: PMC7934573 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.580825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing consensus on soil conservation by mechanics of plant root system. In order to further study how root system exerts its mechanical properties during soil reinforcing process and which morphological indicator is suitable for reflecting pullout resistance, in-situ vertical pullout test (VPT) and 45° oblique pullout test (OPT) were performed on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots in the loess area. The results showed that the failure mode of alfalfa roots was pulling out in this study. The peak pullout resistance of the roots increased with root diameter, root length and root surface area, and power law relationships were observed between the pullout resistance and the morphological indices: root diameter, root length and root surface area. The maximum gray relational degree of the morphological indices was 0.841 (VPT) and 0.849 (OPT) for root surface area, suggesting that root surface area was a more significant root morphological index affecting root pullout resistance than root diameter and root length, and was more suitable for characterizing the difference in peak pullout resistance of roots with different size. The index could be used to validate the methods for predicting root pullout capacity. The value of peak pullout resistance was 17.2 ± 2.3 N in VPT test and 28.2 ± 3.8 N (mean ± SE) in OPT test, and a significant difference was observed between the two tests, which showed that the pulling direction significantly affected the peak pullout resistance of alfalfa roots. Vertical pullout test, giving the safety margin, was suggested to determine root pullout resistance for estimate of root reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Yang
- Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaobo Zhang
- College of Water Resources Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Pengchong Liu
- College of Water Resources Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Water Resources Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
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Hydrological Effects of Urban Green Space on Stormwater Runoff Reduction in Luohe, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12166599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reveals the role of urban green space (UGS) in regulating runoff and hence on urban hydrological balance. The modeling software i-Tree Hydro was used to quantify the effects of UGS on surface runoff regulation and canopy interception capacity in four simulated land-cover scenarios. The results showed that the existing UGS could mitigate 15,871,900 m3 volume of runoff (accounting for 9.85% of total runoff) and intercept approximately 9.69% of total rainfall by the vegetation canopy. UGS in midterm goal and final goal scenarios could retain about 10.74% and 10.89% of total rainfall that falls onto the canopy layer, respectively. The existing UGS in the Luohe urban area had a positive but limited contribution in runoff regulation, with similar responses in future scenarios with increased UGS coverage. UGS rainfall interception volume changed seasonally along with changing leaf area index (LAI) and precipitation, and the interception efficiency was distinctly different under various rain intensities and durations. The UGS had a relatively high interception performance under light and long duration rain events but performed poorly under heavy and short rain events due to limited surface storage capacities. Our study will assist urban planners and policy-makers regarding UGS size and functionality in future planning in Luohe, particularly regarding future runoff management and Sponge City projects.
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Fanourakis D, Aliniaeifard S, Sellin A, Giday H, Körner O, Rezaei Nejad A, Delis C, Bouranis D, Koubouris G, Kambourakis E, Nikoloudakis N, Tsaniklidis G. Stomatal behavior following mid- or long-term exposure to high relative air humidity: A review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 153:92-105. [PMID: 32485617 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
High relative air humidity (RH ≥ 85%) is frequent in controlled environments, and not uncommon in nature. In this review, we examine the high RH effects on plants with a special focus on stomatal characters. All aspects of stomatal physiology are attenuated by elevated RH during leaf expansion (long-term) in C3 species. These include impaired opening and closing response, as well as weak diel oscillations. Consequently, the high RH-grown plants are not only vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stress, but also undergo a deregulation between CO2 uptake and water loss. Stomatal behavior of a single leaf is determined by the local microclimate during expansion, and may be different than the remaining leaves of the same plant. No effect of high RH is apparent in C4 and CAM species, while the same is expected for species with hydropassive stomatal closure. Formation of bigger stomata with larger pores is a universal response to high RH during leaf expansion, whereas the effect on stomatal density appears to be species- and leaf side-specific. Compelling evidence suggests that ABA mediates the high RH-induced stomatal malfunction, as well as the stomatal size increase. Although high RH stimulates leaf ethylene evolution, it remains elusive whether or not this contributes to stomatal malfunction. Most species lose stomatal function following mid-term (4-7 d) exposure to high RH following leaf expansion. Consequently, the regulatory role of ambient humidity on stomatal functionality is not limited to the period of leaf expansion, but holds throughout the leaf life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Fanourakis
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, GR-71500, Heraklion, Greece; Giannakakis SA, Export Fruits and Vegetables, Tympaki, Greece.
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Habtamu Giday
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, ICBA, P.O. Box 14660, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Oliver Körner
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Abdolhossein Rezaei Nejad
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, P.O. Box 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Costas Delis
- Department of Agriculture, University of the Peloponnese, GR-24100, Kalamata, Greece
| | - Dimitris Bouranis
- Plant Physiology and Morphology Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Koubouris
- Laboratory of Olive Cultivation, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Kambourakis
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, GR-71500, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nikoloudakis
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus
| | - Georgios Tsaniklidis
- Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization 'Demeter' (NAGREF), P.O. Box 2228, 71003, Heraklio, Greece
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11
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Evaluating the Influence of Rain Event Characteristics on Rainfall Interception by Urban Trees Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11122659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urban trees play an important role in the built environment, reducing the rainfall reaching the ground by rainfall interception. The amount of intercepted rainfall depends on the meteorological and vegetation characteristics. By applying the multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), we analysed the influence of rainfall amount, intensity and duration, the number of raindrops, the mean volume diameter (MVD), wind speed and direction on rainfall interception. The analysis was based on data from 176 events collected over more than three years of observations. Measurements were taken under birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) trees located in an urban park in the city of Ljubljana, Slovenia. The results indicate that rainfall interception is influenced the most by rainfall amount and the number of raindrops. In general, the ratio of rainfall interception to gross rainfall decreases with longer and more intense rainfall events. The influence of the raindrop number depends also on their size (MVD), which is evident especially for the pine tree. For example, pine tree interception increases with smaller raindrops regardless of their number. In addition, MCA gives a new insight into the influence of wind characteristics, which was not visible using previous methods of data analysis (regression analysis, correlation matrices, regression trees, boosted regression trees). According to the nearby buildings, a wind corridor is sometimes created, decreasing rainfall interception by both tree species.
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